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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:39, 22 July 2023
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	\| border =		\| border =
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	\| caption = Two folios from a [[palm leaf manuscript]] of the ''Kamasutra'' text (Sanskrit, Devanagari script).		\| caption = Two folios from a [[palm leaf manuscript]] of the ''Kamasutra'' text (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
	\| author = [[Vātsyāyana\|Vatsyayana Mallanaga]]		\| author = [[Vātsyāyana\|Vatsyayana Mallanaga]]
	\| audio_read_by =		\| audio_read_by =
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	[[File:Kama sutra, Vatsyayayan, commentary, sample ii, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.4\|A ''Kamasutra'' manuscript page preserved in the vaults of the [[Raghunath Temple]] in Jammu & Kashmir.]]		[[File:Kama sutra, Vatsyayayan, commentary, sample ii, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.4\|A ''Kamasutra'' manuscript page preserved in the vaults of the [[Raghunath Temple]] in Jammu & Kashmir.]]

	The original composition date or century for the ''Kamasutra'' is unknown. Historians have variously placed it between 400 BCE and 300 CE.<ref name="google">{{cite book\|title=Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai\|author=Sengupta, J.\|date=2006\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors\|isbn=978-81-269-0629-1\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC\|page=21\|access-date=7 December 2014\|archive-date=4 May 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504150511/https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{NoteTag\|Sengupta cites only on the 300/400 BCE dating, with the other authors below citing the dating to occur up until 300 CE}} According to [[John Keay]], the ''Kama Sutra'' is a compendium that was collected into its present form in the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite book\|title=India: A History: from the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century\|pages=81–103\|author=John Keay\|publisher=Grove Press\|year=2010\|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC\|access-date=10 December 2014\|archive-date=20 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520151418/https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC\|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, the Indologist Wendy Doniger, who has co-translated the ''Kama Sutra'' and published many papers on related Hindu texts, the surviving version of the ''Kama Sutra'' must have been revised or composed after 225 CE because it mentions the Abhiras and the Andhras dynasties that did not co-rule major regions of ancient India before that year.{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=xi-xii with footnote 2}} The text makes no mention of the [[Gupta Empire]] which ruled over major urban areas of ancient India, reshaping ancient Indian arts, Hindu culture and economy from the 4th century through the 6th century. For these reasons, she dates the ''Kama Sutra'' to the second half of the 3rd century CE.{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=xi-xii with footnote 2}}		The original composition date or century for the ''Kamasutra'' is unknown. Historians have variously placed it between 400 BCE and 300 CE.<ref name="google">{{cite book\|title=Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai\|author=Sengupta, J.\|date=2006\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors\|isbn=978-81-269-0629-1\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC\|page=21\|access-date=7 December 2014\|archive-date=4 May 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504150511/https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{NoteTag\|Sengupta cites only on the 300/400 BCE dating, with the other authors below citing the dating to occur up until 300 CE}} According to [[John Keay]], the ''Kama Sutra'' is a compendium that was collected into its present form in the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite book\|title=India: A History: from the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century\|pages=81–103\|author=John Keay\|publisher=Grove Press\|year=2010\|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC\|access-date=10 December 2014\|archive-date=20 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520151418/https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC\|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, the Indologist Wendy Doniger, who has co-translated the ''Kama Sutra'' and published many papers on related Hindu texts, states that the surviving version of the ''Kama Sutra'' must have been revised or composed after 225 CE because it mentions the Abhiras and the Andhras dynasties that did not co-rule major regions of ancient India before that year.{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=xi-xii with footnote 2}} The text makes no mention of the [[Gupta Empire]] which ruled over major urban areas of ancient India, reshaping ancient Indian arts, Hindu culture and economy from the 4th century through the 6th century. For these reasons, she dates the ''Kama Sutra'' to the second half of the 3rd century CE.{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=xi-xii with footnote 2}}

