Kapaleeshwarar Temple - Revision history

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	{{~~List of~~ Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}		{{Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapaleeshwarar Temple}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapaleeshwarar Temple}}
	[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]		[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
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Rv addition citing a blog - not a reliable source

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:51, 29 August 2021
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	According to the [[Puranas]], [[Shakti]] worshipped Shiva in the form of a [[peacock]], giving the vernacular name ''Mylai'' ({{IAST\|Mayilāi}}) to the area that developed around the temple - ''mayil'' is Tamil for "peacock".<ref>[[#Hurd\|Hurd 2010]], p. 36</ref> Shiva is worshiped as Kapaleeswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Karpagambal. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.		According to the [[Puranas]], [[Shakti]] worshipped Shiva in the form of a [[peacock]], giving the vernacular name ''Mylai'' ({{IAST\|Mayilāi}}) to the area that developed around the temple - ''mayil'' is Tamil for "peacock".<ref>[[#Hurd\|Hurd 2010]], p. 36</ref> Shiva is worshiped as Kapaleeswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Karpagambal. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

	The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Kapaleeswarar and Karpagambal being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. The Arubathimoovar festival celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Panguni'' as part of the ப்ரஹ்மோத்சவம் is the most prominent festival in the temple.		The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Kapaleeswarar and Karpagambal being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. The Arubathimoovar festival celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Panguni'' as part of the ப்ரஹ்மோத்சவம் is the most prominent festival in the temple.

	The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and ~~Endowment Board~~ of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].		The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

	== Legend ==		== Legend ==
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	==Religious work and saints==		==Religious work and saints==
	[[File:Mylapore tank at dawn panorama.jpg\|thumb\|800px\|center\|{{center\|View of the temple tank at dawn.}}]]		[[File:Mylapore tank at dawn panorama.jpg\|thumb\|800px\|center\|{{center\|View of the temple tank at dawn.}}]]
	There is a reference to the temple in [[Sangam period\|Sangam]] literature of the 1st to 5th centuries and the earliest mention is found in the 6th century [[Tamil literature]]. The temple and the deity were immortalized in [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poetry in the works of ''[[Tevaram]]'' by poet saint belonging to the 7th century - [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] has composed te 6th ''Poompavai pathigam'' in praise of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/> [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century poet, sings praise of the temple in ''Tirumayilai Tirupugazh''. The 12th-century poet Gunaveera Pandithar sings about Neminathan under ''Theerthangar neminathar pugazh''.<ref name="Nar">[[#Narasiah\|Narasiah 2008]], pp. 220-223</ref> ''Tirumayilai Prabanthangal'' is a compilation of four works on the temple and the deity.<ref name="Nar"/>		There is a reference to the temple in [[Sangam period\|Sangam]] literature of the 1st to 5th centuries and the earliest post-Sangam mention is found in the 6th century [[Tamil literature]]. The temple and the deity were immortalized in [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poetry in the works of ''[[Tevaram]]'' by poet saint belonging to the 7th century – [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] has composed the 6th ''Poompavai pathigam'' in praise of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/> [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century poet, sings praise of the temple in ''Tirumayilai Tirupugazh''. The 12th-century poet Gunaveera Pandithar sings about Neminathan under ''Theerthangar neminathar pugazh''.<ref name="Nar">[[#Narasiah\|Narasiah 2008]], pp. 220-223</ref> ''Tirumayilai Prabanthangal'' is a compilation of four works on the temple and the deity.<ref name="Nar"/>

			==See also==
			* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]

	==Notes==		==Notes==

>ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ: Fixed obsolete html tag Lint errors

2021-07-03T10:08:03Z

Fixed obsolete html tag Lint errors

New page

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kapaleeshwarar Temple
| image = Kapaleeswarar1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Chennai
| map_caption = Location in Chennai
| coordinates = {{coord|13|02|0|N|80|16|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai]]
| location = [[Mylapore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kapaleeswarar ([[Shiva]]), Karpagambal
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Kapaleeshwarar Temple'''<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:மயிலாப்பூர் கபாலீசுவரர் கோயில்]]</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to lord [[Shiva]] located in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The form of Shiva's consort [[Parvati]] worshipped at this temple is called Karpagambal is from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ("Goddess of the Wish-Yielding Tree"). The temple was built around the 7th century CE and is an example of [[Dravidian architecture]].<ref>[[#Silas|Silas 2007]], p. 114</ref><ref name="kamath">[[#Kamath|Kamath 2002]], pp.28-31</ref>

