Karl Wilhelm Isenberg - Revision history

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	In 1834[1835], he joined the mission station at [[Adowa]], Ethiopia where they stayed till 1838; however, Gobat was compelled to quit the mission from ill-health at Tigre, also spelt [[Tigray Province\|Tigray]]. After the departure of Gobat, he was joined by his fiancee Henrietta Geerling, Charles Henry Blumhardt, another missionary, and [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], a German Lutheran and missionary to East Africa, in 1837. They taught and [[religious conversion\|converted]] a few boys, who were in-turn expelled by the [[Ethiopia]]n [[Orthodoxy]] clergy. He spent his years between 1834 and 1838 at Adowa and Tigray. Unlike Gobat with whom he initially served in Ethiopia, he kept a social and cultural distance from [[People of Ethiopia\|Ethiopians]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/krapf_johannlu3.html \|title= Johann Ludwig Krapf(1810 to 1881) – Lutheran – Ethiopia / Kenya / Tanzania \|quote= Johann Ludwig Krapf was a German Lutheran pioneer missionary in Kenya. Born in Tübingen, he trained for mission work at the Basel Mission seminary in Switzerland. He was accepted by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and sent to Ethiopia in 1837 to work with C. W. Isenberg among the non-Christian Galla (now known as Oromo). They taught a few boys but were expelled at the instigation of the Ethiopian Orthodox clergy. \|publisher= dacb.org \|accessdate= July 4, 2012 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120520123144/http://dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/krapf_johannlu3.html \|archive-date= May 20, 2012 \|url-status= dead }}</ref>		In 1834[1835], he joined the mission station at [[Adowa]], Ethiopia where they stayed till 1838; however, Gobat was compelled to quit the mission from ill-health at Tigre, also spelt [[Tigray Province\|Tigray]]. After the departure of Gobat, he was joined by his fiancee Henrietta Geerling, Charles Henry Blumhardt, another missionary, and [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], a German Lutheran and missionary to East Africa, in 1837. They taught and [[religious conversion\|converted]] a few boys, who were in-turn expelled by the [[Ethiopia]]n [[Orthodoxy]] clergy. He spent his years between 1834 and 1838 at Adowa and Tigray. Unlike Gobat with whom he initially served in Ethiopia, he kept a social and cultural distance from [[People of Ethiopia\|Ethiopians]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/krapf_johannlu3.html \|title= Johann Ludwig Krapf(1810 to 1881) – Lutheran – Ethiopia / Kenya / Tanzania \|quote= Johann Ludwig Krapf was a German Lutheran pioneer missionary in Kenya. Born in Tübingen, he trained for mission work at the Basel Mission seminary in Switzerland. He was accepted by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and sent to Ethiopia in 1837 to work with C. W. Isenberg among the non-Christian Galla (now known as Oromo). They taught a few boys but were expelled at the instigation of the Ethiopian Orthodox clergy. \|publisher= dacb.org \|accessdate= July 4, 2012 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120520123144/http://dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/krapf_johannlu3.html \|archive-date= May 20, 2012 \|url-status= dead }}</ref>

	From 1838, he and fellow-missionaries faced obstacles thrown in their way by the [[Indigenous peoples\|native]] priesthood, especially expressed his differences with the beliefs and practices of the [[~~Ethiopia]]n [[~~Orthodox Church]] in blunt. Sometimes with direct terms that the Orthodox Christian clergymen found offensive. In March 1838, he was expelled from the country due to his inability to reach any accommodation with Ethiopian Orthodoxy clergymen and unwillingness to accept the Gobat's advice over the location of the mission. In 1839, he along with his new fellow missionaries Johann Ludwig, Krapf, and Carl Heinrich Blumhardt removed the mission station to [[Shewa\|Shoa]], Ethiopia, where he spent for four months before leaving for London; later, he was responsible in mission expulsion from Ethiopia in 1843 forever—In 1842, when Isemberg returned to Shoa, his mission was refused entry forcing him to turn his attention to Tagray again. However, his expulsion in June 1843, effectively ended CMS activities in Ethiopia.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>		From 1838, he and fellow-missionaries faced obstacles thrown in their way by the [[Indigenous peoples\|native]] priesthood, especially expressed his differences with the beliefs and practices of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] in blunt. Sometimes with direct terms that the Orthodox Christian clergymen found offensive. In March 1838, he was expelled from the country due to his inability to reach any accommodation with Ethiopian Orthodoxy clergymen and unwillingness to accept the Gobat's advice over the location of the mission. In 1839, he along with his new fellow missionaries Johann Ludwig, Krapf, and Carl Heinrich Blumhardt removed the mission station to [[Shewa\|Shoa]], Ethiopia, where he spent for four months before leaving for London; later, he was responsible in mission expulsion from Ethiopia in 1843 forever—In 1842, when Isemberg returned to Shoa, his mission was refused entry forcing him to turn his attention to Tagray again. However, his expulsion in June 1843, effectively ended CMS activities in Ethiopia.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>