	The place of its composition is also unclear. The likely candidates are urban centers of north India, alternatively in the eastern urban Pataliputra (now [[Patna]]).{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=iii-xi-xii}} Doniger notes Kama Sutra was composed "sometime in the third century of the common era, most likely in its second half, at the dawn of the [[Gupta Empire]]".{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=iii}}		The place of its composition is also unclear. The likely candidates are urban centers of north India, alternatively in the eastern urban Pataliputra (now [[Patna]]).{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=iii-xi-xii}} Doniger notes Kama Sutra was composed "sometime in the third century of the common era, most likely in its second half, at the dawn of the [[Gupta Empire]]".{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar\|2002\|pp=iii}}
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	and from that offering springs a man.		and from that offering springs a man.
	</poem>		</poem>
	– ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' 6.2.13, c. 700 BCE, Trans.: [[Patrick Olivelle]]<ref>{{cite book\|title= The Early Upanishads \| year=1998\| publisher= Oxford University Press\|isbn= 0-19-512435-9 \| page=149, context: pp. 143–149}}</ref><ref>योषा वा आग्निर् गौतम । तस्या उपस्थ एव समिल् लोमानि धूमो योनिरर्चिर् यदन्तः करोति तेऽङ्गारा अभिनन्दा विस्फुलिङ्गास् तस्मिन्नेतस्मिन्नग्नौ देवा रेतो जुह्वति तस्या आहुत्यै पुरुषः सम्भवति । स जीवति यावज्जीवत्य् अथ यदा म्रियते ।१३, – 6.2.13, For the context and other verses: [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/x59 Wikisource] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030003/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_6p \|date=25 January 2022 }}</ref></blockquote>		– ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' 6.2.13, {{Circa\|700 BCE}}, Trans.: [[Patrick Olivelle]]<ref>{{cite book\|title= The Early Upanishads \| year=1998\| publisher= Oxford University Press\|isbn= 0-19-512435-9 \| page=149, context: pp. 143–149}}</ref><ref>योषा वा आग्निर् गौतम । तस्या उपस्थ एव समिल् लोमानि धूमो योनिरर्चिर् यदन्तः करोति तेऽङ्गारा अभिनन्दा विस्फुलिङ्गास् तस्मिन्नेतस्मिन्नग्नौ देवा रेतो जुह्वति तस्या आहुत्यै पुरुषः सम्भवति । स जीवति यावज्जीवत्य् अथ यदा म्रियते ।१३, – 6.2.13, For the context and other verses: [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/x59 Wikisource] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030003/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_6p \|date=25 January 2022 }}</ref></blockquote>

	According to the Indologist De, a view with which Doniger agrees, this is one of the many evidences that the ''kamasutra'' began in the religious literature of the Vedic era, ideas that were ultimately refined and distilled into a ''sutra''-genre text by Vatsyayana.<ref name="De1969p89">{{cite book\|author=Sushil Kumar De\|title=Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature\|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326\|year= 1969\|publisher= K.L. Mukhopadhyay\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326/page/n120 89]–92}}</ref> According to Doniger, this paradigm of celebrating pleasures, enjoyment and sexuality as a ''dharmic'' act began in the "earthy, vibrant text known as the ''[[Rigveda]]''" of the Hindus.{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar \|2002 \|pp=xiii}} The ''Kamasutra'' and celebration of sex, eroticism and pleasure is an integral part of the religious milieu in Hinduism and quite prevalent in its temples.<ref>{{cite journal\| title= The Erotic Sculptures of India\| author= Y. Krishan\| journal= Artibus Asiae\| volume= 34\| number= 4\| year= 1972\|pages = 331–343\| doi= 10.2307/3249625\| jstor= 3249625}}</ref>{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar \|2002 \|pp=xi-xvii}}		According to the Indologist De, a view with which Doniger agrees, this is one of the many evidences that the ''kamasutra'' began in the religious literature of the Vedic era, ideas that were ultimately refined and distilled into a ''sutra''-genre text by Vatsyayana.<ref name="De1969p89">{{cite book\|author=Sushil Kumar De\|title=Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature\|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326\|year= 1969\|publisher= K.L. Mukhopadhyay\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326/page/n120 89]–92}}</ref> According to Doniger, this paradigm of celebrating pleasures, enjoyment and sexuality as a ''dharmic'' act began in the "earthy, vibrant text known as the ''[[Rigveda]]''" of the Hindus.{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar \|2002 \|pp=xiii}} The ''Kamasutra'' and celebration of sex, eroticism and pleasure is an integral part of the religious milieu in Hinduism and quite prevalent in its temples.<ref>{{cite journal\| title= The Erotic Sculptures of India\| author= Y. Krishan\| journal= Artibus Asiae\| volume= 34\| number= 4\| year= 1972\|pages = 331–343\| doi= 10.2307/3249625\| jstor= 3249625}}</ref>{{sfn\|Wendy Doniger\|Sudhir Kakar \|2002 \|pp=xi-xvii}}

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	{{Short description\|Ancient Hindu text on erotic love}}		{{Short description\|Ancient Hindu text on erotic love}}
	{{About\|the ancient text\|the 1996 film\|Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love\|other uses}}		{{About\|the ancient text\|the 1996 film\|Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love\|other uses}}
	~~{{Pp-semi-indef}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2016}}

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