Kalwar (caste) - Revision history

103.85.126.56 at 14:29, 16 June 2026

2026-06-16T14:29:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:59, 16 June 2026
Line 4:		Line 4:
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}
	The '''Kalwar,''' '''Kalal''' '''or''' '''Kalar''' are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[~~Rajasthan~~]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[~~Haryana~~]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu & Kashmir]] and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of [[liquor]]~~, but around the start of the 20th century assorted Kalwar caste organisations sought to leave that trade and redefine their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process~~.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>		The '''Kalwar,''' '''Kalal''' '''or''' '''Kalar''' are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu & Kashmir]] and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of [[liquor]].<ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	~~Because their hereditary occupation~~ of ~~distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held~~ a ~~very low status~~ in the ~~traditional [[Indian caste system\|caste]] hierarchy~~ of ~~[[South Asia]]~~. ~~This situation changed when the Kalal chief~~ [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] ~~rose~~ to ~~political power in the 18th century~~. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>		In Hindu Mythology they are believed to be as descendants of Haihaya Vansh. The Kalar's had a monopoly in the liquor trade in India, because of this they were always stayed financially strong. The warrior [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] also belonged to this clan. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>

	Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. ~~By this time~~, they ~~had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to try and enhance their social status~~.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. Still they dominance in liquor trade in till 2000s, then after govt. strict rules broke their monopoly. Jawahar Prasad Jaiswal used to be called as Liquor King of North India. In many parts of India they are considered as Vaishya community. <ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-[[Kakazai\|Kakezais]], such as the [[Hoshiarpur district\|Hoshiarpur]] family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Shaikh\|Shaikhs]]. Sikh Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-[[Kakazai\|Kakezais]], such as the [[Hoshiarpur district\|Hoshiarpur]] family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Shaikh\|Shaikhs]]. Sikh Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

Ajay Kumar: Removed a source

2023-07-23T14:50:09Z

Removed a source

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 23 July 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{short description\|Indian caste}}		{{short description\|Indian caste}}
	{{for\|the Tamil caste\|Kallar (caste)}}		{{for\|the Tamil caste\|Kallar (caste)}}
			[[File:Portrait of a Lahore distiller and vendor of liquor (Kalwar, Kullal, Kalal, or Kalar), ca.1862–72.png\|thumb\|Portrait of a Lahore distiller and vendor of liquor (Kalwar, Kullal, Kalal, or Kalar), ca.1862–72]]
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}
	The '''Kalwar''' ~~(or~~ '''Kalal''' or '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century assorted Kalwar caste organisations sought to leave that trade and redefine their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>		The '''Kalwar,''' '''Kalal''' '''or''' '''Kalar''' are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu & Kashmir]] and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of [[liquor]], but around the start of the 20th century assorted Kalwar caste organisations sought to leave that trade and redefine their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a very low status in the traditional [[Indian caste system\|caste]] hierarchy of South Asia. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>		Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a very low status in the traditional [[Indian caste system\|caste]] hierarchy of [[South Asia]]. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>

	Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, ~~Ahluwalias~~ had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, they had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to try and enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Shaikh\|Shaikhs]]. ~~Like the~~ Sikh Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-[[Kakazai\|Kakezais]], such as the [[Hoshiarpur district\|Hoshiarpur]] family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Shaikh\|Shaikhs]]. Sikh Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	Kalwars in [[Allahabad]] were claiming themselves to be of the [[Kshatriya]] status in the 1890s.<ref name="bayly" />		Kalwars in [[Allahabad]] were claiming themselves to be of the [[Kshatriya]] status in the 1890s.<ref name="bayly" />

	During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		During the [[British Raj\|British]] rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	==References==		==References==
Line 24:		Line 25:
	[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]		[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
	[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]		[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
			[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
			[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
	[[Category:Brewing and distilling castes]]		[[Category:Brewing and distilling castes]]

