Karikala - Revision history

2401:4900:4DD6:15C:F48B:D3FF:FEB9:6DA5: Kalingathuparani verse - 178 Praise Karikala Chola Himalayan Expenditon added the quotation

2026-10-02T15:02:28Z

Kalingathuparani verse - 178 Praise Karikala Chola Himalayan Expenditon added the quotation

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:32, 2 October 2026
Line 115:		Line 115:

	=== Northern Expedition and Conquests ===		=== Northern Expedition and Conquests ===

			According to Kalingathuparani verse - 178 Praise Karikala Chola Himalayan Expenditon:

			{{Quote\|"When the Chola king Karikālan went to the northern countries to fight,
			the Himalaya mountain stopped him.
			He turned the hill upside down with a chendu weapon, planted his tiger banner on it and said
			to Himalaya, “May you become as before!”
			and made the hill straight again."\|Kalingathuparani - 178<ref>{{cite web
			\|title=Kalingathupparani (The War of Kalingam) - English Translation
			\|author=Kausalya Hart
			\|publisher=Project Madurai \|url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0730.html
			\|access-date=2 October 2026
			}}</ref>}}

	According to Silapathikaram, Indira vilavureduttakadai verses 89 to 110 Mentioned Karikala Chola Military Achivements:		According to Silapathikaram, Indira vilavureduttakadai verses 89 to 110 Mentioned Karikala Chola Military Achivements:

2401:4900:4DD6:15C:F48B:D3FF:FEB9:6DA5: Rajavaliya account chola king srilanka conquest added with citation

2026-10-02T14:28:12Z

Rajavaliya account chola king srilanka conquest added with citation

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 2 October 2026
Line 99:		Line 99:

	The Chola invasion of Anurathapura happened in 110 AD, during the reign of [[Vankanasika Tissa]], the ruler of the [[House of Lambakanna I\|Lambakanna dynasty]]. Karikala had a powerful [[Chola navy\|navy]], which he used to capture Sri Lanka. During the campaign, Karikala’s forced defeated Vankanasika Tissa and captured 12,000 Sinhalese Prisoners along with treasures and The war Prosoners was to work as slaves to build the Kaveri Dam.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Wijesekera \|first=Nandadeva \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zoNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&dq=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIwfXkpJKUAxVeQ_EDHWPGDsEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Karikala%20Chola%20Srilanka \|title=Contacts and Conflicts with Sri Lanka \|date=1986 \|publisher=N. Wijesekera \|language=en}}</ref> Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri. A later Chola record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Subramaniam \|first=N. \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 \|title=History Of Tamilnad \|date=1962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=REDDY \|first=Prof P. CHENNA \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=j1amEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=12,000+prisoners+karikala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5O7fsYmUAxVJUGwGHQNyOPMQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=12,000%20prisoners%20karikala&f=false \|title=REVISITING INDIA’S PAST: Commemoration Volume to Prof. Vijay Kumar Thakur \|date=2023-01-09 \|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Navaratnam \|first=C. S. \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pUKAr_2qEhwC&q=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&dq=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaqeDwuomUAxURSmwGHZk6DsMQ6AF6BAgLEAM#12000 \|title=Tamils and Ceylon: From the Earliest Period Up to the End of the Jaffna Dynasty with a Chart of Important Events Up to 1900 \|date=1958 \|language=en}}</ref>		The Chola invasion of Anurathapura happened in 110 AD, during the reign of [[Vankanasika Tissa]], the ruler of the [[House of Lambakanna I\|Lambakanna dynasty]]. Karikala had a powerful [[Chola navy\|navy]], which he used to capture Sri Lanka. During the campaign, Karikala’s forced defeated Vankanasika Tissa and captured 12,000 Sinhalese Prisoners along with treasures and The war Prosoners was to work as slaves to build the Kaveri Dam.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Wijesekera \|first=Nandadeva \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zoNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&dq=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIwfXkpJKUAxVeQ_EDHWPGDsEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Karikala%20Chola%20Srilanka \|title=Contacts and Conflicts with Sri Lanka \|date=1986 \|publisher=N. Wijesekera \|language=en}}</ref> Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri. A later Chola record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Subramaniam \|first=N. \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 \|title=History Of Tamilnad \|date=1962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=REDDY \|first=Prof P. CHENNA \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=j1amEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=12,000+prisoners+karikala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5O7fsYmUAxVJUGwGHQNyOPMQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=12,000%20prisoners%20karikala&f=false \|title=REVISITING INDIA’S PAST: Commemoration Volume to Prof. Vijay Kumar Thakur \|date=2023-01-09 \|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Navaratnam \|first=C. S. \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pUKAr_2qEhwC&q=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&dq=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaqeDwuomUAxURSmwGHZk6DsMQ6AF6BAgLEAM#12000 \|title=Tamils and Ceylon: From the Earliest Period Up to the End of the Jaffna Dynasty with a Chart of Important Events Up to 1900 \|date=1958 \|language=en}}</ref>

