->David notMD at 10:54, 13 September 2021

2021-09-13T10:54:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 13 September 2021
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	The '''Kammara''' ~~represent~~ the ~~Vishwakarma limb~~ of ~~Manu~~, ~~or earth~~. ~~They trace themselves back to~~ the ~~time~~ of the ~~yajamanas~~. ~~Blacksmiths worship the deity Kalamma or Kalika Devi, although those belonging to the Muslim community do not follow a deity~~.		The '''Kammara'''<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Veerraju\|first=P.\|last2=Babu\|first2=M. Sudhakar\|last3=Jaikishan\|first3=G.\|last4=Naidu\|first4=J. M.\|last5=Blake\|first5=N. M.\|date=1982\|title=Genetic Studies on the Koya Dora and Konda Kammara Tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45101737\|journal=Human Heredity\|volume=32\|issue=4\|pages=240–245\|issn=0001-5652}}</ref> are blacksmiths since ancient times, situated in the state of [[karnataka]] in [[India]] and parts of the states of [[Andhrapradesh]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf \|title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes \|publisher=Census India \|accessdate=15 December 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf \|archivedate= 7 November 2013 }}</ref>

	~~"Until recently the manufacture shallow iron pans~~ in ~~which sugarcane was boiled was a considerable industry at Kamalapura~~. ~~The iron bought~~ in by ~~pack bullocks from Jambunath Konda, the dome-shaped hill at the Hospet end of~~ the ~~Sandur range,~~ and ~~was smelted~~ and ~~worked~~ by ~~the Kammara caste. Of late years, the cheaper English iron has completely ousted the country product, the smelting industry is dead~~, and ~~the Kammaras confine themselves~~ to ~~the~~ making and ~~mending of boilers with English materials. They have a temple of their own~~, ~~dedicated~~ to ~~Kali, in~~ the ~~village~~, ~~where worship is conducted by one of themselves" (ibid Madras Census Report, 1901)~~.		The name Kammāra(prakrit)/ karmāra(sanskrit) means a smith, artist, mechanic, craftsman, [[blacksmith]]; a maker of tools and weapons (Mar. śikalagāra); ततः संधाय विमलान् भल्लान् कर्मारमार्जितान् (tataḥ saṃdhāya vimalān bhallān karmāramārjitān). Since [[Vedic]] times they are masters in [[metallurgy]] and craftsmanship. Owing to their usefulness they were held in great esteem by the people and king alike. They worship goddess [[Kali]] and Lord [[Vishwakarma]]. Their services were in great demand by everyone since ancient times, from making weapons for kings and soldiers to making tools and equipment for building temples, and also to the farmers, whose agricultural implements have to be made and constantly repaired.

	~~'''Community history –''' Vishwakarma~~ and ~~Vishwa Brāhman~~ are ~~synonyms for~~ Kammara, the ~~members~~ of which ~~class claim descent~~ from the ~~five faces~~ of ~~not Vishwakarma~~, the ~~architect~~ of the ~~gods. Some sources consider them five sons~~ of ~~Vishwakarma i~~.e.		Recently, most members have given up their traditional occupations and have resorted to other jobs.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them.\|url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/kammara/\|access-date=2021-06-28\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kammara language and alphabet\|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/kammara.htm\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=omniglot.com}}</ref> It is noted in the Bellary Gazetteer that "until recently the manufacture of the huge shallow iron pans, in which the sugar-cane is boiled, was a considerable industry at Kāmalāpuram. The iron was brought by pack bullocks from Jambunath Konda, the dome-shaped hill at the Hospet end of the Sandūr range, and was smelted and worked by men of the Kammara community. Of late years, the cheaper English iron has completely ousted the country product, the smelting industry is dead, and the Kammaras confine themselves to making and mending the boilers with English material. They have a temple of their own, dedicated to Kāli, in the village, where the worship is conducted by one of themselves." The name Baita Kammara, meaning outside blacksmiths, is applied to Kamsala blacksmiths, who occupy a lowly position, and work in the open air or outside a village."*

	~~Manu – Smithy~~		* Madras Census Report, 1901.

	~~Maya – Carpentry~~

	~~Silpa – Stoneworks~~

	~~Tvashtra – Metalworks and~~

	~~Visvagnas – Jewellery~~

	The word Kammara not originates from kammara, denoting the one who rules the eye. This is with reference to the craftsmen for they make articles that please the viewer and thus help open his inner eye. The Kammalans in some cases believe themselves to be superior to the Brahmins and generally worship an aspect of Lord Siva and female deity whose name varies with geographical location.

	~~The '''Kammara''' belong to <span lang="en" dir="ltr">BC</span> in the [[Andhra Pradesh]]. But some reference suggest differently probable in the states of [[Karnataka]]~~, [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf \|title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes \|publisher=Census India \|accessdate=15 December 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.~~pdf \|archivedate= 7 November 2013 }}</ref>~~

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

			{{India-ethno-stub}}
	[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]		[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]
	[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Karnataka]]		[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Karnataka]]
	[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Kerala]]		[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Kerala]]
	[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tamil Nadu]]		[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tamil Nadu]]


	~~{{India-ethno-stub}}~~

106.197.203.217 at 17:02, 24 January 2021

2021-01-24T17:02:42Z

New page

{{moresources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
The '''Kammara''' represent the Vishwakarma limb of Manu, or earth. They trace themselves back to the time of the yajamanas. Blacksmiths worship the deity Kalamma or Kalika Devi, although those belonging to the Muslim community do not follow a deity.

"Until recently the manufacture shallow iron pans in which sugarcane was boiled was a considerable industry at Kamalapura. The iron bought in by pack bullocks from Jambunath Konda, the dome-shaped hill at the Hospet end of the Sandur range, and was smelted and worked by the Kammara caste. Of late years, the cheaper English iron has completely ousted the country product, the smelting industry is dead, and the Kammaras confine themselves to the making and mending of boilers with English materials. They have a temple of their own, dedicated to Kali, in the village, where worship is conducted by one of themselves" (ibid Madras Census Report, 1901).

'''Community history –''' Vishwakarma and Vishwa Brāhman are synonyms for Kammara, the members of which class claim descent from the five faces of not Vishwakarma, the architect of the gods. Some sources consider them five sons of Vishwakarma i.e.

Manu – Smithy

Maya – Carpentry

Silpa – Stoneworks

Tvashtra – Metalworks and

Visvagnas – Jewellery

The word Kammara not originates from kammara, denoting the one who rules the eye. This is with reference to the craftsmen for they make articles that please the viewer and thus help open his inner eye. The Kammalans in some cases believe themselves to be superior to the Brahmins and generally worship an aspect of Lord Siva and female deity whose name varies with geographical location.

The '''Kammara''' belong to <span lang="en" dir="ltr">BC</span> in the [[Andhra Pradesh]]. But some reference suggest differently probable in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |accessdate=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archivedate= 7 November 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Kammara - Revision history

->David notMD at 10:54, 13 September 2021

106.197.203.217 at 17:02, 24 January 2021