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	{{short description\|Intent and actions of an individual influence the future of that individual}}		{{short description\|Intent and actions of an individual influence the future of that individual}}
	{{About\|the Indian religious concept}}		{{About\|the Indian religious concept}}
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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:56, 9 May 2022
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	{{About\|the Indian religious concept}}		{{About\|the Indian religious concept}}
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	}}{{Spirituality sidebar}}		}}{{Spirituality sidebar}}

	'''Karma''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|ɑr\|m\|ə}}; {{lang-sa\|कर्म\|}}, {{IPA-sa\|~~ˈkɐɽmɐ~~\|IPA\|Karma.ogg}}; {{lang-pi\|kamma\|italic=yes}}) means action, work, or deed.<ref>See:		'''Karma''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|ɑr\|m\|ə}}; {{lang-sa\|कर्म\|}}, {{IPA-sa\|ˈkɐɾmɐ\|IPA\|Karma.ogg}}; {{lang-pi\|kamma\|italic=yes}}) means action, work, or deed.<ref>See:
	*Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679–680, Article on Karma; Quote – "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot."		*Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679–680, Article on Karma; Quote – "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot."
	*The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Robert Ellwood & Gregory Alles, {{ISBN\|978-0-8160-6141-9}}, pp 253; Quote – "Karma: Sanskrit word meaning action and the consequences of action."		*The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Robert Ellwood & Gregory Alles, {{ISBN\|978-0-8160-6141-9}}, pp 253; Quote – "Karma: Sanskrit word meaning action and the consequences of action."
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	====Rebirth====		====Rebirth====
	The third common theme of karma theories is the concept of [[reincarnation]] or the cycle of rebirths (''[[saṃsāra]]'').<ref name="jbowker" />{{Sfn\|Obeyesekere\|2005\|p=1-2, 108, 126–128}}{{Sfn\|Mark Juergensmeyer\|Wade Clark Roof\|2011\|pp=272–273, 652–654}} Rebirth is a fundamental concept of [[Reincarnation in Hinduism\|Hinduism]], [[Rebirth (Buddhism)\|Buddhism]], Jainism and Sikhism.<ref name="jamesloch">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN\|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 351–352</ref> Rebirth, or ''saṃsāra'', is the concept that all life forms go through a cycle of reincarnation, that is, a series of births and rebirths. The rebirths and consequent life may be in different realm, condition, or form. The karma theories suggest that the realm, condition and form depends on the quality and quantity of karma.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN\|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 589</ref> In schools that believe in rebirth, every living being's soul transmigrates (recycles) after death, carrying the seeds of Karmic impulses from life just completed, into another life and lifetime of karmas.<ref name="jbowker" /><ref>[[Harold Coward]] (2003), Encyclopedia of Science of Religion, Karma</ref> This cycle continues indefinitely, except for those who consciously break this cycle by reaching ''[[~~moksa~~]]''. Those who break the cycle reach the realm of gods, those who don't continue in the cycle.		The third common theme of karma theories is the concept of [[reincarnation]] or the cycle of rebirths (''[[saṃsāra]]'').<ref name="jbowker" />{{Sfn\|Obeyesekere\|2005\|p=1-2, 108, 126–128}}{{Sfn\|Mark Juergensmeyer\|Wade Clark Roof\|2011\|pp=272–273, 652–654}} Rebirth is a fundamental concept of [[Reincarnation in Hinduism\|Hinduism]], [[Rebirth (Buddhism)\|Buddhism]], Jainism and Sikhism.<ref name="jamesloch">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN\|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 351–352</ref> Rebirth, or ''saṃsāra'', is the concept that all life forms go through a cycle of reincarnation, that is, a series of births and rebirths. The rebirths and consequent life may be in different realm, condition, or form. The karma theories suggest that the realm, condition and form depends on the quality and quantity of karma.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN\|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 589</ref> In schools that believe in rebirth, every living being's soul transmigrates (recycles) after death, carrying the seeds of Karmic impulses from life just completed, into another life and lifetime of karmas.<ref name="jbowker" /><ref>[[Harold Coward]] (2003), Encyclopedia of Science of Religion, Karma</ref> This cycle continues indefinitely, except for those who consciously break this cycle by reaching ''[[moksha]]''. Those who break the cycle reach the realm of gods, those who don't continue in the cycle.