	====Western India====		====Western India====
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	==External links==		==External links==
	* [http://mammana.org/bcp/amharic/ Liturgia, seu Liber Precum Communium, et Administrationis Sacramentorum, Aliorumque Rituum et Cæremoniarum Ecclesiæ, juxta Usum Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et Hibernicæ unà cum Psalterio, seu Libro Psalmorum cui accedit Forma et Modus Creandi, Ordinandi, et Consecrandi Episcopos, Presbyteros, et Diaconos – Isenberg's 1842 translation of the Book of Common Prayer, digitized by Richard Mammana]		* [http://mammana.org/bcp/amharic/ Liturgia, seu Liber Precum Communium, et Administrationis Sacramentorum, Aliorumque Rituum et Cæremoniarum Ecclesiæ, juxta Usum Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et Hibernicæ unà cum Psalterio, seu Libro Psalmorum cui accedit Forma et Modus Creandi, Ordinandi, et Consecrandi Episcopos, Presbyteros, et Diaconos – Isenberg's 1842 translation of the Book of Common Prayer, digitized by Richard Mammana]
	* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4npCgzYMoC&pg=PA405 Eclectic magazine: foreign literature, Volume 7; Volume 70 – Authors:John Holmes Agnew, [[Walter Hilliard Bidwell]] – p. 405]		* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4npCgzYMoC&pg=PA405 Eclectic magazine: foreign literature, Volume 7; Volume 70] – Authors:John Holmes Agnew, [[Walter Hilliard Bidwell]] – p. 405
	* [https://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen_0 <!-- quote=Journal, Isenberg, Krapf. --> Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church – Authors: Charles William Isenberg, Johann Ludwig Krapf, James MacQueen, Church Missionary Society]		* [https://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen_0 <!-- quote=Journal, Isenberg, Krapf. --> Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church – Authors: Charles William Isenberg, Johann Ludwig Krapf, James MacQueen, Church Missionary Society]

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2021-04-22T15:54:50Z

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'''Karl Wilhelm Isenberg''' ([[Barmen]], September 5, 1806{{spaced ndash}}[[Stuttgart]], October 10, 1864), spelt or known by names '''Carl Wilhelm Isenberg''' or '''Charles William Isenberg''' or '''C. W. Isenberg''' or '''Carl W. Isenberg''' or '''Charles Isenberg''', was a German [[Church Missionary Society]] [[missionary]] and [[linguist]] to East Africa and [[West India|Western India]].<ref name="R1">{{cite book |last= Anderson |first=Gerald H. |title= Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions
|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA322 |year= 1999 |page= 322 |isbn= 9780802846808}}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite book |last= Uhlig |first= Siegbert |title= Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N |publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&pg=PA198 |year= 2007 |pages= xxii-198 |isbn= 9783447056076}}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite book |author= Royal Geographical Society |title= The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society |publisher= Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/journalroyalgeo32bategoog |year= 1844 |pages= cix-I}}</ref><ref>H. Gundert ''Biography of the Rev. Charles Isenberg, Missionary of the [[Church Missionary Society]] to Abyssinia and Western India from 1832 to 1864'' (1885).</ref>

