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{{short description|Hindu god of sex, love and desires}}
{{About|the Hindu deity of love|concept of emotions and love|Kama|others|Kama (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Manmadhan||Manmadhan (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Madana|the place|Madana, Nepal|the film|Madana (film)}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kamadeva1.jpg
| caption = Kamadeva
| name = Kama
| Devanagari = {{lang|sa|काम }}
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kāma
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| abode = [[Vaikuntha]]
| mantra = {{IAST|काम (kāma)}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uAMAAAAIAAJ&q=Kamadevaya|title=History of Dharmaśāstra|author1=Kāṇe, Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana|author2=Institute, Bhandarkar Oriental Research|year=1958}}</ref>
| weapon = [[Sugarcane]] [[Bow and arrow|bow]] and [[floral]] [[arrow]] (pushpa dhanu and pushpa shar)
| children = [[Harsha]]{{disambiguation needed|date=September 2021}} and [[Yasha]]{{disambiguation needed|date=September 2021}}
| consort = [[Rati]]
| mount = [[Parrot]]
| god_of = God of Love and Desire
| other_names = Madana
| parents = [[Brahma]] or
[[Lakshmi]] and [[Vishnu]]
}}
'''Kama''' ({{lang-sa|काम}}, {{IAST3|Kāma}}), also known as '''Kamadeva''' and '''Madana''', is the [[Hindu]] god of human love<ref name=Sanford2005/> or desire, often portrayed along with his female counterpart [[Rati]]. According to [[Garuda Purana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] {{mdash}} the sons of [[Krishna]], [[Four Kumaras|Sanat Kumara]] {{mdash}} the son of [[Brahma]], [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] {{mdash}} the son of [[Shiva]], Sudarshana (the preciding deity of [[Sudarshana Chakra]]), and [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] are all incarnations of Kama.<ref name="Motilal Banarsidass">{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 14: The Garuda Purana Part 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pDsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1115|author1=J.L. Shastri|author2=G.P. Bhatt|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1 January 2004|page=1115|isbn = 9788120838819|quote= Kama, the presiding deity of the disc was born as Sudarsana. Sâmba the son of lord Krsna was also the incarnation of Kāma. Skanda, the son of Rudra (Shiva) was also Kåma. Since he overcame the enemies he is called Skanda. Since he overcame enemies he is called Skanda. Sudarsana, Pradyumna, Bharata, Samba, Sanatkumara, and Skanda these six are the incarnations of Kama.}}</ref><ref name=Sanford2005>{{cite journal
| author = Sanford, A.W.
| year = 2005
| title = Shifting the Center: Yakṣas on the Margins of Contemporary Practice
| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion
| volume = 73
| issue = 1
| pages = 89–110
| doi = 10.1093/jaarel/lfi005
}}</ref>

==Etymology and other names==
The name ''Kama-deva'' ({{IAST3|kāma-deva}}) can be translated as 'god of love'. ''Deva'' means heavenly or divine, and refers to a deity in [[Hinduism]]. ''Kama'' ({{IAST3|kāma}}) means "desire" or "longing", especially as in sensual or sexual love. The name is used in [[Rig Veda]] ([[Mandala 9|RV 9]], 113. 11).<ref name="ReferenceA">Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</ref> Kamadeva is a name of [[Vishnu]] in [[Vishnu Purana]] and [[Bhagavata Purana]] (SB 5.18.15), and also [[Krishna]] as well as [[Shiva]]. ''Kama'' is also a name used for [[Agni]] ([[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]] 6.36.3).{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Other names used in reference to Kamadeva are
# Manmatha(मन्मथ)/Manmathudu (''one who agitates'' or ''churner of heart ''),
# Atanu (अतनु) (''one without a body''),
# Ragavrinta (''stalk of passion''),
# Ananga (अनंग) (''incorporeal''),
# Kandarpa (कन्दर्प) (''inflamer even of a god''),
# Madana (मदन) (''intoxicating''),<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="Edgerton1912">{{cite journal|year=1912|title=A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita|journal=American Journal of Philology|volume=33|issue=3|pages=249–284|doi=10.2307/288995|jstor=288995|author=Edgerton, F.}}</ref>
# Manasija (''he who is born of mind'', a contraction of the Sanskrit phrase ''Sah Manasah jāta''),
# Ratikānta (रतिकांत) (''lord of [[Rati]]''),
# Pushpavān (पुष्पवान),
# Pushpadhanva,
# Kusumashara कुसुमशर (''one with arrow of flowers''),
# Abhipura (also a name for both Brahma and Vishnu<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/61 61]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>), and simply
# Kāma (काम) (''desire''; ''longing'').

