Kao (bull) - Revision history

IODChanel59686: expanded details based on references and corrected details

2024-11-18T19:51:36Z

expanded details based on references and corrected details

SonOfZeus at 12:26, 26 March 2022

2022-03-26T12:26:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:56, 26 March 2022
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	In [[Meitei language\|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language\|Manipuri]]), the word "Kao" has many meanings. It may mean (1) to forget, (2) a sacrifice bull or (3) to kick. Here, it means bull. As a [[noun]], it means a stray and freed bull. In verbal form, it means to offer a bull as a living sacrifice to God. People also say "Kaoren" or "Kaorel" to talk about the bull. "Kaoren" is made up of two parts, "Kao" and "-ren". "-ren" refers to excellence. So, "Kaoren" or "Kaorel" means "an extraordinary bull", "a powerful bull", "a super bull" or "a supernatural bull".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3&searchhws=yes\|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kao\|website=uchicago.edu\|year=2006}}</ref>		In [[Meitei language\|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language\|Manipuri]]), the word "Kao" has many meanings. It may mean (1) to forget, (2) a sacrifice bull or (3) to kick. Here, it means bull. As a [[noun]], it means a stray and freed bull. In verbal form, it means to offer a bull as a living sacrifice to God. People also say "Kaoren" or "Kaorel" to talk about the bull. "Kaoren" is made up of two parts, "Kao" and "-ren". "-ren" refers to excellence. So, "Kaoren" or "Kaorel" means "an extraordinary bull", "a powerful bull", "a super bull" or "a supernatural bull".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3&searchhws=yes\|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kao\|website=uchicago.edu\|year=2006}}</ref>

	== ~~Mythology~~ ==		== Legend ==
	{{See\|Khamba Thoibi}}		{{See\|Khamba Thoibi}}
	=== The false Oracle ===		=== The false Oracle ===

SonOfZeus at 12:26, 26 March 2022

2022-03-26T12:26:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:56, 26 March 2022
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	On the way back, Kongyamba came to him before anyone saw them. Kongyamba pretended to help Khamba to hold the bull. Kongyamba hold the rope. When everyone saw, Kongyamba claimed that he had captured the bull. He added that he even rescued Khamba who fell into the ditch. Once again, there was a great conflict between Khamba and Kongyamba over the claim. The two Kings could not find out who was right. So, Kongyamba was asked to fight the bull within an enclosure. But Kongyamba got frightened of the bull. So, he climbed up on the heights to save himself. Khamba faced the bull bravely. He once again captured the bull.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />		On the way back, Kongyamba came to him before anyone saw them. Kongyamba pretended to help Khamba to hold the bull. Kongyamba hold the rope. When everyone saw, Kongyamba claimed that he had captured the bull. He added that he even rescued Khamba who fell into the ditch. Once again, there was a great conflict between Khamba and Kongyamba over the claim. The two Kings could not find out who was right. So, Kongyamba was asked to fight the bull within an enclosure. But Kongyamba got frightened of the bull. So, he climbed up on the heights to save himself. Khamba faced the bull bravely. He once again captured the bull.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

	== In ~~popular~~ culture ==		== In contemporary culture ==
	In ~~popular~~ culture, Kao appears in arts, books, movies, theatres and many others.		In contemporary culture, Kao appears in arts, books, movies, theatres and many others.
	=== Painting ===		=== Painting ===
	==== Khambana Kao Phaba ====		==== Khambana Kao Phaba ====

SonOfZeus at 12:25, 26 March 2022

2022-03-26T12:25:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 26 March 2022
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	The play is based on the legend of capturing the bull in [[Ancient Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..031020.oct20\|title=Kao Faba displayed\|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.amp.html\|title=Kao Faba displayed\|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.html\|title=Kao Faba displayed\|website=thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref>		The play is based on the legend of capturing the bull in [[Ancient Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..031020.oct20\|title=Kao Faba displayed\|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.amp.html\|title=Kao Faba displayed\|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.html\|title=Kao Faba displayed\|website=thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref>

	~~== Related pages ==~~
	* [[Minotaur]]
	* [[Taurus (constellation)\|Taurus]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

SonOfZeus at 12:25, 26 March 2022

2022-03-26T12:25:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 26 March 2022
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	== ~~Other websites~~ ==		== Bibliography ==
	* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230 Khamba Thoibi by Loitongbam Kalachand]		* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230 Khamba Thoibi by Loitongbam Kalachand]
	* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310176 Khamba Thoibi Sheireng by Anganghal Singh, Hijam]		* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310176 Khamba Thoibi Sheireng by Anganghal Singh, Hijam]

SonOfZeus at 12:24, 26 March 2022

2022-03-26T12:24:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 26 March 2022
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	* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466125 Ewanglon Thadoi by Ruhinikumar, Sougaijam]		* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466125 Ewanglon Thadoi by Ruhinikumar, Sougaijam]
	* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825 Khuman Khamba by Pramodini]		* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825 Khuman Khamba by Pramodini]

	[[Category:Meitei folklore]]		[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
	[[Category:Meitei mythology]]		[[Category:Meitei mythology]]

			{{simple-Wikipedia}}

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Infobox mythical creature |name=Kao |image=Khamba and Thoibi (The Capture of the Wild Bull).jpg |image size=300px |caption=Kao being captured by Khuman Khamba |Grouping=Legendary creature |Sub_Grouping=Meitei legendary creatures |Folklore=Meitei folklore (Manipuri folklore) |AKA=Kau, Kaw, Cao, Cau, Caw, Cow |Country=India |Region=Moirang, Manipur }} '''Kao''' (/káo/) is a legendary bull captured by [..."