			According to the Rajavaliya, Vankanasika Tissa ruled for three years. During his reign, the king of the Chola country landed in Sri Lanka with a Tamil army and, according to the chronicle, took 12,000 people away as prisoners.<ref>{{cite book
			\|editor-last=Gunasekara
			\|editor-first=B.
			\|title=The Rajavaliya
			\|publisher=George J. A. Skeen
			\|location=Colombo
			\|year=1900
			\|page=47
			\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42908/page/n62/mode/1up
			}}</ref>

	=== Conquest of Tondainadu and Andhra from Pallavas ===		=== Conquest of Tondainadu and Andhra from Pallavas ===

2401:4900:4DD6:15C:F48B:D3FF:FEB9:6DA5: Historian rajamanikanar refference about srilanka conquest by Karikala source added

2026-10-02T14:09:14Z

Historian rajamanikanar refference about srilanka conquest by Karikala source added

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 === Srilanka Conquests ===
-According to legends Karikala was one of the few Chola kings who won the whole of Ceylon{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} (Lanka). The Grand anicut was built after his conquest over the Singalese kingdom and he used Singalese war prisoners for the hard task of moving stones from the mountains to the river bed of the Kaveri.{{cn|date=October 2021}} The ''Pattinappalai'' also describes the destruction caused by Karikala’s armies in the territories of his enemies and adds that as the result of these conflicts, the "Northerners and Westerners were depressed… and his flushed look of anger caused the Pandya’s strength to give way…".
+Historian Ma. Rācamāṇikkanār cites the Kalingattuparani as a source for the Sri Lankan campaign of Karikala Chola. According to him, after returning from his expedition to the Himalayas, Karikala proceeded to Sri Lanka with a naval force, conquered it, left one of his military commanders to govern there, and returned to the Chola country. He further states that the Kalingattuparani says that Karikala brought twelve thousand families to the Chola country on his return. In a footnote concerning this account, Rācamāṇikkanār cites W. Geiger’s A Short History of Ceylon for the Mahāvaṃsa chronology concerning a period of Tamil rule in Sri Lanka from 44 BCE to 17 BCE.<ref>{{cite web
 The Chola invasion of Anurathapura happened in 110 AD, during the reign of [[Vankanasika Tissa]], the ruler of the [[House of Lambakanna I|Lambakanna dynasty]]. Karikala had a powerful [[Chola navy|navy]], which he used to capture Sri Lanka. During the campaign, Karikala’s forced defeated  Vankanasika Tissa and captured 12,000 Sinhalese Prisoners  along with treasures and The war Prosoners was to work as slaves to build the Kaveri Dam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijesekera |first=Nandadeva |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zoNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&dq=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIwfXkpJKUAxVeQ_EDHWPGDsEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Karikala%20Chola%20Srilanka |title=Contacts and Conflicts with Sri Lanka |date=1986 |publisher=N. Wijesekera |language=en}}</ref> Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri. A later Chola record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subramaniam |first=N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 |title=History Of Tamilnad |date=1962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=REDDY |first=Prof P. CHENNA |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=j1amEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=12,000+prisoners+karikala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5O7fsYmUAxVJUGwGHQNyOPMQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=12,000%20prisoners%20karikala&f=false |title=REVISITING INDIA’S PAST: Commemoration Volume to Prof. Vijay Kumar Thakur |date=2023-01-09 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Navaratnam |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pUKAr_2qEhwC&q=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&dq=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaqeDwuomUAxURSmwGHZk6DsMQ6AF6BAgLEAM#12000 |title=Tamils and Ceylon: From the Earliest Period Up to the End of the Jaffna Dynasty with a Chart of Important Events Up to 1900 |date=1958 |language=en}}</ref>