==Iconography==
Kāmadeva is represented as a young, handsome man who wields a [[Bow (weapon)|bow]] and arrows. His bow is made of [[sugarcane]], and his arrows are decorated with five kinds of fragrant flowers.<ref name=kamadeva>{{cite journal|title=A study of Kamadeva in Indian story literature |url=http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI9127814/ |access-date=2008-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114043227/http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI9127814/ |archive-date=January 14, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Sanford2002/> The five flowers are white lotus, [[Ashoka tree]] flowers, [[Mango tree]] flowers, [[Jasmine]] flowers and blue lotus flowers. The names of these flowers in Sanskrit in order are Aravinda, Ashoka, Choota, Navamallika, and Neelotpala. A terracotta [[murti]] of Kamadeva of great antiquity is housed in the [[Mathura]] Museum, UP, [[India]].<ref>''History of Indian Theatre'' By M. L. Varadpande. p.188. Published 1991, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-278-0}}.</ref>

Some of the attributes of Kamadeva are: his companions are a [[cuckoo]], a [[parrot]], humming [[bee]]s, the season of [[spring (season)|spring]], and the gentle breeze. All these are symbols of spring season, when his festival is celebrated as [[Holi]], Holika or Vasanta.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Textual sources==
[[File:Kama Shiva.jpg|thumb|left|Kamadeva shooting his love-arrow at Shiva]]
Images and stories about Hindu god Kamadeva are traced to the verses of the [[Rig Veda]] and [[Atharva Veda]], although he is better known from the stories of the [[Purana]]s.<ref name = kamadeva/>

According to [[Shiva Purana]], Kamadeva is a son or a creation of [[Brahma]]. In other sources such as the [[Skanda Purana]], Kamadeva is a brother of [[Prasuti]]; they are both the children of [[Shatarupa]] created by [[Brahma]]. Later interpretations also consider him the son of [[Vishnu]].<ref>The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning By Eva Rudy Jansen p. 93</ref> According to [[Matsya Purana]], Visnu-Krishna and Kamadeva have a historical relationship.<ref name="Sanford2002"/> In the [[Harivamsa]], his mother is the goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Roshen Dalal]] |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=2014|isbn=9788184752779 }} Entry: "Kama"</ref>

Kamadeva is also mentioned in the 12th-century [[Javanese language|Javanese]] poem [[Smaradahana]], a rendering of the myth of Kamadeva's burning by [[Shiva]] and fall from heaven to earth. Kama and his consort Rati are referenced as ''Kamajaya'' and ''Kamarati'' in [[Kakawin]] poetry and later [[Wayang]] narratives.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

==Legends==
Kamadeva was married to [[Rati|Ratī]], the daughter of [[Daksha]], created from his sweat. Rati is a minor character in many traditional dramas involving Kamadeva, and in some ways represents an attribute.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 32}}</ref> The goddess Vasanta (spring), who also accompanies Kamadeva, emerges from a sigh of frustration.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 33}}</ref> Kama often takes part in Puranic battles with his troops of soldiers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 34}}</ref>

===Birth===
The story of the birth of Kamadeva has several variants in different [[Purana]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 23}}</ref> In the version of [[Mahabharata]],<ref>Adi Parva, Chapter 66, Verses 31-33</ref> a [[Prajapati]] named Dharma is born from the right breast of Brahma and begets three sons, Sama, Kama and Harsa.<ref>{{cite book
|author = Vettam Mani
|title= Puranic Encyclopaedia
|publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
|year = 1975
|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft
|isbn= 978-8120805972}}</ref> In some versions Kamadeva arises from the mind of the creator god, [[Brahma]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 36}}</ref> Kamadeva is sometimes portrayed as being at the service of Indra:<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 44}}</ref> one of his names is "obedient to Indra". Kamadeva's consort [[Rati]], whose very essence is desire, carries a [[sudarshana chakra|discus]] and a [[Sacred lotus in religious art|lotus]], and her arms are compared with lotus-stalks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 31}}</ref>

