Kangxiwar - Revision history

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2022-01-01T16:34:08Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:04, 1 January 2022
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	==History==		==History==

	Before modern era, the area was a thoroughfare of the caravan trade route between [[Leh]] and [[Tarim Basin]]. The [[Hindutash]] Pass, a historical [[mountain pass]] through the [[Kunlun Mountains]] is just north of here.<ref name="Trotter1878"/> This place was previously referred to as '''Sumgal'''.<ref name="VisserVisser-Hooft1935">{{cite book\|author1=Jeannette Hooft Visser\|author2=Jenny Visser-Hooft\|title=Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Niederländischen Expeditionen in den Karakorum und die angrenzenden gebiete in den jahren 1922, 1925 und 1929/30\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPpWAAAAMAAJ\|year=1935\|publisher=In kommission bei F.A. Brockhaus\|page=14\|language=de\|quote=Sie folgten dem Kara-kash-Tal einige Kilometer nordwärts, um dann von Sumgal (gegenwärtig Kengshewar) über den Ilchi-davan (vermutlich der Paß, der jetzt Hindutash genannt wird) über das K'un-lun-Gebirge bis Bushia (jetzt Pusha)\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092343/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPpWAAAAMAAJ&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> Literally meaning "three fords" in [[Tibetic languages]],<ref>{{cite book\|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWxqY5dmoMC&pg=PA91\|year=1863\|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland\|page=91\|quote=Gsum "three" ... It is a name very frequent in Tíbet ... Súmgal, in Turkistán ... -- gsum rgal, "the three fords."\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092346/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWxqY5dmoMC&pg=PA91&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> it was a historical [[ford (crossing)\|ford]] along with caravan camp. The caravan camp which had a shed<ref>{{cite book\|title=Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR22-IA1\|year=1862\|publisher=Printed at the Government Press\|page=22\|quote=Sumgal - An "Aghil" or cattle shed in good pasture land in the Karakash valley.\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR22-IA1&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> was located slightly downstream to the west on the north bank of the [[Karakash River]]<ref name="SchlagintweitSchlagintweit1863">{{cite book\|author1=Adolf von Schlagintweit\|author2=Robert von Schlagintweit\|title=Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia: Route-book of the western parts of the Himalaya, Tibet, and Central Asia : and geographical glossary from the languages of India and Tibet, including the phonetic transcription and interpretation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JtLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122\|year=1863\|publisher=F. A. Brockhaus\|page=122\|quote=A Sumgal, 36° 8', 78° 5'; 13,215 ft, on the right bank of the Karakásh river (fuel and grass abundant).\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JtLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trotter1878">{{cite journal\|last1=Trotter\|first1=H.\|title=On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74\|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London\|volume=48\|year=1878\|pages=183\|issn=~~02666235~~\|doi=10.2307/1798763\|quote=On the Kárákásh River, above Fotásh, is a camping-ground called Sumgal, from which Robert Schlagintweit crossed the Kuen Luen Range by the Hindu-tágh Pass, estimated by him at 17,379 feet high. ... The road by the Hindu-tágh Pass can only be used by foot-passengers.\|jstor=1798763\|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2150950\|access-date=26 June 2019\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092346/https://zenodo.org/record/2150950\|url-status=live}}</ref> Another camp '''Ak-Koom''' was located slightly upstream to the east at the joining of two valleys.<ref name="Hayward1870">{{cite journal\|last1=Hayward\|first1=G. W.\|title=Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River\|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London\|volume=40\|year=1870\|pages=33–166\|issn=~~02666235~~\|doi=10.2307/1798640\|quote=(p33) middle of last map insert (p47) Near here, at Ak-koom, a wide valley known to the Kirghiz as Karajilga, joins from the eastward (p165) Ak-Koom 36°6'N 79°5'E\|jstor=1798640}}</ref>		Before modern era, the area was a thoroughfare of the caravan trade route between [[Leh]] and [[Tarim Basin]]. The [[Hindutash]] Pass, a historical [[mountain pass]] through the [[Kunlun Mountains]] is just north of here.<ref name="Trotter1878"/> This place was previously referred to as '''Sumgal'''.