2401:4900:CAEB:B695:904D:62FF:FEA2:6A13: Added purananuru Verse -66

2026-10-02T04:28:10Z

Added purananuru Verse -66

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 2 October 2026
Line 55:		Line 55:
	=== Battle of Venni ===		=== Battle of Venni ===
	{{Main\|Battle of Venni}}		{{Main\|Battle of Venni}}
			Karikala’s Naval Power and the Battle of Venni — described in Purananuru - 66 by Venni Kuyathiyar:

			{{Quote\|"O heir of a mighty man who mastered the movement of the wind and had his ships sail on the huge, full ocean! O Karikalan who owns rutting elephants! You who won displaying your strength in the battlefield near prosperous Venni town"\|Purananuru - 66<ref>{{cite book \|last=Herbert \|first=Vaidehi \|title=Purananuru: Translation in English with Meanings \|page=147}}</ref>}}
	According to the '' Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'', Karikala Chola fought a great [[Battle of Venni]] in which both [[Pandyan dynasty\|Pandyan]] and [[Chera dynasty\|Cheran]] king [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]\|first=K. A. Nilakanta\|last=Sastri\|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|ref=Sastri}} </ref> suffered a defeat.<ref name=majumdar137>See Majumdar, p 137</ref> Although we know very little about the circumstances leading to this battle, there can be no doubt that it marked the turning point in Karikala’s career, for in this battle he broke the back of the powerful confederacy formed against him.<ref name=tri458>See Tripathi, p 458</ref> Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took the opposing side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of Karikala.<ref name=kulke104>See Kulke and Rothermund, p 104</ref><ref name=Balambal>{{cite book\|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age\|pages=21\|isbn=978-8185163871\|year=1998\|last=V.\|first=Balambal\|publisher=Kalinga Publications\|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as [[Kovilvenni]] and is situated near [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=sastri112>See Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p112-113</ref>		According to the '' Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'', Karikala Chola fought a great [[Battle of Venni]] in which both [[Pandyan dynasty\|Pandyan]] and [[Chera dynasty\|Cheran]] king [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]\|first=K. A. Nilakanta\|last=Sastri\|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|ref=Sastri}} </ref> suffered a defeat.<ref name=majumdar137>See Majumdar, p 137</ref> Although we know very little about the circumstances leading to this battle, there can be no doubt that it marked the turning point in Karikala’s career, for in this battle he broke the back of the powerful confederacy formed against him.<ref name=tri458>See Tripathi, p 458</ref> Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took the opposing side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of Karikala.<ref name=kulke104>See Kulke and Rothermund, p 104</ref><ref name=Balambal>{{cite book\|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age\|pages=21\|isbn=978-8185163871\|year=1998\|last=V.\|first=Balambal\|publisher=Kalinga Publications\|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as [[Kovilvenni]] and is situated near [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=sastri112>See Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p112-113</ref>

Editorial Oversight: Reverted 1 edit by 2405:201:E006:48A2:D8EF:1708:B36:49B4 (talk): AI slop

2026-09-30T16:41:45Z

Reverted 1 edit by 2405:201:E006:48A2:D8EF:1708:B36:49B4 (talk): AI slop

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:11, 30 September 2026
Line 100:		Line 100:
	}}		}}
	After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)\|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)\|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan\|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>		After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)\|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)\|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan\|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>