According to the [[Puranas]], [[Shakti]] worshipped Shiva in the form of a [[peacock]], giving the vernacular name ''Mylai'' ({{IAST|Mayilāi}}) to the area that developed around the temple - ''mayil'' is Tamil for "peacock".<ref>[[#Hurd|Hurd 2010]], p. 36</ref> Shiva is worshiped as Kapaleeswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Karpagambal. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Kapaleeswarar and Karpagambal being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. The Arubathimoovar festival celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Panguni'' as part of the ப்ரஹ்மோத்சவம் is the most prominent festival in the temple.

The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Legend ==
[[File:KapaliKarpagambal.JPG|200x200px|thumb|left|Image of Karpagambal and Kapaleeswarar]]
The temple's name is derived from the words ''kapāla'' (head) and ''Īśvara'' an alias of lord [[Shiva]]. According to the Puranas, during the meeting of Brahma and Shiva at top of [[Mount Kailash]] Brahma failed to show the due respect to Shiva. Due to this, Shiva plucked of one of Brahma's heads (''kapalams''). In an act of penance, Brahma came down to the site of Mylapore and installed a [[Lingam]] to please Shiva.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=46}}</ref> This place is known as Sukra Puri, Veda Puri, among many other names including "Kailaye Mayilai and Mayilaye Kayilai "which means this place is equal to kailash. Goddess Karpagambal, a form of Shiva's consort [[Parvati]], due to a curse became a pea-hen and did penance here to get back her original personality. Shiva's son [[Murugan]] received the spear (Sakthi Vel) for the destruction of a demon from Parvati here. Brahma had worshipped here to get rid of his ego and get back his power to create. The four Vedas have worshipped here. Sukracharya worshipped the Lord here and got back his lost eye. Rama has worshipped here and won the war against Ravana and brought back Sita from Lanka. The daughter of Sivanesa Chettiar Angam Poompavai got her lost life due to snake bite was later resurrected here by the powers of [[Sambandar|Thirugnana Sambandar]].<ref name="kamath" /> [[Vayilar]] Nayanar, a saiva saint, attained salvation here and Mylapore is also the birth place of [[Thiruvalluvar]] who wrote the [[Thirukkural]]. In Thevaram special mention is made about the beautiful Madaveedhi as "Malgun Mathri Thavazhum Maada Veedhi Mylappil Ullar". Thiruganana Sambandar, Arunagirinathar have sung the glory of Karpagambal, Singara Velar. The 10-day festival during March / April is a treat to watch and Arubathu Moovar festival is attended by lakhs of devotees every year.<ref name="kamath" />