<ref name="VisserVisser-Hooft1935">{{cite book\|author1=Jeannette Hooft Visser\|author2=Jenny Visser-Hooft\|title=Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Niederländischen Expeditionen in den Karakorum und die angrenzenden gebiete in den jahren 1922, 1925 und 1929/30\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPpWAAAAMAAJ\|year=1935\|publisher=In kommission bei F.A. Brockhaus\|page=14\|language=de\|quote=Sie folgten dem Kara-kash-Tal einige Kilometer nordwärts, um dann von Sumgal (gegenwärtig Kengshewar) über den Ilchi-davan (vermutlich der Paß, der jetzt Hindutash genannt wird) über das K'un-lun-Gebirge bis Bushia (jetzt Pusha)\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092343/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPpWAAAAMAAJ&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> Literally meaning "three fords" in [[Tibetic languages]],<ref>{{cite book\|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWxqY5dmoMC&pg=PA91\|year=1863\|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland\|page=91\|quote=Gsum "three" ... It is a name very frequent in Tíbet ... Súmgal, in Turkistán ... -- gsum rgal, "the three fords."\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092346/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWxqY5dmoMC&pg=PA91&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> it was a historical [[ford (crossing)\|ford]] along with caravan camp. The caravan camp which had a shed<ref>{{cite book\|title=Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR22-IA1\|year=1862\|publisher=Printed at the Government Press\|page=22\|quote=Sumgal - An "Aghil" or cattle shed in good pasture land in the Karakash valley.\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR22-IA1&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> was located slightly downstream to the west on the north bank of the [[Karakash River]]<ref name="Trotter1878">{{cite journal\|last1=Trotter\|first1=H.\|title=On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74\|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London\|volume=48\|year=1878\|pages=183\|issn=0266-6235\|doi=10.2307/1798763\|quote=On the Kárákásh River, above Fotásh, is a camping-ground called Sumgal, from which Robert Schlagintweit crossed the Kuen Luen Range by the Hindu-tágh Pass, estimated by him at 17,379 feet high. ... The road by the Hindu-tágh Pass can only be used by foot-passengers.\|jstor=1798763\|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2150950\|access-date=26 June 2019\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092346/https://zenodo.org/record/2150950\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SchlagintweitSchlagintweit1863">{{cite book\|author1=Adolf von Schlagintweit\|author2=Robert von Schlagintweit\|title=Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia: Route-book of the western parts of the Himalaya, Tibet, and Central Asia : and geographical glossary from the languages of India and Tibet, including the phonetic transcription and interpretation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JtLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122\|year=1863\|publisher=F. A. Brockhaus\|page=122\|quote=A Sumgal, 36° 8', 78° 5'; 13,215 ft, on the right bank of the Karakásh river (fuel and grass abundant).\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JtLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> Another camp '''Ak-Koom''' was located slightly upstream to the east at the joining of two valleys.<ref name="Hayward1870">{{cite journal\|last1=Hayward\|first1=G. W.\|title=Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River\|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London\|volume=40\|year=1870\|pages=33–166\|issn=0266-6235\|doi=10.2307/1798640\|quote=(p33) middle of last map insert (p47) Near here, at Ak-koom, a wide valley known to the Kirghiz as Karajilga, joins from the eastward (p165) Ak-Koom 36°6'N 79°5'E\|jstor=1798640}}</ref>

	During the 1860s at the time of [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)\|Dungan Revolt]], lawlessness led to the valley being frequented by Kyrgyz robbers who would capture caravans and sell the caravaners into slavery in [[Badakshan]]. A fort was set up by the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] (part of the [[British Indian Empire]]) downstream near [[Xaidulla]] to help protect the caravans.<ref name="Johnson1867">{{cite journal\|last1=Johnson\|first1=W. H.\|title=Report on His Journey to Ilchi, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary\|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London\|volume=37\|year=1867\|pages=18–37\|issn=~~02666235~~\|doi=10.2307/1798517\|quote=(p18) the risk of being taken captive and sold as a slave in Badakshan (p37) Shadula - Encampment near a guard-house\|jstor=1798517}}</ref>		During the 1860s at the time of [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)\|Dungan Revolt]], lawlessness led to the valley being frequented by Kyrgyz robbers who would capture caravans and sell the caravaners into slavery in [[Badakshan]]. A fort was set up by the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] (part of the [[British Indian Empire]]) downstream near [[Xaidulla]] to help protect the caravans.<ref name="Johnson1867">{{cite journal\|last1=Johnson\|first1=W. H.\|title=Report on His Journey to Ilchi, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary\|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London\|volume=37\|year=1867\|pages=18–37\|issn=0266-6235\|doi=10.2307/1798517\|quote=(p18) the risk of being taken captive and sold as a slave in Badakshan (p37) Shadula - Encampment near a guard-house\|jstor=1798517}}</ref>