===Incineration by Shiva===
[[File:Madan-Bhasma (Shiva Turns to Ashes).jpg|thumb|Madan-Bhasma (Shiva Turns Kama to Ashes)]]
One of the principal myths regarding Kama is that of his incineration by [[Shiva]], the ''Madana-bhasma'' (Kama Dahana). It occurs in its most developed form in the [[Matsya Purana]] (verses 227-255)<ref>{{cite book
|author = Daniel Ingalls
|title= Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's "Treasury"
|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]
|year = 1968
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjEdCVZ5uoQC
|isbn=978-0-674-78865-7|author-link= Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr
}}, p.58</ref> but is also repeated with variants in the [[Shiva Purana|Shaiva Purana]] and
other Puranas.<ref>[[Klaus Klostermaier]], (2000) Hinduism: A Short History. Oxford: One World Publications.
</ref>

In the narrative, [[Indra]] and the gods are suffering at the hands of the demon [[Tarakasura]] who cannot be defeated except by Shiva's son. [[Brahma]] advises that [[Parvati]] should do sacred pooja with lord Shiva, since their offspring would be able to defeat Taraka. Indra assigns Kamadeva to break Shiva's meditation. To create a congenial atmosphere, Kamadeva (Madana) creates an untimely spring (''akāla-vasanta''). He evades Shiva's guard, [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]n, by taking the form of the fragrant southern breeze, and enters Shiva's abode.

After he awakens Shiva with a flower arrow, Shiva, furious, opens his third eye, which incinerates Madana instantaneously and he is turned into ash. However, Shiva observes Parvati and asks her how he can help her. She enjoins him to resuscitate Madana, and Shiva agrees to let Madana live but in a disembodied form; hence Kamadeva is also called ''Ananga'' (an- = without; anga = body, "bodiless"), or ''Atanu'' (''a''- = without; ''tanu'' = body). The spirit of love embodied by Kama is now disseminated across the cosmos: afflicting humanity with the creation of a different atmosphere. Lord Shiva agrees with Mother Parvati's proposal and their pooja results the birth of Lord Karthikeya. Their son [[Kartikeya]] goes on to defeat Taraka.<ref>[[Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty]], (1975) Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit. London: Penguin Books, p.157-159 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwA8sHtGbgC]
</ref>

===Incarnations===

According to [[Garuda Purana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] - the son's of [[Krishna]], [[Four Kumaras|Sanat Kumara]] - the son of [[Brahma]], [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] - the son of [[Shiva]], [[Sudarshana]] (the presiding deity of Sudarshana Chakra), and [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] are all incarnations of Kama.<ref name="Motilal Banarsidass"/> The myth of Kamadeva's incineration is referenced in the ''Matsya Purana'' and ''Bhagavata Purana'' to reveal a relationship between
[[Krishna]] and Kamadeva.<ref name=Sanford2002>{{cite journal
| author = Sanford, A.W.
| year = 2002
| title = Painting words, tasting sound: visions of Krishna in Paramanand's sixteenth-century devotional poetry
| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion
| volume = 70
| issue = 1
| pages = 55–81
| doi = 10.1093/jaar/70.1.55
}}</ref> In the narrative, Kama is reincarnated in the womb of Krishna's wife [[Rukmini]] as [[Pradyumna]], after being burned to ashes by [[Shiva]].

==Beliefs and worship==
[[File:A Hindoo God (November 1853, X, p.127).jpg|thumb|A Hindu God (November 1853, X, p.127)<ref name="Juvenile1853">{{cite journal|title=A Hindoo God|journal=The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons|date=November 1853|volume=X|page=127|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog|access-date=29 February 2016|publisher=Wesleyan Missionary Society}}</ref>]]
The deity of Kamadeva along with his consort Rati is included in the pantheon of Vedic-Brahmanical deities such as [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]].<ref name=Hooja2004>{{cite journal
| author = Hooja, R.
| year = 2004
| title = Icons, artefacts and interpretations of the past: early Hinduism in Rajasthan
| journal = World Archaeology
| volume = 36
| issue = 3
| pages = 360–377
| url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/N8EYMRYQAG4W2X5U.pdf
| access-date = 2008-07-06
| doi = 10.1080/0043824042000282795
| s2cid = 162304052
}}</ref> In [[Hindu]] traditions for the marriage ceremony itself, the bride's feet are often painted with pictures of Suka, the parrot vahana of Kamadeva.<ref name=Arnold1996>{{cite book
| author = Arnold, A.J.
| year = 1996
| title = Monsters, Tricksters, and Sacred Cows: Animal Tales and American Identities
| publisher = University of Virginia Press
| page = 186
}}</ref>

The religious rituals addressed to him offer a means of purification and re-entry into the community. Devotion to Kamadeva keeps desire within the framework of the [[dharma|religious tradition]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 84}}</ref> Kamadeva appears in many stories and becomes the object of devotional rituals for those seeking health, physical beauty, husbands, wives, and sons. In one story{{Where|date=December 2016}} Kamadeva himself succumbs to desire, and must then worship his lover in order to be released from this passion and its curse.