== History ==
[[File:Kabali-granite-plate.jpg|thumb|left|Placade in the East Entrance]]
[[File:Mylapore Kapaleeshwarar temple facade.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Facade of the temple]]
[[File:Kapalisvar temple festival in mayilai circa 1940.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The temple festival in c. 1940]]
The commonly held view is that the temple was built in the 7th century CE by the ruling [[Pallava]]s.<ref name="V.">[[#V.|V. 2006]], p. 13</ref> This view is based on references to the temple in the hymns of the [[Nayanars]] (which, however, place it by a sea shore). Thirugnanasambandar's 6th song in Poompavaipathikam and Arunagirinathar's 697th song in Thirumylai Thirupugazh, make clear reference to the Kapaleeswarar temple being located by a seashore.<ref name="dinamalar" /> There are inscriptions dating back to 12th century inside the temple.<ref name="frommers">[[#de|de Bruyn 2010]], p. 320</ref> The temple's 120 ft ''[[gopuram]]''<ref name="frommers" /> (gateway tower) was built during 1906 with stucco figures adorning it.<ref name="kamath" /><ref name="V." /> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Administration details|url=http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/admin-kapaleeswar.html|publisher=Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Temple|location=Mylapore, Chennai|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121074703/http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/admin-kapaleeswar.html|archive-date=21 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The Temple==
[[File:Cowmeenakshi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bulls depicted in the decorated [[gopuram]] of the Kapaleeshwarar Temple.]]
[[File:Kapaleeshwarar Temple. Chennai. 2010.jpg|thumb|Kapaleeshwarar Temple. Chennai. 2010]]
[[File:Pilgrims taking offerings to festival from Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Chennai. 2010.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims taking offerings to festival from Kapaleeshwarar Temple, [[Chennai]]. 2010]]
The Kapaleeshwarar temple is of typical [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural]] style, with the ''[[gopuram]]'' overpowering the street on which the temple sits. This temple is also a testimonial for the [[vishwakarmas]] sthapathis. There are two entrances to the temple marked by the ''gopuram'' on either side. The east ''gopuram'' is about 40 m high, while the smaller western gopuram faces the sacred [[tank]].<ref name="about">{{cite web|title=About the Temple|url=http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/history-kapaleeswarar.html|publisher=Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Temple|location=Mylapore, Chennai|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117212802/http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/history-kapaleeswarar.html|archive-date=17 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''[[vahana]]''s ([[Sanskrit]] for "vehicles") at the temple include the [[bull]], Adhikaranandi, [[elephant]], [[bandicoot]], [[peacock]], [[goat]] and [[parrot]], while a golden chariot is a recent addition. Statues of the god and the goddess are seated on a ''vahana'' or chariot which is brought in a procession around the temple while the temple band plays music. Devotees gather around the ''vahanas'' and consider it a privilege to pull / lift the God and the Goddess on the ''vahana''. There is also a peacock and a [[peafowl|peahen]] caged inside the temple, to symbolize the tradition that Karpagambal had come in the form of peahen to plead to Kapaleeshwarar.

==Religious practises==
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:00 a.m., Kalasanthi at 9:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 1:00 p.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 9:00 p.m. There is a separate calendar for the Rahu Abhishekam (sacred ablution): it is performed twice in a day at 11:30 a.m and 5:30 p.m. and additionally twice at various times in the day. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kapaleeswarar and Karpagambal. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred text) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kapaleeswarar temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=628|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pooja details|url=http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/Pooja-details-kapaleeswar.html|publisher=Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Temple|location=Mylapore, Chennai|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010949/http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/Pooja-details-kapaleeswar.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During Friday worship, the statue of the goddess Karpagambal is decorated with a ''kaasu maala'', a garland made of gold coins.