	By the 1930s, it was recorded by European travelers that a settlement of [[Kyrgyz people\|Kyrgyz]] nomads was located at Kangxiwar.<ref name="HedinAmbolt1968">{{cite book\|author1=Sven Anders Hedin\|author2=Nils Peter Ambolt\|title=Central Asia Atlas, Memoir on Maps: Records on surveys, by N.P. Ambolt and E. Norin\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSHxAAAAMAAJ\|year=1968\|publisher=Sven Hedin Foundation, Statens etnografiska museum\|page=45\|quote=Thus it was decided that Norin and Liu should go east as far as possible while Ambolt was to proceed to Kengshewar, the nearest inhabited place on the upper Karakash river, to meet an auxiliary caravan which had been organized by the Swedish missionaries at Yarkand on our request.\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=mSHxAAAAMAAJ&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Geographical Journal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npZOAAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=Royal Geographical Society\|page=508\|quote=Only after crossing a side spur running down from the Kunlun range did we meet a small Qirghiz settement near Kengshewar.\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=npZOAAAAIAAJ&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref>		By the 1930s, it was recorded by European travelers that a settlement of [[Kyrgyz people\|Kyrgyz]] nomads was located at Kangxiwar.<ref name="HedinAmbolt1968">{{cite book\|author1=Sven Anders Hedin\|author2=Nils Peter Ambolt\|title=Central Asia Atlas, Memoir on Maps: Records on surveys, by N.P. Ambolt and E. Norin\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSHxAAAAMAAJ\|year=1968\|publisher=Sven Hedin Foundation, Statens etnografiska museum\|page=45\|quote=Thus it was decided that Norin and Liu should go east as far as possible while Ambolt was to proceed to Kengshewar, the nearest inhabited place on the upper Karakash river, to meet an auxiliary caravan which had been organized by the Swedish missionaries at Yarkand on our request.\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=mSHxAAAAMAAJ&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Geographical Journal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npZOAAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=Royal Geographical Society\|page=508\|quote=Only after crossing a side spur running down from the Kunlun range did we meet a small Qirghiz settement near Kengshewar.\|access-date=18 April 2020\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=npZOAAAAIAAJ&hl=en\|url-status=live}}</ref>
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	=== Sino-Indian war ===		=== Sino-Indian war ===
	During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the [[People's Liberation Army\|PLA]]'s Xinjiang Military Command set up the forward headquarters for its operations in the western sector ([[Aksai Chin]]) at Kangxiwar.<ref name="MottKim2006">{{cite book\|author1=W. Mott\|author2=J. Kim\|title=The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture: Shih vs. Li\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfLIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143\|date=2 April 2006\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US\|isbn=978-1-4039-8313-8\|pages=143–\|quote=In response, China deployed two infantry regiments, several autonomous infantry battalions, and supporting artillery--about 6,300 soldiers--under the Xinjiang Military Region's Kangxiwa (Kangxiwar) Headquarters.}}</ref> It was commanded by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Xinjiang Military Command. The 2nd Infantry Regiment of Xinjiang was stationed here and controlled the bases at [[Tianwendian]], [[Heweitan]], [[Kongka Pass]] and in [[Ngari Prefecture\|Ngari]].<ref>{{citation \|last1=Sandhu \|first1=P. J. S. \|last2=Shankar \|first2=Vinay \|last3=Dwivedi \|first3=G. G. \|title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 \|year=2015 \|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 \|page=36}}</ref>		During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the [[People's Liberation Army\|PLA]]'s Xinjiang Military Command set up the forward headquarters for its operations in the western sector ([[Aksai Chin]]) at Kangxiwar.<ref name="MottKim2006">{{cite book\|author1=W. Mott\|author2=J. Kim\|title=The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture: Shih vs. Li\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfLIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143\|date=2 April 2006\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US\|isbn=978-1-4039-8313-8\|pages=143–\|quote=In response, China deployed two infantry regiments, several autonomous infantry battalions, and supporting artillery--about 6,300 soldiers--under the Xinjiang Military Region's Kangxiwa (Kangxiwar) Headquarters.}}</ref> It was commanded by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Xinjiang Military Command. The 2nd Infantry Regiment of Xinjiang was stationed here and controlled the bases at [[Tianwendian]], [[Heweitan]], [[Kongka Pass]] and in [[Ngari Prefecture\|Ngari]].<ref>{{citation \|last1=Sandhu \|first1=P. J. S. \|last2=Shankar \|first2=Vinay \|last3=Dwivedi \|first3=G. G. \|title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 \|year=2015 \|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 \|page=36}}</ref>