	~~== Karikalan and Egyptian Records ==~~

	Karikalan and his ancestors are closely associated with sea voyages known as Munnir (literature reference: Purananuru 66). Much like Karikalan, whose name translates to "the one with charred legs," a Munnir-related ritual is performed in Egypt for the deity Osiris, who is depicted with a single leg. A similar ocean-related ritual is also observed for ships. Furthermore, a copy of an ancient trade agreement between Tamil and Greek merchants, as well as several Tamil inscriptions, have been discovered in Egypt. Consequently, Western studies suggest that Karikalan's seafaring voyages (Munnir) may have extended as far as Egypt, where these corresponding rituals are found.(Ref: GJHSS Volume 26 Issue H1, https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/GJHSS/article/view/104671)

	== Grand Anicut ==		== Grand Anicut ==

2405:201:E006:48A2:D8EF:1708:B36:49B4: Karikalan and his ancestors are closely associated with sea voyages known as Munnir (literature reference: Purananuru 66). Much like Karikalan, whose name translates to "the one with charred legs," a Munnir-related ritual is performed in Egypt for the deity Osiris, who is depicted with a single leg. A similar ocean-related ritual is also observed for ships. Furthermore, a copy of an ancient trade agreement between Tamil and Greek merchants, as well as several Tamil inscriptions, have been discov

2026-09-30T16:06:00Z

Karikalan and his ancestors are closely associated with sea voyages known as Munnir (literature reference: Purananuru 66). Much like Karikalan, whose name translates to "the one with charred legs," a Munnir-related ritual is performed in Egypt for the deity Osiris, who is depicted with a single leg. A similar ocean-related ritual is also observed for ships. Furthermore, a copy of an ancient trade agreement between Tamil and Greek merchants, as well as several Tamil inscriptions, have been discov

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 30 September 2026
Line 100:		Line 100:
	}}		}}
	After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)\|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)\|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan\|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>		After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)\|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)\|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan\|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>

			== Karikalan and Egyptian Records ==

			Karikalan and his ancestors are closely associated with sea voyages known as Munnir (literature reference: Purananuru 66). Much like Karikalan, whose name translates to "the one with charred legs," a Munnir-related ritual is performed in Egypt for the deity Osiris, who is depicted with a single leg. A similar ocean-related ritual is also observed for ships. Furthermore, a copy of an ancient trade agreement between Tamil and Greek merchants, as well as several Tamil inscriptions, have been discovered in Egypt. Consequently, Western studies suggest that Karikalan's seafaring voyages (Munnir) may have extended as far as Egypt, where these corresponding rituals are found.(Ref: GJHSS Volume 26 Issue H1, https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/GJHSS/article/view/104671)

	== Grand Anicut ==		== Grand Anicut ==

Gunerstorm.bot: Quotes

2026-09-10T04:14:29Z

Quotes

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 == Military conquests ==
 === Battle of Venni ===
 {{Main|Battle of Venni}}