	The concept has been intensely debated in ancient literature of India; with different schools of Indian religions considering the relevance of rebirth as either essential, or secondary, or unnecessary fiction.<ref name="wkasrb" /> Hiriyanna (1949) suggests rebirth to be a necessary corollary of karma;<ref>M. Hiriyana (1949), Essentials of Indian Philosophy, George Allen Unwin, London, pp 47</ref> Yamunacharya (1966) asserts that karma is a fact, while reincarnation is a hypothesis;<ref>M Yamunacharya (1966), Karma and Rebirth, Indian Philo. Annual, 1, pp 66</ref> and Creel (1986) suggests that karma is a basic concept, rebirth is a derivative concept.<ref>Austin Creel (1986), in Editor: Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN\|978-0-87395-990-2}}, Chapter 1</ref>		The concept has been intensely debated in ancient literature of India; with different schools of Indian religions considering the relevance of rebirth as either essential, or secondary, or unnecessary fiction.<ref name="wkasrb" /> Hiriyanna (1949) suggests rebirth to be a necessary corollary of karma;<ref>M. Hiriyana (1949), Essentials of Indian Philosophy, George Allen Unwin, London, pp 47</ref> Yamunacharya (1966) asserts that karma is a fact, while reincarnation is a hypothesis;<ref>M Yamunacharya (1966), Karma and Rebirth, Indian Philo. Annual, 1, pp 66</ref> and Creel (1986) suggests that karma is a basic concept, rebirth is a derivative concept.<ref>Austin Creel (1986), in Editor: Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN\|978-0-87395-990-2}}, Chapter 1</ref>
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	* The [[Mīmāṃsā\|Mimamsa]] school gives a negligible role to karma from past lives, disregards ''[[samsara]]'' and ''[[moksa]]''.<ref>Wilhelm Halbfass, ''The concepts of human action and rebirth in the Mahabharata'', in Wendy D. O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03923-0}}, Chapter 11</ref>		* The [[Mīmāṃsā\|Mimamsa]] school gives a negligible role to karma from past lives, disregards ''[[samsara]]'' and ''[[moksa]]''.<ref>Wilhelm Halbfass, ''The concepts of human action and rebirth in the Mahabharata'', in Wendy D. O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03923-0}}, Chapter 11</ref>
	* The [[Yoga (philosophy)\|Yoga]] school considers karma from past lives to be secondary, one's behavior and psychology in the current life is what has consequences and leads to entanglements.<ref name="wmahony" />		* The [[Yoga (philosophy)\|Yoga]] school considers karma from past lives to be secondary, one's behavior and psychology in the current life is what has consequences and leads to entanglements.<ref name="wmahony" />
	* The [[Vedanta]] ~~school acknowledges~~ the karma~~-rebirth doctrine~~, ~~but concludes~~ it ~~is a theory that is~~ not ~~derived from reality and cannot be proven, considers it invalid for~~ its ~~failure to explain evil / inequality / other observable facts about society~~, ~~treats it as a~~ [[~~convenient fiction~~]] ~~to solve practical problems in Upanishadic times, and declares it irrelevant.{{Ambiguous\|date=December 2019\|reason=Statement~~ is ~~confusing. The first part~~ of the statement says that the school acknowledges the theory, which appears to imply that the school accepts the theory at least partly, but the statement goes on to say that the school considers the theory invalid. ~~Should the statement say instead that the school rejects the theory largely? Please clarify}}{{Single Source-inline\|date=December 2019}}~~		* The [[Vedanta]] schools (including [[Advaita Vedanta\|Advaita]]) accept the doctrine of karma, and they hold that it does not function on its own power, instead they think that God ([[Ishvara\|Isvara]]) is the dispenser of the fruit (phala) of karma. This idea is defended in the [[Brahma Sutras\|''Brahmasutras'']] (3.2.38).<ref>Francis X Clooney (1993), ''Theology After Vedanta: An Experiment in Comparative Theology,'' State University of New York Press, [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0791413654\|978-0791413654]], pages 68-71</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Brahma Sutras (Shankara Bhashya) \|date=2014-03-05 \|title=Chapter III, Section II, Adhikarana VIII \|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-sutras/d/doc74952.html \|access-date=2022-05-08 \|website=www.wisdomlib.org \|language=en}}</ref>
	*In the [[~~Advaita Vedanta~~]] ~~school~~, ~~actions~~ in ~~current life have moral consequences and liberation is possible within one's life as~~ ''[[~~Jivanmukta~~\|~~jivanmukti~~]]'' (~~self~~-~~realized person)~~.