2022-03-26T12:22:37Z

Created page with "{{Infobox mythical creature |name=Kao |image=Khamba and Thoibi (The Capture of the Wild Bull).jpg |image size=300px |caption=Kao being captured by Khuman Khamba |Grouping=Legendary creature |Sub_Grouping=Meitei legendary creatures |Folklore=Meitei folklore (Manipuri folklore) |AKA=Kau, Kaw, Cao, Cau, Caw, Cow |Country=India |Region=Moirang, Manipur }} '''Kao''' (/káo/) is a legendary bull captured by [..."

New page

{{Infobox mythical creature
|name=Kao
|image=Khamba and Thoibi (The Capture of the Wild Bull).jpg
|image size=300px
|caption=Kao being captured by [[Khuman Khamba]]
|Grouping=[[Legendary creature]]
|Sub_Grouping=[[List of creatures in Meitei folklore|Meitei legendary creatures]]
|Folklore=[[Meitei folklore]] ([[Manipuri folklore]])
|AKA=Kau, Kaw, Cao, Cau, Caw, Cow
|Country=[[India]]
|Region=[[Moirang]], [[Manipur]]
}}
'''Kao''' (/káo/) is a legendary bull captured by [[Khuman Khamba]] in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] of [[Ancient Moirang]]. It appears in the legend of ''Kao Phaba'' ({{lang-omp|Kau Phaapa}}), also known as ''Khambana Kao Phaba'' ({{lang-omp|Khampana Kao Phaapa}}) of the [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic.<ref>E. Ishwarjit (2005). Manipur, a Tourist Paradise. B.R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7646-506-9.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQ8EAAAQBAJ&q=Kao-Phaba+%28catching+of+the+bull%29+khamba+thoibee+&pg=PA72|title=Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission|last=Singh|first=Arambam Sanatomba|date=2021-06-18|publisher=Walnut Publication|isbn=978-93-91145-59-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cPEAAAQBAJ&q=ordeal+of+the+bull+%28kao+phaba%29&pg=PT158|title=Martial and Healing Traditions of India: An Anthology from the Journal of Asian Martial Arts|last=DeMarco|first=Michael|date=2020-10-15|publisher=Via Media Publishing|isbn=979-8-6942-6317-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf1jAAAAMAAJ&q=kao+phaba|title=Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition|last1=Kaushal|first1=Molly|last2=Arts|first2=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the|date=2001|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-81-246-0182-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), the word "Kao" has many meanings. It may mean (1) to forget, (2) a sacrifice bull or (3) to kick. Here, it means bull. As a [[noun]], it means a stray and freed bull. In verbal form, it means to offer a bull as a living sacrifice to God. People also say "Kaoren" or "Kaorel" to talk about the bull. "Kaoren" is made up of two parts, "Kao" and "-ren". "-ren" refers to excellence. So, "Kaoren" or "Kaorel" means "an extraordinary bull", "a powerful bull", "a super bull" or "a supernatural bull".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3&searchhws=yes|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kao|website=uchicago.edu|year=2006}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
{{See|Khamba Thoibi}}
=== The false Oracle ===
Once [[Nongban|Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] met fisher women from the [[Khuman kingdom]] in a place called [[Ancient Moirang|Moirang]]. Both the Khuman kingdom and the Moirang kingdom were on the shores of the [[Loktak lake]].
The women came to Moirang besides having their own fishing area. So, Kongyamba asked them the reason for coming to Moirang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods/page/142/mode/2up|title=The Meitheis|last=Hodson|first=T. C. (Thomas Callan)|date=1908|publisher=London, D. Nutt|others=Duke University Libraries|pages=142}}</ref>
The women said,
<blockquote><poem>"There is a great bull that lurks among the reeds of the shores of the lake, and it had claimed life of many. So, we dare not to fish there."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods/page/n192/mode/2up|title=The Meitheis|last=Hodson|first=T. C. (Thomas Callan)|date=1908|publisher=London, D. Nutt|others=Duke University Libraries|pages=192}}</ref></poem> </blockquote>
Suddenly, an idea came to Kongyamba's mind. He went to the king. He acted as a person possessed by a divine spirit.<ref name=":1" /> Kongyamba told the King,
<blockquote><poem>"God [[Thangjing]] had spoken in my ears and I have his behest upon me. Verily said the God, I am sated with offerings of flesh and fish, but this year, my heart longs for the sweet savour of the flesh of the mighty bull that lurks in the reeds that border the water of the lake. My servant Khamba vows that he will bring it for my honor and for the welfare of the State."<ref name=":1" /></poem></blockquote>
The king called and asked Khamba about his promise. Khamba denied it. There resulted a great conflict between Khamba and Kongyamba. Later, Khamba told the king he would catch the bull if it was the God’s will.
The king was happy with Khamba. So, he promised him he could marry Princess [[Moirang Thoibi|Thoibi]] if he succeeded in the adventure. Minister Thonglen put seven marks on the lintel post of the capital city. It was the record of the King’s promise.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NowAQAAMAAJ&dq=khamba+bull&pg=PA222|title=Indian Antiquary|date=1877|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=222|language=en}}</ref>