	Certain activities were supervised directly by [[People's Liberation Army General Staff Department\|PLA General Staff Department]].<ref name="Fravel2008">{{cite book\|author=M. Taylor Fravel\|title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA186\|date=25 August 2008\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6\|page=186\|quote=Moreover, if attacked, the PLA troops at Galwan were permitted to report directly to the GSD, not through the normal chain of command via the Kangxiwar headquarters and Xinjiang MD.}}</ref> The Chinese soldiers who perished during the Indo-China war were buried at a [[war grave\|military cemetery]] in Kangxiwar along the G219 highway.<ref name="DuWenjuan2016">{{cite book\|last=Du\|first=Wenjuan\|title=Tales from Tibet\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKmUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138\|date=1 January 2016\|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc.\|isbn=978-7-5001-4327-7\|page=138\|quote=When they walked into the Kangxiwar Martyrs' Cemetery a couple of days later, Zhang's master told him that the soldiers buried underneath died young in the Sino-Indian War in 1962.}}</ref~~><ref name="tibettour"/~~> The cemetery contains the graves of over 100 PLA soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web		Certain activities were supervised directly by [[People's Liberation Army General Staff Department\|PLA General Staff Department]].<ref name="Fravel2008">{{cite book\|author=M. Taylor Fravel\|title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA186\|date=25 August 2008\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6\|page=186\|quote=Moreover, if attacked, the PLA troops at Galwan were permitted to report directly to the GSD, not through the normal chain of command via the Kangxiwar headquarters and Xinjiang MD.}}</ref> The Chinese soldiers who perished during the Indo-China war were buried at a [[war grave\|military cemetery]] in Kangxiwar along the G219 highway.<ref name="tibettour"/><ref name="DuWenjuan2016">{{cite book\|last=Du\|first=Wenjuan\|title=Tales from Tibet\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKmUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138\|date=1 January 2016\|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc.\|isbn=978-7-5001-4327-7\|page=138\|quote=When they walked into the Kangxiwar Martyrs' Cemetery a couple of days later, Zhang's master told him that the soldiers buried underneath died young in the Sino-Indian War in 1962.}}</ref> The cemetery contains the graves of over 100 PLA soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web
	\| title = 驻疆某红军师官兵赴康西瓦烈士陵园缅怀先烈（组图）		\| title = 驻疆某红军师官兵赴康西瓦烈士陵园缅怀先烈（组图）
	\| trans-title = Xinjiang Red Army division visits Kangxiwar Martyrs Cemetery in memory of their sacrifice (gallery)		\| trans-title = Xinjiang Red Army division visits Kangxiwar Martyrs Cemetery in memory of their sacrifice (gallery)

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kangxiwar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = File:康西瓦烈士墓.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kangxiwar memorial signage
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{Coord|36|12|20|N|78|45|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = China Xinjiang#China
| population_total =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of China|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hotan Prefecture]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Counties of China|County]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pishan County]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Townships of China|Township]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Xaidulla]]
| website = 
| elevation_m = 4000
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="ZhengZhang2000">{{cite book|author1=Du Zheng|author2=Qingsong Zhang|author3=Shaohong Wu|title=Mountain Geoecology and Sustainable Development of the Tibetan Plateau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuwwoxDxCYAC&pg=PA352|year=2000|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-6688-1|page=352|quote=Kangxiwar at an elevation of about 4000m asl has a precipitation of only 36.6 mm.}}</ref>
}}
{{Chinese
|s=康西瓦
|t=康西瓦
|p=Kāngxīwǎ
|uig=كەڭشىۋەر
|uly=kengshiwer
}}
'''Kangxiwar''' ({{zh|c=康西瓦}}; {{lang-ug|كەڭشىۋەر}}; formerly ''Kengshewar''<ref name="VisserVisser-Hooft1935"/>) is the location of a deserted town on the southwest side of the [[Kunlun Mountains]]. It is on the [[Karakash River]] in the western [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. According to Chinese sources, Kangxiwar means "place with mine" in Uyghur.<ref name="guoji_zhanwang">{{Cite web