==Festivals==
[[File:Karpagambalkapaleeswrar.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Goddess Karpagambal with Lord Kapaleeshwarar]]
[[File:Devotees praying at KapaleeshwararTemple, Chennai. 2010.jpg|thumb|Devotees praying at KapaleeshwararTemple, [[Chennai]]. 2010]]
During the Tamil month of ''[[Tamil calendar|Panguni]]'', the traditional brahmotsavam (annual festival) takes place when the entire neighborhood comes alive with a ''[[mela|mela (carnival)]]''-like atmosphere. Since this month corresponds to the mid-March to mid-April duration, the Kapaleeshwarar temple celebrates the nine day-long as ''Panguni Peruvizha'' (Spring festival).<ref>[[#Bhargava|Bhargava 2006]], p. 451</ref> The festival starts with ''Dwajarohanam'' (flag hoisting), includes the ''therotsavam'', (Tamil, ''[[Temple car|ther]]'', "car/chariot"; ''utsavam'', "festival"), Arupathimoovar festival and concludes with the Tirukkalyanam (Marriage of Kapaleeswarar & Karpagambal). In ''Brahmotsavam'', the idols of Kapaleeshwarar and Karpagambal are decorated with clothes and jewels, are mounted on a ''vahana'', and then taken around the temple and its water tank in a ''pradakshinam'' (a clockwise path when seen from above). This is repeated with different ''vahanas'' over the next nine days. The more important of the individual ''pradakshinams'' are the ''Athigara Nandhi'' on the third day, the ''Rishaba Vahanam'' on the midnight of the fifth day, the ''ther'' (about 13 meters in height and pulled by people) on the seventh morning, and the ''Arupathimoovar'' festival on the eighth day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival details|url=http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/festival-kapaleeswar.html|publisher=Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Temple|location=Mylapore, Chennai|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121081717/http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.tnhrce.in/festival-kapaleeswar.html|archive-date=21 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Arupathimoovar'' festival is the most important procession.<ref name="V."/> It is named after the sixty-three ''Nayanmar''s who have attained salvation by their love & devotion to the all-compassionate Lord Shiva. All sixty-three Nayanmar idols follow the Kapaleeshwarar idol on this procession. During the car festival, Kapaleeshwarar is depicted holding a bow while seated on a throne, with his wife Karpagambal alongside.<ref>[[#Hurd|Hurd 2010]], p. 43</ref> Brahma is depicted riding the ''ther''. The chariot is decorated with flowers and statues, and there are huge gatherings of devotees to pull the ''ther''. The car festival of 1968 is documented in the documentary film ''Phantom India'' by [[Louis Malle]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Religious work and saints==
[[File:Mylapore tank at dawn panorama.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|View of the temple tank at dawn.}}]]
There is a reference to the temple in [[Sangam period|Sangam]] literature of the 1st to 5th centuries and the earliest mention is found in the 6th century [[Tamil literature]]. The temple and the deity were immortalized in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry in the works of ''[[Tevaram]]'' by poet saint belonging to the 7th century - [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] has composed te 6th ''Poompavai pathigam'' in praise of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/> [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century poet, sings praise of the temple in ''Tirumayilai Tirupugazh''. The 12th-century poet Gunaveera Pandithar sings about Neminathan under ''Theerthangar neminathar pugazh''.<ref name="Nar">[[#Narasiah|Narasiah 2008]], pp. 220-223</ref> ''Tirumayilai Prabanthangal'' is a compilation of four works on the temple and the deity.<ref name="Nar"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|3}}
*{{cite book |last=Bhargava|first=Gopal K.|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications |location=USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=kapaleeswarar+temple&pg=PA451|isbn=8178353814|ref=Bhargava}}
*{{cite book |last=Hurd|first=James|title=Temples of Tamilnad|year=2010|publisher=Xilbris Corporation |location=USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaDQ5nqymXAC&q=kapaleeswarar+temple&pg=PA43|isbn=978-1-4134-3843-7|ref=Hurd}}
*{{cite book |last=Narasiah|first=KRA|title=Madras : Tracing the Growth of the City Since 1639|year=2008|publisher=New Horizon Media Private Limited |location=Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ET4-ZI0mgkwC&q=kapaleeswarar+temple&pg=PA20|isbn=978-81-8368-789-8|ref=Narasiah}}
*{{cite book |last=Silas|first=Sandeep|title=Discover India by Rail|year=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishers |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&q=kapaleeswarar+temple&pg=PA114|isbn=978-81-207-2939-1|ref=Silas}}
*{{cite book |last=V. |first=Subburaj |title=Tourist Guide to Chennai|year=2006|publisher=Sura Books |location=Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9ZtMmsZmQC&q=kapaleeswarar+temple&pg=PA13|isbn=81-7478-040-8|ref=V.}}
*{{cite book |last=Kamath|first=Rina |title=Chennai |year=2000|publisher=Orient Longman Limited |location=Chennai|isbn=81-7835-014-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&q=parthasarathy+temple+legend&pg=PA31|ref=Kamath}}
* {{cite book|title=Frommer's India|url-access=registration|first1=Pippa|last1=de Bruyn|first2=Keith|last2=Bain|first3=David|last3=Allardice|publisher=Frommer's|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlqM2CR4vfUC&q=parthasarathy+temple+legend&pg=PA320|ref=de|isbn=978-0-470-55610-8}} [https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr Alt URL]
{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane|Parthasarathy Temple]]
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005115940/http://kapaleeshwarartemple.com/ Temple Information]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5NxaYhfHtc Festivals of Mylapore]
*[http://www.contentstudy.com/kapaleeswarar-temple-timings/ Kapaleeswarar Temple Timings]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapaleeshwarar Temple}}
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]