Gunerstorm.bot: Added sources and refrence

2026-09-10T03:23:26Z

Added sources and refrence

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 According to the '' Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'', Karikala Chola fought a great [[Battle of Venni]] in which both [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] and [[Chera dynasty|Cheran]] king [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]<ref>{{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|ref=Sastri}} </ref> suffered a defeat.<ref name=majumdar137>See Majumdar, p 137</ref> Although we know very little about the circumstances leading to this battle, there can be no doubt that it marked the turning point in Karikala’s career, for in this battle he broke the back of the powerful confederacy formed against him.<ref name=tri458>See Tripathi, p 458</ref> Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took the opposing side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of Karikala.<ref name=kulke104>See Kulke and Rothermund, p 104</ref><ref name=Balambal>{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|pages=21|isbn=978-8185163871|year=1998|last=V.|first=Balambal|publisher=Kalinga Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as [[Kovilvenni]] and is situated near [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=sastri112>See Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p112-113</ref>
-=== Further wars and conquests ===
+=== Battle of Vahaipparandalai ===
-After the [[battle of Venni]], Karikala had other opportunities to exercise his arms. He defeated the confederacy of nine minor chieftains in the battle of Vakaipparandalai. Paranar, a contemporary of Karikala, in his poem from ''[[Agananuru]]'' mentions this incident without giving any information on the cause of the conflict.<ref name=sastri112 /> According to legends Karikala was one of the few Chola kings who won the whole of Ceylon{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} (Lanka). The Grand anicut was built after his conquest over the Singalese kingdom and he used Singalese war prisoners for the hard task of moving stones from the mountains to the river bed of the Kaveri.{{cn|date=October 2021}} The ''Pattinappalai'' also describes the destruction caused by Karikala’s armies in the territories of his enemies and adds that as the result of these conflicts, the "Northerners and Westerners were depressed… and his flushed look of anger caused the Pandya’s strength to give way…".
 === Northern Expedition and Conquests ===
 After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>
 == Grand Anicut ==
 [[File:Grand Anaicut.JPG|thumb|Kallanai built by Karikala Chola on river Kaveri]]

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.

2023-07-22T03:19:13Z

Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.

Show changes

>Challiyan: /* Battle of Venni */

2021-07-01T17:18:19Z

Battle of Venni

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Expand Ukrainian|Карікала_Чола|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|historical Chola king who ruled southern India}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Karikala Cholan
| native_name =
| title = Peruvaḷatthaān<br />Thirumāvaḷavan<br/> Parakesari<ref name="Rama Shankar Tripathi 478">{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 1967 - India - 605 pages|page=478}}</ref><ref name="Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri 68">{{cite book|title=Studies in Cōḷa history and administration|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|publisher=University of Madras, 1932 - History - 210 pages|page=68}}</ref>
| image = Karikaala Chozan Memorial Building (2) (cropped).jpg
| alt = Karikala the Great
| caption = Bronze statue of Karikāla Chōḻaṉ
| predecessor = [[Ilamcetcenni]]
| successor = [[Nalankilli]],
[[Nedunkilli]] (speculative)
| spouse = [[Velir]] princess from Nangur<ref>{{cite book|title=Art and culture of Tamil Nadu|author=Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan, 1980 - Art, Indic - 184 pages|page=140}}</ref>
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = [[Nalankilli]]<br />[[Nedunkilli]]<br />Māvalattān
| father = [[Ilamcetcenni]]
}}
{{Chola history}}
{{TNhistory}}
'''Karikala''' was a Chola dynasty king who ruled southern India. He is credited with the conquest of the whole of India up to the Himalayas and the construction of the flood banks of the river Kaveri. He is recognised as the greatest of the [[Early Cholas]].

== Sources ==
The story of Karikala is mixed with legend and anecdotal information gleaned from [[Sangam literature]]. The only sources available are the numerous mentions in Sangam poetry. The period covered by the extant literature of the Sangam is unfortunately not easy to determine with any measure of certainty.

''[[Paṭṭiṉappālai]]'', ''[[Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' and a number of individual poems in the ''[[Akanaṉūṟu]]'' and ''[[Purananuru]]'' have been the main source for the information that is attributed to Karikala.

No authentic records of Karikala's reign have been found so far. However many rulers and petty chiefs who came after him claimed him as their ancestor and decorated themselves as belonging to the ''[[solar dynasty|solar race]] of Karikala and of the [[Kashyapa]] [[gotra]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Antiquary, Volume 38|author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=7–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 16|author=Andhra Pradesh (India), Bh Sivasankaranarayana|publisher=Printed by the Director of Print. and Stationery at the Govt. Secretariat Press; [copies can be had from: Govt. Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh], 1977 - Andhra Pradesh (India)|page=19}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Karikala was the son of [[Ilamcetcenni]].<ref>''Purananuru'' – 266</ref> The name Karikalan has been held to mean "the man with the charred leg" and perpetuates the memory of a fire accident in the early years of his life. Some scholars also hold the view ''kari'' and ''kalan'' are Tamil words meaning "slayer of elephants". ''Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'' describes the back-formed origin legend of this incident as follows:{{quote|The king of Urayur Ilamcetcenni married a [[Velir]] princess from Azhundur and she became pregnant and gave birth to Karikala. Ilamcetcenni died soon after. Due to his young age, Karikala's right to the throne was overlooked and there was political turmoil in the country. Karikala was exiled. When normality returned, the Chola ministers sent a state elephant to look for the prince. The elephant found the prince hiding in [[Karuvur]]. His political opponents arrested and imprisoned him. The prison was set on fire that night. Karikala escaped the fire and, with the help of his uncle Irum-pitar-thalaiyan, defeated his enemies. Karikala’s leg was scorched in the fire and from thence Karikala became his name.}}Old Sangam Age inscriptions and also sthala puranam of great ancient Saiva shrine at Parasalur, near Mayavaram says that in order to escape the murder plot hatched by conspirators Karikal Valavan stayed there in disguise of a vedic and agama sastra lecturer for eight years.