| title = 专访中国海拔最高的烈士陵园
| author = 国际展望 (Guoji Zhanwang / World Outlook Magazine)
| publisher = [[Sina Corp|Sina]] Military News
| date = 2005-03-21
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2005-03-21/0904274561.html
| language = zh
| quote = 这就是被称为“新藏线”的219国道。在219国道的新疆段，人们可以很容易地找到一个以居民地形式标识的地形点——康西瓦。康西瓦，维语的意思是“有矿的地方”。
| archive-date = 1 December 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101201054416/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2005-03-21/0904274561.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, Kangxiwar served as the forward headquarters for the Xinjiang Military Command. The military cemetery of those killed in the war is still located here. There is also a highway maintenance crew house at Kangxiwar at the present time.<ref name="tibettour">{{Cite web
| title = 45 Days Ride along Dragon's Backbone: Kashgar to Lhasa
| author =
| publisher = TibetTour.org
| date =
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = https://www.tibettour.org/bike-tours/bike-tour-from-xinjiang-to-tibet.html
| language =
| quote = The milestone 425.5 marks Kangxiwa Daban which is 4250M-high. Ride down hard against the wind. When wading across two small rivers near to the interjection of Kangwaxi Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery, you get to the destination today- the Kangxiwa High-way Keepers' House. ... Reach the Hongliutan ... ride to Tianshuihai Army Service Station
| archive-date = 30 December 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191230103140/https://www.tibettour.org/bike-tours/bike-tour-from-xinjiang-to-tibet.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> [[China National Highway 219]] (G219), the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway, runs through here.<ref name="guoji_zhanwang"/> Following the G219 southeast will lead to [[Dahongliutan]] and [[Tianshuihai]],<ref name="tibettour"/> the latter of which is in [[Aksai Chin]]. [[China National Highway 580]] is under construction connecting Kangxiwar directly with [[Hotan]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = The Reliability and Stability Analysis of High Shear Slope in Cold Region Based on First Order Quadratic Matrix
| last1 = Zeng
| first1 = Tao-rui
| last2 = Wang
| first2 = Lin-feng
| publisher = kns.ccpd.cnki.net
| journal = Science Technology and Engineering
| date = 2019
| issue = 21
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://new.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2019&filename=KXJS201921042
| language =
| issn = 1671-1815
| quote = Taking the K86 + 780 ～ K86 + 840 soil high cut slope of the highway section from Hetian to Kangxiwa of G580 line as an example,the reliability calculation of soil high cut slope in the cold region was carried out
}}</ref> It is scheduled to be completed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 580国道和康项目一标完成路面摊铺
| trans-title = G580 Hotan-Kangxiwar Project first milestone completed, road surface paved
| author = 中国交通新闻网
| publisher = [[Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China]]
| date = 2019-11-18
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://www.mot.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/201911/t20191118_3298022.html
| quote = 日前，580国道新疆和田至康西瓦公路项目一标主线沥青路面完成摊铺，为2022年全线通车奠定了坚实基础。
}}</ref>{{Update after|2022}}

''Kangxiwar Daban''<ref name="tibettour"/> or ''Koshbel Pass''<ref name="PlanetLioy2019">{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Stephen Lioy|author3=Bradley Mayhew|author4=Megan Eaves|title=Lonely Planet Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0qVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311|date=1 May 2019|publisher=Lonely Planet Global Limited|isbn=978-1-78868-583-2|page=311|quote=The road climbs again over the 4250m Koshbel Pass to the truck stop of Dahongliutan (4200m), which offers basic food and lodging.|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092342/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0qVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Koshbel Duban
| author =
| work = dangerousroads.org
| date =
| access-date = 16 January 2020
| url = https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/china/7954-koshbel-duban.html
| quote =
| archive-date = 28 October 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092408/https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/china/7954-koshbel-duban.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> ({{lit|"twin pass"}}<ref name="HedinAmbolt1967">{{cite book|author1=Sven Anders Hedin|author2=Nils Peter Ambolt|title=Central Asia Atlas, Memoir on Maps: Index of geographical names, by D.M. Farquhar, G. Jarring and E. Norin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiHxAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Sven Hedin Foundation, Statens etnografiska museum|page=49|quote='twin pass' ... Koshbel Dawan (of Kengshewar)|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092345/https://books.google.com/books?id=wiHxAAAAMAAJ&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a mountain pass located at the elevation of {{convert|4250|m}} downstream to the west.