	The above schools illustrate the diversity of views, but are not exhaustive. Each school has sub-schools in Hinduism, such as that of non-dualism and dualism under Vedanta. Furthermore, there are other schools of Indian philosophy such as [[Charvaka]] (or Lokayata; the [[Materialism\|materialists]]) who denied the theory of karma-rebirth as well as the existence of God; to this non-Vedic school, the properties of things come from the nature of things. [[Causality]] emerges from the interaction, actions and nature of things and people, determinative principles such as karma or God are unnecessary.<ref>Eli Franco (1981), [http://www.sudoc.fr/041081900 Lokayata La Philosophie Dite Materialiste de l'Inde Classique], Nanterre-Paris, France</ref><ref>Franco, Eli (1998), Nyaya-Vaisesika, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, London</ref>		The above schools illustrate the diversity of views, but are not exhaustive. Each school has sub-schools in Hinduism, such as that of non-dualism and dualism under Vedanta. Furthermore, there are other schools of Indian philosophy such as [[Charvaka]] (or Lokayata; the [[Materialism\|materialists]]) who denied the theory of karma-rebirth as well as the existence of God; to this non-Vedic school, the properties of things come from the nature of things. [[Causality]] emerges from the interaction, actions and nature of things and people, determinative principles such as karma or God are unnecessary.<ref>Eli Franco (1981), [http://www.sudoc.fr/041081900 Lokayata La Philosophie Dite Materialiste de l'Inde Classique], Nanterre-Paris, France</ref><ref>Franco, Eli (1998), Nyaya-Vaisesika, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, London</ref>
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	===Falun Gong===		===Falun Gong===
	David Ownby, a scholar of Chinese history at the University of Montreal,<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Kahn\|first=Joseph\|date=22 August 2008\|title=Book Review {{!}} 'Falun Gong and the Future of China,' by David Ownby\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/books/review/Kahn-t.html\|access-date=14 March 2019\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> asserts that [[Falun Gong]] differs from Buddhism in its definition of the term "karma" in that it is taken not as a process of award and punishment, but as an exclusively negative term. The Chinese term ''[[De (Chinese)\|de]]'', or 'virtue', is reserved for what might otherwise be termed 'good karma' in Buddhism. Karma is understood as the source of all suffering – what Buddhism might refer to as 'bad karma'. According to [[Li Hongzhi]], the founder of Falun Gong: "A person has done bad things over his many lifetimes, and for people this results in misfortune, or for cultivators ~~it's~~ karmic obstacles, so there's birth, aging, sickness, and death. This is ordinary karma."<ref name="Ownbyfuture">David Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China (2008) Oxford University Press</ref>		David Ownby, a scholar of Chinese history at the University of Montreal,<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Kahn\|first=Joseph\|date=22 August 2008\|title=Book Review {{!}} 'Falun Gong and the Future of China,' by David Ownby\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/books/review/Kahn-t.html\|access-date=14 March 2019\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> asserts that [[Falun Gong]] differs from Buddhism in its definition of the term "karma" in that it is taken not as a process of award and punishment, but as an exclusively negative term. The Chinese term ''[[De (Chinese)\|de]]'', or 'virtue', is reserved for what might otherwise be termed 'good karma' in Buddhism. Karma is understood as the source of all suffering – what Buddhism might refer to as 'bad karma'. According to [[Li Hongzhi]], the founder of Falun Gong: "A person has done bad things over his many lifetimes, and for people this results in misfortune, or for cultivators its karmic obstacles, so there's birth, aging, sickness, and death. This is ordinary karma."<ref name="Ownbyfuture">David Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China (2008) Oxford University Press</ref>

	Falun Gong teaches that the spirit is locked in the cycle of rebirth, also known as ''[[Saṃsāra\|samsara]]'',<ref name="TRAN">Transcending the Five Elements and Three Realms, [http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zflus.html Zhuan Falun] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609043918/http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zflus.html\|date=9 June 2011}}, accessed 31 December 2007</ref> due to the accumulation of karma.<ref name="kar">Transformation of Karma, Zhuan Falun Lecture 4, accessed 01/01/08</ref> This is a negative, black substance that accumulates in other dimensions lifetime after lifetime, by doing bad deeds and thinking bad thoughts. Falun Gong states that karma is the reason for suffering, and what ultimately blocks people from the truth of the universe and attaining enlightenment. At the same time, karma is also the cause of one's continued rebirth and suffering.<ref name="kar" /> Li says that due to accumulation of karma the human spirit upon death will reincarnate over and over again, until the karma is paid off or eliminated through cultivation, or the person is destroyed due to the bad deeds he has done.<ref name="kar" />		Falun Gong teaches that the spirit is locked in the cycle of rebirth, also known as ''[[Saṃsāra\|samsara]]'',<ref name="TRAN">Transcending the Five Elements and Three Realms, [http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zflus.html Zhuan Falun] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609043918/http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zflus.html\|date=9 June 2011}}, accessed 31 December 2007</ref> due to the accumulation of karma.<ref name="kar">Transformation of Karma, Zhuan Falun Lecture 4, accessed 01/01/08</ref> This is a negative, black substance that accumulates in other dimensions lifetime after lifetime, by doing bad deeds and thinking bad thoughts. Falun Gong states that karma is the reason for suffering, and what ultimately blocks people from the truth of the universe and attaining enlightenment. At the same time, karma is also the cause of one's continued rebirth and suffering.<ref name="kar" /> Li says that due to accumulation of karma the human spirit upon death will reincarnate over and over again, until the karma is paid off or eliminated through cultivation, or the person is destroyed due to the bad deeds he has done.<ref name="kar" />
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	* [[Ethic of reciprocity]]		* [[Ethic of reciprocity]]
	* [[Hoʻoponopono#Freedom from karma]]		* [[Hoʻoponopono#Freedom from karma]]
			* [[Judgement (afterlife)]]
	* [[Just-world hypothesis]]		* [[Just-world hypothesis]]
	* [[Karma yoga]]		* [[Karma yoga]]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:51, 2 July 2023
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	{{short description\|Intent and actions of an individual influence the future of that individual}}		{{short description\|Intent and actions of an individual influence the future of that individual}}
	{{About\|the Indian religious concept}}		{{About\|the Indian religious concept}}
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	~~{{pp-move-indef}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2020}}
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Karma - Revision history

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