Isenberg compiled a dictionary and comprehensive grammar of the [[Amharic language]], including several vocabularies in the [[Afar language|Afar]] and [[Oromo language|Oromo]] languages. He also translated the [[Anglican]] [[Book of Common Prayer]] into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Amharic and assisted revisions of Bible translations into those languages. He was related to [[Hermann Hesse]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>

==Biography==
{{expand section|date=July 2012}}
Coming from a [[tinsmith]] background, he joined the [[Basel Mission]] in 1824. After finishing his education, he worked for some time as a teacher of [[Koine Greek|Biblical Greek]]. Having trained at the Basel Mission [[seminary]] in [[Switzerland]] and received [[Anglican ministry|Anglican orders]], he was transferred to [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) in 1830. Later on, he was [[ordained]] by the [[Church of England]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>

===Missionary work===

====East Africa====
CMS already sent his first missionaries [[Samuel Gobat]], a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Lutheran, and Christian Kugler to Abyssinia (''present'' [[Ethiopia]]), East Africa in 1829. As Kugler died in [[Tigray Province|Tigre]] in 1830, his place was supplied by Isenberg as a CMS recruit. Isenberg joined [[Samuel Gobat]], a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Lutheran, in [[Cairo]], Egypt, and studied [[Amharic language|Amharic]] and [[Arabic language]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>

In 1834[1835], he joined the mission station at [[Adowa]], Ethiopia where they stayed till 1838; however, Gobat was compelled to quit the mission from ill-health at Tigre, also spelt [[Tigray Province|Tigray]]. After the departure of Gobat, he was joined by his fiancee Henrietta Geerling, Charles Henry Blumhardt, another missionary, and [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], a German Lutheran and missionary to East Africa, in 1837. They taught and [[religious conversion|converted]] a few boys, who were in-turn expelled by the [[Ethiopia]]n [[Orthodoxy]] clergy. He spent his years between 1834 and 1838 at Adowa and Tigray. Unlike Gobat with whom he initially served in Ethiopia, he kept a social and cultural distance from [[People of Ethiopia|Ethiopians]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/krapf_johannlu3.html |title= Johann Ludwig Krapf(1810 to 1881) – Lutheran – Ethiopia / Kenya / Tanzania |quote= Johann Ludwig Krapf was a German Lutheran pioneer missionary in Kenya. Born in Tübingen, he trained for mission work at the Basel Mission seminary in Switzerland. He was accepted by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and sent to Ethiopia in 1837 to work with C. W. Isenberg among the non-Christian Galla (now known as Oromo). They taught a few boys but were expelled at the instigation of the Ethiopian Orthodox clergy. |publisher= dacb.org |accessdate= July 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120520123144/http://dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/krapf_johannlu3.html |archive-date= May 20, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

From 1838, he and fellow-missionaries faced obstacles thrown in their way by the [[Indigenous peoples|native]] priesthood, especially expressed his differences with the beliefs and practices of the [[Ethiopia]]n [[Orthodox Church]] in blunt. Sometimes with direct terms that the Orthodox Christian clergymen found offensive. In March 1838, he was expelled from the country due to his inability to reach any accommodation with Ethiopian Orthodoxy clergymen and unwillingness to accept the Gobat's advice over the location of the mission. In 1839, he along with his new fellow missionaries Johann Ludwig, Krapf, and Carl Heinrich Blumhardt removed the mission station to [[Shewa|Shoa]], Ethiopia, where he spent for four months before leaving for London; later, he was responsible in mission expulsion from Ethiopia in 1843 forever—In 1842, when Isemberg returned to Shoa, his mission was refused entry forcing him to turn his attention to Tagray again. However, his expulsion in June 1843, effectively ended CMS activities in Ethiopia.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>

====Western India====
With no possibility of return to Ethiopia, he was transferred to the CMS mission in [[Bombay]] (present day [[Mumbai]]), [[West India|Western India]] – [[Bombay Presidency]]. In Bombay, he devoted most of his missionary work to a settlement for freed African slaves, some of whom returned to Africa after being trained as [[evangelism|evangelists]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