==History==

Before modern era, the area was a thoroughfare of the caravan trade route between [[Leh]] and [[Tarim Basin]]. The [[Hindutash]] Pass, a historical [[mountain pass]] through the [[Kunlun Mountains]] is just north of here.<ref name="Trotter1878"/> This place was previously referred to as '''Sumgal'''.<ref name="VisserVisser-Hooft1935">{{cite book|author1=Jeannette Hooft Visser|author2=Jenny Visser-Hooft|title=Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Niederländischen Expeditionen in den Karakorum und die angrenzenden gebiete in den jahren 1922, 1925 und 1929/30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPpWAAAAMAAJ|year=1935|publisher=In kommission bei F.A. Brockhaus|page=14|language=de|quote=Sie folgten dem Kara-kash-Tal einige Kilometer nordwärts, um dann von Sumgal (gegenwärtig Kengshewar) über den Ilchi-davan (vermutlich der Paß, der jetzt Hindutash genannt wird) über das K'un-lun-Gebirge bis Bushia (jetzt Pusha)|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092343/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPpWAAAAMAAJ&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Literally meaning "three fords" in [[Tibetic languages]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWxqY5dmoMC&pg=PA91|year=1863|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|page=91|quote=Gsum "three" ... It is a name very frequent in Tíbet ... Súmgal, in Turkistán ... -- gsum rgal, "the three fords."|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092346/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWxqY5dmoMC&pg=PA91&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> it was a historical [[ford (crossing)|ford]] along with caravan camp. The caravan camp which had a shed<ref>{{cite book|title=Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR22-IA1|year=1862|publisher=Printed at the Government Press|page=22|quote=Sumgal - An "Aghil" or cattle shed in good pasture land in the Karakash valley.|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR22-IA1&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> was located slightly downstream to the west on the north bank of the [[Karakash River]]<ref name="SchlagintweitSchlagintweit1863">{{cite book|author1=Adolf von Schlagintweit|author2=Robert von Schlagintweit|title=Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia: Route-book of the western parts of the Himalaya, Tibet, and Central Asia : and geographical glossary from the languages of India and Tibet, including the phonetic transcription and interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JtLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122|year=1863|publisher=F. A. Brockhaus|page=122|quote=A Sumgal, 36° 8', 78° 5'; 13,215 ft, on the right bank of the Karakásh river (fuel and grass abundant).|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JtLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trotter1878">{{cite journal|last1=Trotter|first1=H.|title=On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=48|year=1878|pages=183|issn=02666235|doi=10.2307/1798763|quote=On the Kárákásh River, above Fotásh, is a camping-ground called Sumgal, from which Robert Schlagintweit crossed the Kuen Luen Range by the Hindu-tágh Pass, estimated by him at 17,379 feet high. ... The road by the Hindu-tágh Pass can only be used by foot-passengers.|jstor=1798763|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2150950|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092346/https://zenodo.org/record/2150950|url-status=live}}</ref> Another camp '''Ak-Koom''' was located slightly upstream to the east at the joining of two valleys.<ref name="Hayward1870">{{cite journal|last1=Hayward|first1=G. W.|title=Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=40|year=1870|pages=33–166|issn=02666235|doi=10.2307/1798640|quote=(p33) middle of last map insert (p47) Near here, at Ak-koom, a wide valley known to the Kirghiz as Karajilga, joins from the eastward (p165) Ak-Koom 36°6'N 79°5'E|jstor=1798640}}</ref>

During the 1860s at the time of [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]], lawlessness led to the valley being frequented by Kyrgyz robbers who would capture caravans and sell the caravaners into slavery in [[Badakshan]]. A fort was set up by the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (part of the [[British Indian Empire]]) downstream near [[Xaidulla]] to help protect the caravans.<ref name="Johnson1867">{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=W. H.|title=Report on His Journey to Ilchi, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=37|year=1867|pages=18–37|issn=02666235|doi=10.2307/1798517|quote=(p18) the risk of being taken captive and sold as a slave in Badakshan (p37) Shadula - Encampment near a guard-house|jstor=1798517}}</ref>