===Rituals and festivals===
[[File:Kama Rati.jpg|thumb|left|Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of [[Chennakesava Temple]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].]]
[[Holi]] is a Hindu festival, celebrated in the Indian subcontinent. It is sometimes called Madana-Mahotsava<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59IoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |title=HINDUO KE VRAT-PARV EVAM TEEJ TYOHAR |last=GANGRADE |first=DR PRAKASH CHANDRA |publisher=V&S Publishers |isbn=9789350573587 |page=161 |language=hi|date=2015-01-06 }}</ref> or Kama-Mahotsava.<ref name="Roy">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA193 |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |last=Roy |first=Christian |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070895 |page=193 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC |title=History of Indian Theatre |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170172215 |page=220 |language=en |quote=Madana Mahotsava or Kama Mahotsava, Vasant Mahotsava are sophisticated forms of some ancient festivals. The 8th century poet ... The colourful festival of Holi has its origin in these festivals, known for their gay abandon. It is an ancient ...}}</ref> This festival is mentioned by [[Jaimini]], in his early writings such as ''Purvamimamsa-sutra'', dated c.400 BC.<ref name="Roy"/>

The [[Saraca indica|Ashoka]] tree is often planted near temples. The tree is said to be a symbol of love and is dedicated to Kamadeva.<ref name=Ray1981>{{cite journal
| author = Ray, N.
|author2=Datta, P.C.
| year = 1981
| title = Pharmacognostic Study of the Bark of Saraca indica
| journal = Pharmaceutical Biology
| volume = 19
| issue = 2
| pages = 97–102
| url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/786177738.pdf
| access-date = 2008-07-13
| doi = 10.3109/13880208109070585
}}</ref>

===In Gaudiya Vaishnavism===
In the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition, [[Krishna]] is identified as the original Kamadeva in [[Vrindavana]]. Kamadeva also incarnates as Krishna's son [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Shamba]] after being burned down by [[Shiva]]. Since he was begotten by Krishna himself, his qualities were similar to those of Krishna, such as his colour, appearance, and attributes.<ref name=Prabhupada1972>{{cite book
| author = [[Prabhupada]], A.C.B.S.
| year = 1972
| title = Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead
|page = Ch. 55: Shaba was Born to Kṛṣṇa and Jambabati
| title-link = Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead
}}</ref> This Shamba is not considered identical with [[Vishnu]]'s [[vyuha]]-manifestation called Shamba, but is an individual soul (''[[jiva]]-tattva'') who, owing to his celestial powers, becomes an emanation of [[Vishnu]]'s prowess.

The Kamadeva that was incinerated is believed to be a celestial [[demigod]] capable of inducing love and lusty desires. He is distinguished from the spiritual Kamadeva.<ref name=SS/> Here [[Krishna]] is the source of Kamadeva's inciting power, the ever-fresh [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] god of love of [[Vrindavana]], the origin of all forms of Kamadeva, yet above mundane love, who is worshiped with the Kama-Gayatri and Kama-Bija [[mantra]]s.<ref name=SS/><ref name=CC>''vṛndāvane aprākṛta navīna madana, kāma-gāyatrī kāma-bīje yāṅra upāsana'' (Caitanya Caritamrita, 2.8.138)</ref><ref name=Miller1980>{{cite journal
| author = Miller, B.S.
| year = 1980
| title = Sacred and Profane Dimensions of Love in Indian Traditions as Exemplified in the Gitagovinda of Jayadeva.
| journal = Journal of Asian Studies
| volume = 39
| issue = 3
| pages = 622–623
| doi = 10.2307/2054724
| last2 = Siegel
| first2 = Lee
| jstor=2054724
}}</ref>