	{{India-ethno-stub}}		{{India-ethno-stub}}

->AnomieBOT: Fixing reference errors

2021-11-13T12:58:27Z

Fixing reference errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:28, 13 November 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}
	The '''Kalwar''' (or '''Kalal''' or '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste ~~was~~ traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century, Kalwar caste organisations ~~left their~~ trade ~~en masse~~ and ~~redefined~~ their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process~~. The people of this caste can be found following most of the religion present in South Asia such as Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism and Jainism, though they are mostly Hindus with few but notable Sikhs~~. <ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>		The '''Kalwar''' (or '''Kalal''' or '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century assorted Kalwar caste organisations sought to leave that trade and redefine their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading ~~in both Hinduism and Abrahamic religions of Islam and Christianity~~, the Kalals held a ~~poor reputation~~. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>		Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a very low status in the traditional [[Indian caste system\|caste]] hierarchy of South Asia. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>

	Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi ~~Khatris~~]]. Like the Sikh ~~Kalals, some Muslim~~ Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Shaikh\|Shaikhs]]. Like the Sikh Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

			Kalwars in [[Allahabad]] were claiming themselves to be of the [[Kshatriya]] status in the 1890s.<ref name="bayly" />

	During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>
	In post independence era, the kalal people like any other caste no longer picked up a specific occupation, rather they are very spread out in all sorts of fields. Economically,the people of this caste is mostly middle class on average and are less poverty stricken as observed by economic institutions.

	==References==		==References==

223.226.163.146 at 05:50, 31 August 2021

2021-08-31T05:50:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:20, 31 August 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}
	The '''Kalwar,''' (or '''Kalal''', '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh~~]], [[Rajasthan~~]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century ~~assorted~~ Kalwar caste organisations ~~sought to leave that~~ trade and ~~redefine~~ their community.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>		The '''Kalwar''' (or '''Kalal''' or '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system\|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste was traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century, Kalwar caste organisations left their trade en masse and redefined their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process. The people of this caste can be found following most of the religion present in South Asia such as Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism and Jainism, though they are mostly Hindus with few but notable Sikhs. <ref name="bayly">{{cite book \|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 \|editor1-first=John \|editor1-last=Gallagher \|editor2-first=Gordon \|editor2-last=Johnson \|editor3-first=Anil \|editor3-last=Seal \|edition=Reprinted \|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive \|year=1973 \|isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 \|first=Christopher A. \|last=Bayly \|authorlink=Christopher Bayly \|chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 \|url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a ~~very low status in the traditional [[Indian caste system\|caste]] hierarchy of South Asia~~. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>		Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading in both Hinduism and Abrahamic religions of Islam and Christianity, the Kalals held a poor reputation. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia\|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)\|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book \|author=Donald Anthony Low \|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 \|year=1968 \|publisher=University of California Press \|oclc=612533097 \|pages=70–71 }}</ref>

	Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj\|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi ~~Shaikh\|Shaikhs~~]]. Like the Sikh Kalals, some Muslim Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968~~"/>~~		Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns\|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba\|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Khatris]]. Like the Sikh Kalals, some Muslim Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

	~~Kalwars in [[Allahabad]] were claiming themselves to be of the [[Kshatriya]] status in the 1890s.<ref name="bayly~~" />

	During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>		During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>
			In post independence era, the kalal people like any other caste no longer picked up a specific occupation, rather they are very spread out in all sorts of fields. Economically,the people of this caste is mostly middle class on average and are less poverty stricken as observed by economic institutions.
	~~== See also ==~~
	*[[Sanskritisation]]

	==References==		==References==

>Fylindfotberserk: Restored revision 1011209042 by M.Bitton (talk): Rv removal of sourced content

2021-04-03T07:38:31Z

Restored revision 1011209042 by M.Bitton (talk): Rv removal of sourced content

New page

{{short description|Indian caste}}
{{for|the Tamil caste|Kallar (caste)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
The '''Kalwar,''' (or '''Kalal''', '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century assorted Kalwar caste organisations sought to leave that trade and redefine their community.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book |title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor2-first=Gordon |editor2-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Anil |editor3-last=Seal |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 |first=Christopher A. |last=Bayly |authorlink=Christopher Bayly |chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India |page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 |url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref>

==History==
Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a very low status in the traditional [[Indian caste system|caste]] hierarchy of South Asia. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |oclc=612533097 |pages=70–71 }}</ref>

Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]]. Like the Sikh Kalals, some Muslim Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

Kalwars in [[Allahabad]] were claiming themselves to be of the [[Kshatriya]] status in the 1890s.<ref name="bayly" />

During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/>

== See also ==
*[[Sanskritisation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Brewing and distilling castes]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}