''Paṭṭiṉappālai'', written in praise of Karikala also describes this incident, but without mention of the fable of the burnt limb:{{quote|Like the Tiger cub with its sharp claws and its curved stripes growing (strong) within the cage, his strength came to maturity (like wood in grain) while he was in the bondage of his enemies. As the large-trunked elephant pulls down the banks of the pit, and joins its mate, even so after deep and careful consideration, he drew his sword, effected his escape by overpowering the strong guard and attained his glorious heritage in due course.}}

== Military conquests ==
=== Battle of Venni ===
{{Main|Battle of Venni}}
According to the '' Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'', Karikala Chola fought a great [[Battle of Venni]] in which both [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] and [[Chera dynasty|Cheran]] king [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]<ref>{{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|ref=Sastri}} </ref> suffered a defeat.<ref name=majumdar137>See Majumdar, p 137</ref> Although we know very little about the circumstances leading to this battle, there can be no doubt that it marked the turning point in Karikala’s career, for in this battle he broke the back of the powerful confederacy formed against him.<ref name=tri458>See Tripathi, p 458</ref> Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took the opposing side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of Karikala.<ref name=kulke104>See Kulke and Rothermund, p 104</ref><ref name=Balambal>{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|pages=21|isbn=978-8185163871|year=1998|last=V.|first=Balambal|publisher=Kalinga Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as [[Kovilvenni]] and is situated near [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=sastri112>See Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p112-113</ref>

=== Further wars and conquests ===
After the [[battle of Venni]], Karikala had other opportunities to exercise his arms. He defeated the confederacy of nine minor chieftains in the battle of Vakaipparandalai. Paranar, a contemporary of Karikala, in his poem from ''[[Agananuru]]'' mentions this incident without giving any information on the cause of the conflict.<ref name=sastri112 /> According to legends Karikala was one of the few Chola kings who won the whole of Ceylon{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} (Lanka). The Grand anicut was built after his conquest over the Singalese kingdom and he used Singalese war prisoners for the hard task of moving stones from the mountains to the river bed of the Kaveri. The ''Pattinappalai'' also describes the destruction caused by Karikala’s armies in the territories of his enemies and adds that as the result of these conflicts, the "Northerners and Westerners were depressed… and his flushed look of anger caused the Pandya’s strength to give way…".

=== Northern Expedition ===
After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>

== Grand Anicut ==
[[File:Grand Anaicut.JPG|thumb|Kallanai built by Karikala Chola on river Kaveri]]

Later Chola kings attributed the building of dikes along the banks of the [[Kaveri]] to Karikala.<ref name=majumdar137 /><ref name=kulke104 /><ref name="History of ancient India, page 478">''History of ancient India, page 478: ..raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola''</ref><ref name="Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 39, page 156">''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 39, page 156</ref> The raising of the banks of the river Kaveri by Karikala is also mentioned by the Malepadu plates (seventh century CE)<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. C. Majumdar|first=General Editor|url=http://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age p.265|date=1970|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|others=Public Resource}}</ref> of the [[Telugu_Cholas#Renati_Cholas|Telugu Chola]] sovereign of Renadu, [[Tumkur|Erigal]]-Mutturaju Punyakumara, who claims descent from Karikala: ''karuna – saroruha vihita – vilochana – pallava – trilochana pramukha kilapritvisvara karita kaveri tira'' (he who caused the banks of the Kaveri to be constructed by all the subordinate kings led by the Pallava Trilochana whose third eye was blinded by his lotus foot).