By the 1930s, it was recorded by European travelers that a settlement of [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] nomads was located at Kangxiwar.<ref name="HedinAmbolt1968">{{cite book|author1=Sven Anders Hedin|author2=Nils Peter Ambolt|title=Central Asia Atlas, Memoir on Maps: Records on surveys, by N.P. Ambolt and E. Norin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSHxAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Sven Hedin Foundation, Statens etnografiska museum|page=45|quote=Thus it was decided that Norin and Liu should go east as far as possible while Ambolt was to proceed to Kengshewar, the nearest inhabited place on the upper Karakash river, to meet an auxiliary caravan which had been organized by the Swedish missionaries at Yarkand on our request.|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092344/https://books.google.com/books?id=mSHxAAAAMAAJ&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Geographical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npZOAAAAIAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|page=508|quote=Only after crossing a side spur running down from the Kunlun range did we meet a small Qirghiz settement near Kengshewar.|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=npZOAAAAIAAJ&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sino-Indian war ===
During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]]'s Xinjiang Military Command set up the forward headquarters for its operations in the western sector ([[Aksai Chin]]) at Kangxiwar.<ref name="MottKim2006">{{cite book|author1=W. Mott|author2=J. Kim|title=The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture: Shih vs. Li|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfLIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=2 April 2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-4039-8313-8|pages=143–|quote=In response, China deployed two infantry regiments, several autonomous infantry battalions, and supporting artillery--about 6,300 soldiers--under the Xinjiang Military Region's Kangxiwa (Kangxiwar) Headquarters.}}</ref> It was commanded by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Xinjiang Military Command. The 2nd Infantry Regiment of Xinjiang was stationed here and controlled the bases at [[Tianwendian]], [[Heweitan]], [[Kongka Pass]] and in [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |page=36}}</ref>
Certain activities were supervised directly by [[People's Liberation Army General Staff Department|PLA General Staff Department]].<ref name="Fravel2008">{{cite book|author=M. Taylor Fravel|title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA186|date=25 August 2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6|page=186|quote=Moreover, if attacked, the PLA troops at Galwan were permitted to report directly to the GSD, not through the normal chain of command via the Kangxiwar headquarters and Xinjiang MD.}}</ref> The Chinese soldiers who perished during the Indo-China war were buried at a [[war grave|military cemetery]] in Kangxiwar along the G219 highway.<ref name="DuWenjuan2016">{{cite book|last=Du|first=Wenjuan|title=Tales from Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKmUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|date=1 January 2016|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc.|isbn=978-7-5001-4327-7|page=138|quote=When they walked into the Kangxiwar Martyrs' Cemetery a couple of days later, Zhang's master told him that the soldiers buried underneath died young in the Sino-Indian War in 1962.}}</ref><ref name="tibettour"/> The cemetery contains the graves of over 100 PLA soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 驻疆某红军师官兵赴康西瓦烈士陵园缅怀先烈（组图）
| trans-title = Xinjiang Red Army division visits Kangxiwar Martyrs Cemetery in memory of their sacrifice (gallery)
| author =
| publisher = People's Daily
| date = 2015-07-22
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0722/c1011-27344347.html
| language = zh
| quote = 海拔4280米的康西瓦革命烈士陵园，长眠着100多位为国捐躯的革命先烈。
| archive-date = 19 August 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150819060041/http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0722/c1011-27344347.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aksai Chin]]
* [[Dahongliutan]]
* [[Karakash River]]

{{gallery
|align=center
|File:78.96268E 36.26053N nasa kanxiwar.jpg|NASA satellite image showing the towns of Sumgal in Ladakh and Pusa in southwestern [[Hotan]], and the Hindu-tash Pass connecting them. The pass is marked in bright red.
|File:Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg|An 1878 traveller's map showing trade routes between [[Kashmir]] and the [[Tarim Basin]]. The route to [[Hotan]] vias the [[Hindutash]] Pass branches off from the [[Karakash River|Karakash]] valley at Kangxiwar. Warning: the lat/long information is not everywhere correct.
|Image:Chain-of-kuenluen-from-sumgal1857a.jpg|"The Chain of the Kuenlúen, from Súmgal, in Turkistán" by [[Hermann Schlagintweit]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Populated places in Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Hotan Prefecture]]