Having diagnosed as terminally ill, he left [[India]] to Germany in 1864; later, died at an age of fifty-eight on 10 October 1864 at [[Korntal-Münchingen|Kornthal]], near [[Stuttgart]], Germany.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

==Bibliography==
{{expand section|date=July 2012}}
While in London, he published a number of small dictionaries in several Ethiopian languages like [[Afar language|Afar]]([[Afar language|Danakil]]), Amharic, and [[Oromo language]]([[Oromo language|Galla]]) in 1840, 1841, and 1842; however, Oromo language dictionary was based on German manuscript by Krapf. – These dictionaries were considered as the first dictionaries of these languages.<ref name="R2"/>

In 1841, he published ''Dictionary of Amharic'', and a comprehensive grammar in 1842. In addition to these, he also published several books to be used in [future] missionary schools, his mission tried to establish in Ethiopia—The texts which Isenberg wrote in Amharic plays a role in early Amharic literature. For [[evangelizing]] the [[natives]], he translated Anglican
[[Book of Common Prayer]] into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Amharic language]] in 1842, including his missionary efforts in revising Bible translations into local languages of respective missionary stations—Marathi and Amharic languages.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

In 1843, in association with his colleague [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], he published at London a memoir of his time in Ethiopia entitled [[Journals of Isenberg and Krapf]], detailing their proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia in the years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842. This journal contains the information about the [[theological]] controversies that were raging in the Ethiopian church of those times, including the details about the people, politics, and its geography.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="jou">{{cite web |url= http://www.dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/legacy_krapf.html |title= Krapf, Johann Ludwig |quote= The Journals of the Rev. Messers Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society was published in 1843. It consists of edited extracts from Krapf's journals with much shorter additions from Isenberg's letters, and although not in the first rank of writings on Ethiopia, it contains valuable information about the theological controversies that were raging in the Ethiopian church at that date, as well as about the people and politics, and the land itself and its geography. |publisher= dacb.org |accessdate= July 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120515125442/http://dacb.org/stories/aa-print-stories/ethiopia/legacy_krapf.html |archive-date= May 15, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

===Works===
* ''Grammar of the Amharic language''.
* ''Dictionary of the Amharic language''.
* ''A small vocabulary of the Dankali language''.
* ''Dictionary of the Amharic Language in Two Parts, Amharic and English, and English and Amharic''.
* ''Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church missionary society:detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842''.
* ''Vocabulary of the Galla Language''.<ref name="jou"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Isenberg |first= Charles William |title= Dictionary of the Amharic Language in Two Parts, Amharic and English, and English and Amharic|publisher= BiblioBazaar |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oFR7cgAACAAJ|year= 2010 |isbn= 9781149962527}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Isenberg |first= Charles William |author2=Johann Ludwig Krapf |author3=James MacQueen |title= Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church missionary society:detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAwLAQAAIAAJ|publisher= Seeley|year= 1843|work= the University of California}}</ref>
* ''Abyssinia and the Evangelical Missions''. 1844.

==See also==
* [[Church Mission Society#History|Society for Missions to Africa and the East]]
* [[Johann Ludwig Krapf#Ethiopia|Johann Ludwig Krapf in Ethiopia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mammana.org/bcp/amharic/ Liturgia, seu Liber Precum Communium, et Administrationis Sacramentorum, Aliorumque Rituum et Cæremoniarum Ecclesiæ, juxta Usum Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et Hibernicæ unà cum Psalterio, seu Libro Psalmorum cui accedit Forma et Modus Creandi, Ordinandi, et Consecrandi Episcopos, Presbyteros, et Diaconos – Isenberg's 1842 translation of the Book of Common Prayer, digitized by Richard Mammana]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4npCgzYMoC&pg=PA405 Eclectic magazine: foreign literature, Volume 7; Volume 70 – Authors:John Holmes Agnew, [[Walter Hilliard Bidwell]] – p. 405]
* [https://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen_0  Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church – Authors: Charles William Isenberg, Johann Ludwig Krapf, James MacQueen, Church Missionary Society]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Isenberg, Karl}}
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Amharic]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Marathi]]
[[Category:German Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Colonial people of German East Africa]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century translators]]
[[Category:German expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]