The [[Grand Anicut]], also known as the Kallanai was built by Karikala<ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Vijay P. |author2=Ram Narayan Yadava | title = Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment | publisher = Allied Publishers | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&pg=PA508&dq=kallanai&sig=_bvXlOQqAftum2T7p_6McQJHgUk#PPA508,M1 | isbn = 81-7764-548-X | page = 508}}</ref> and is considered one of the oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structures in the world which is still in use.<ref name="kallanai_oldest">{{cite web | url = http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf | title = ''This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world''| access-date = 2007-05-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130842/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf |archive-date = 2007-02-06}}</ref> The Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River|title=Cauvery River – Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref> A later [[Chola]] record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.<ref name="Rama Shankar Tripathi 478">{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 1967 - India - 605 pages|page=478}}</ref><ref name="Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri 68">{{cite book|title=Studies in Cōḷa history and administration|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|publisher=University of Madras, 1932 - History - 210 pages|page=68}}</ref>

=== Karikala Cholan Manimandapam ===
[[File:Karikaala Chozan Memorial -1.jpg|thumb|Karikala Cholan Manimandapam]]
Karikala Cholan Manimandapam (memorial hall) was built in honour of the king who built the Grand Anicut. The hall designed as per Chola architecture style was built at a cost of {{INR}} 21 million. It features a bronze statue of the king.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Karikalan-cholan-memorial-inaugurated/articleshow/30300318.cms | title=Karikalan cholan memorial inaugurated |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/karikalan-manimandapam-ready-for-inauguration/article5342940.ece | title=Karikalan Manimandapam ready for inauguration |publisher=The Hindu | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

== Dating Karikala ==
According to [[Nilakanta Sastri]] Karikala reigned in 90 CE.<ref name="A History of South India, page 119">A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar, page 119</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

[[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] states that the Karikala mentioned in [[Silappadikaram]] and [[Sangam literature]] are two different kings and the Karikala mentioned in [[Silappadikaram]] has nothing to do with Trilocana Pallava and nothing prevents another Karikala having flourished in [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] a few centuries later.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 24">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, page 24</ref> The copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries also mention two different Karikala.

== See also ==
* [[Legendary early Chola kings]]
* [[Tamil history from Sangam literature]]
* [[List of Tamil monarchs]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Karikaala Chozan Memorial Building|Karikala Chola}}
* {{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|ref=Sastri}}
* {{cite book | first= Kulke| last= Hermann |author2=Rothermund D| orig-year= 2000| year=2001 | title= A History of India | publisher= Routledge | isbn= 0-415-32920-5}}
* {{cite book | first= R.C | last= Majumdar| year= 1987| title= Ancient India | publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications | location= India| isbn= 81-208-0436-8}}
* {{cite book | first= A.S| last= Mudaliar| orig-year= 1931| year= 1984| title= Abithana Chintamani| publisher= Asian Educational Services | location= New Delhi}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A| last= Nilakanta Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 1984| title= The CōĻas| publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A | last= Nilakanta Sastri| orig-year= 1955| year= 2002| title= A History of South India| publisher= OUP| location= New Delhi}}
* {{cite book | first= Rama Sankar| last= Tripathi| year= 1967| title= History of Ancient India| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications| location= India| isbn= 81-208-0018-4}}
* {{cite book | title=History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day| last= Iyengar| first= P. T. Srinivasa | author-link= P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar| year=1929}}
* {{cite book | first= R.| last= Raghava Iyengar| year= 1951| title= Pattinapalai, Research Monograph| publisher= Annamalai University Publications| location= Chidambaram}}

[[Category:Chola kings]]