=== Embassy to Khuman kingdom ===
The king of Moirang sent an embassy to the king of Khuman. The embassy proposed to organize the great sport of capturing the wild bull. The Khuman king agreed. A grand Colosseum was built for the event. The Colosseum could hold a capacity of the audiences from both the two kingdoms.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Capture by Khamba ===
[[File:Khambana Kao Phaba.jpg|thumb|300px|Khamba capturing the Kao]]
[[Khamnu]] revealed a secrecy to [[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]]. She said,
<blockquote><poem>"This great bull was once the Lord of your father's herd. Go to him, speak your father's name in his ear, and show him this Rope of silk."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods/page/144/mode/2up|title=The Meitheis|last=Hodson|first=T. C. (Thomas Callan)|date=1908|publisher=London, D. Nutt|others=Duke University Libraries|pages=144}}</ref></poem></blockquote>

On the day of the adventure, Khamba stand face to face with the bull. The bull charged towards him. Khamba bent a little aside. The audiences asked him if he got afraid. Khamba replied that he was waiting for a good position. Then, he stood on firm ground and caught the bull. The mighty bull carried him away into the thick woods.<ref name=":2" />
Khamba did everything as his sister instructed him. Immediately, the wild bull got tamed. Khamba brought the bull back.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

On the way back, Kongyamba came to him before anyone saw them. Kongyamba pretended to help Khamba to hold the bull. Kongyamba hold the rope. When everyone saw, Kongyamba claimed that he had captured the bull. He added that he even rescued Khamba who fell into the ditch. Once again, there was a great conflict between Khamba and Kongyamba over the claim. The two Kings could not find out who was right. So, Kongyamba was asked to fight the bull within an enclosure. But Kongyamba got frightened of the bull. So, he climbed up on the heights to save himself. Khamba faced the bull bravely. He once again captured the bull.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== In popular culture ==
In popular culture, Kao appears in arts, books, movies, theatres and many others.
=== Painting ===
==== Khambana Kao Phaba ====
In 2001, [[Khambana Kao Phaba (painting)]] was kept in the permanent collection of the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS) Museum, [[Bhopal]], [[India]].
In July 2019, the painting was selected as the "Exhibit of the Month" in the same museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/traditional-manipuri-painting-khambana-kao-phaba-on-display/articleshow/70357154.cms|title=Traditional Manipuri painting 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
==== Kao, the sacred bull ====
In 2011, ''"Kao, the sacred bull"'' was produced by the [[Laihui Ensemble]]. This theatrical show was based on the story of the bull Kao. According to the story, an Oracle said that the King of Moirang will soon die and his people will lead miserable life. The only solution told was to offer the powerful bull roaming in the Khuman kingdom to God [[Thangjing]]. Orphan [[Khuman Khamba]] was chosen to capture the bull. He was known for his bravery and goodness. To capture the bull with no harm to it was not easy. Khamba's motherly sister [[Khamnu]] disclosed to him the secrecy of the bull. The bull was once domesticated and treated as a family member during the good days of their parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.theatre.Kao_-_A_Glimpse_of_Manipuri_Opera|title=KAO - A Glimpse of Manipuri Opera|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2011.Ann_Kao_play_by_Laibui_20110223|title="Kao - the sacred bull" by Laihui on 6th March, 2011|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
==== Kao Faba ====
In 2020, a [[:en:Shumang Leela|Shumang Kumhei]] named ''"Kao Faba"'' was produced by Western Cultural Association in [[Manipur]]. It was sponsored by the Sangeet Natak Akedemi of [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. The play was released in the Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound, [[Imphal]].
The play is based on the legend of capturing the bull in [[Ancient Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..031020.oct20|title=Kao Faba displayed|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.amp.html|title=Kao Faba displayed|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.html|title=Kao Faba displayed|website=thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref>

== Related pages ==
* [[Minotaur]]
* [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Other websites ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230 Khamba Thoibi by Loitongbam Kalachand]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310176 Khamba Thoibi Sheireng by Anganghal Singh, Hijam]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460207 Khamba Thoibi And Poems On Manipur by Raina, Vimala]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465982 Khamba Thoibi Seireng by Hijam Anganghal]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467092 Khamnu by Biramangal]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466125 Ewanglon Thadoi by Ruhinikumar, Sougaijam]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825 Khuman Khamba by Pramodini]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]