When Kamadeva is referenced as ''smara'' in ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' (book 10) in the context of the supramundane love between Krishna and the [[gopi]]s (cowherd maidens), he is not the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]] who incites lusty feelings.<ref name=SS/> The word ''smara'' rather refers to Krishna himself, who through the medium of his [[bansuri|flute]] increases his influence on the devoted [[gopi]]s. The symptoms of this ''smarodayam'' (lit. "arousal of desire") experienced by the [[gopi]]s have been described in a commentary (by [[Vishvanatha Cakravarti]]) as follows:<ref>[[Bhagavata Purana]] 10.21.3 Tika, “''caksu-ragah prathamam cittasangas tata ‘tha sankalpah nidra-cchedas tanuta visaya-nivrittis trapanasah / unmado muriccha mrtir ity etah smara-dasa dasaiva syuh.”</ref> "First comes attraction expressed through the eyes, then intense attachment in the mind, then determination, loss of sleep, becoming emaciated, uninterested in external things, shamelessness, madness, becoming stunned, and death. These are the ten stages of Cupid’s effects."<ref name=SS>{{cite book
| author = Swami Sivarama
| year = 1998
| title = Venu-gita
| publisher = Budapest, Bhaktivedanta Kulturális és Tudo
|isbn = 978-963-03-7649-5
| page = Ch. 2: "The gopis assemble together"
}}</ref> The beauty of Krishna's consort, [[Radha]], is without equal in the universe, and her power constantly defeats the god of love, Kamadeva.<ref>{{Cite book | title =Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity | last = Beck| first = Guy L. (Ed.) | author-link = Guy Beck |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C |page = 65| publisher = SUNY Press | year = 2005 |quote =Radha is without equal in the universe for beauty, and her power constantly defeats the god of love, Kamadeva. | isbn =978-0-7914-6415-1}}</ref>

==Temples==
While it is believed that there are no temples to Kamadeva, and no [[murti]]s (statues) of Kamadeva are sold for worship on the market,<ref name=Benton2>{{cite book
| author = Benton, C.
| year = 2005
}}</ref> yet there is an ancient temple of [[Madan Kamdev]] in Baihata Chariali, Kamrup district in [[Assam]]. Madan is the brother of Kamadeva. The ruins of Madan Kamdev are scattered widely in a secluded place, covering 500 meters.

Some other temples dedicated or related to this [[deva (Hinduism)|deva]]:
*Kameshwara Temple, in [[Aragalur]]. The [[Purana#Sthala Puranas|Sthala purana]] indicates that Kamadeva woke up [[Shiva]] at this place.
*Kameshvara Temple, in [[Vraja|Kamyavan]], one of the twelve forests of [[Vrindavana]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.agraindia.org.uk/excursions/mathura/braja-mandala-parikrama.html
|title=Braj Mandala Parikrama in Mathura
|publisher=www.agraindia.org.uk
|access-date=2008-07-13
}}
</ref>
* Soundaraja Perumal Temple at [[Thadikombu]], near Dindigul, Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbuslost.com/2015/03/temple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183447/http://www.columbuslost.com/2015/03/temple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html |archive-date=2015-04-05 |title=Temple for Cupid, Thadikombu, Dindigul}}</ref>
* Harsat-Mata Temple at [[Abhaneri]] has representation of Kamadeva.<ref name=Atherton1995>{{cite journal
| author = Atherton, C.P.
| year = 1995
| title = The Harsat-Mata Temple at Abaneri: Levels of Meaning
| journal = Artibus Asiae
| volume = 55
| issue = 3/4
| pages = 201–236
|quote = K. Deva suggests it is Kamadeva in the EITA
| doi = 10.2307/3249750
| jstor=3249750
}}</ref>

==In English Literature==
{{wikisource|Landon in The Literary Gazette 1822/Manmadin|Manmadin, the Indian Cupid, floating down the Ganges,<br>a poem by L. E. L.}}
[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s descriptive poem ''Manmadin, the Indian Cupid, floating down the Ganges'' appeared in The Literary Gazette, 1822 (''Fragment in Rhyme VII.'')

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Kamadeva}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benton |first=Catherine |year=2006 |title=God of desire: tales of Kamadeva in Sanskrit story literature |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |page=236 |isbn=978-0-7914-6565-3 }}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Love and lust gods]]

Kamadeva - Revision history

Siddhant Babu: typo fix

ImportMaster: robot: Create/update articles in Category:Hindu gods.

ImportMaster: robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata