Md: basic improved lead for consistency and corrected details

2025-03-08T17:06:10Z

basic improved lead for consistency and corrected details

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:36, 8 March 2025
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	==References==		==References==
	* {{cite book \|last= Sarma\|first= I.K.\|title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka\|orig-year=1992\|year=1992\|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India\|location= New Delhi\|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}		* {{cite book \|last= Sarma\|first= I.K.\|title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka\|orig-year=1992\|year=1992\|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India\|location= New Delhi\|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
	* {{cite web\|author=Kamiya, Takeyo\|title=Architecture of Indian subcontinent\|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D251%2BM%3D0\|publisher=Gerard da Cunha\|work=Indian Architecture\|access-date=2012-12-27}}		* {{cite web\|author=Kamiya, Takeyo\|title=Architecture of Indian subcontinent\|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D251%2BM%3D0\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208125915/http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R=5%2BS=18%2BP=251%2BM=0\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=8 February 2012\|publisher=Gerard da Cunha\|work=Indian Architecture\|access-date=2012-12-27}}

	==External links==		==External links==
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	[[Category:Hindu temples in ~~Tumkur~~ district]]		[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumakuru district]]
	[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]		[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
			[[Category:Architecture of the Nolambas]]

->Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (2×);

2021-01-13T20:41:59Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (2×);

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalleshvara Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe (10th century AD).JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalleshvara temple (900 AD) at Aralaguppe in [[Tumkur district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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}}
The '''Kalleshvara temple''' (also spelt "Kallesvara" or "Kalleshwara") is located in Aralaguppe, a village in the [[Tiptur]] [[taluk]] of [[Tumkur district]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]].

==History==
According to historian [[I. K. Sarma]], the temple is a fine example of native [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]] art of the 9th century, with influences from the [[Chalukya Dynasty|Badami Chalukya]] and [[Nolamba]] architectural idioms.<ref name="influence">Sarma (1992), p. 88</ref> It is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]] (also called "Ishvara") and was commissioned by a [[vassal]] king of the Nolamba dynasty. Historians I.K. Sarma, B.S. Ali and K.V. Soundara Rajan date the temple to the late 9th century to early 10th-century period. B.S. Ali calls this temple one of the finest examples of Western Ganga art while Aschwin Lippe and Soundara Rajan feel the temple is more consistent with contemporary Nolamba style.<ref name="dating">Ali and Soundara Rajana in Sarma (1992), p. 88, p. 90</ref> The dating of the temple is confirmed by two inscriptions. One inscription in the temple dated 895 C.E. (''saka'' 817) describes the commissioning of the temple by a Nolamba king under his overlord, the Western Ganga King Rachamalla II (r. 870–907 CE). The inscription also records the grant made by King Rachamalla II himself to the construction of this temple (called ''Kalla-degula'' in the inscription). The other inscription, a [[Hero stone]] in the temple tank (''[[pushkarni]]''), confirms that this region was under the overall control of the Western Ganga Dynasty during this period. Historian Sarma argues that the Western Gangas and Nolambas had close links with regards to "cultural art" and they would have, in their commission, common guilds of architects (''sthapatis'') and sculptors (''silpis'').<ref name="control">Sarma (1992), p. 90-91</ref> According to Sarma, the three lateral shrines with an enclosure for [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] the bull (''Nandi-sala''), the vehicle (''vahana'') of the god Shiva, was added during the later [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] period and this is confirmed by art critic Takeo Kamiya.<ref name="nandi">Sarma (1992), p. 91</ref><ref name="nand1">Kameya in "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent"</ref>

==Temple plan and sculptures==
[[File:Door Jamb in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe.JPG|right|thumb|x216px|Doorjamb and lintel carvings at Kalleshvara temple]]
{{Hinduism}}
The plan of the sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') is a square pyramidal one, with a plain exterior with simple [[pilasters]], a [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (''antarala'') separating the sanctum from a closed hall (''[[mantapa]]'') with an exceptionally well sculptured section called the ''mahamantapa'' or ''navaranga''. The superstructure over the shrine (''[[shikhara]]'') and vestibule (''sukanasi'') have been renovated at a later period but the base on which the temple stands (''[[Adhiṣṭhāna]]'') is original in construction.<ref name="bagilu">Sarma (1992), p. 90</ref> The doorjamb (''sakha'') and the [[lintel]] above the main door have exceptional art. The doorjamb exhibits seated door keepers (''dwarapalas'') at the base, bold scrolls of decorative creepers that run along the sides of the main door and contain ''[[Yaksha]]'' (benevolent spirits from Hindu mythology) and ''Yakshis'' (or ''Yakshinis'', their female counterparts). Above the door, forming the lintel (''lalata'') is a sculpture of [[Lakshmi|Gajalakshmi]] (a version of the goddess [[Lakshmi]]) with elephants showering her from either side. Sarma feels this sculpture may have inspired the monolithic carving at the main entrance (called ''akhanda bagilu'') on the Vindyagiri hill in the famous [[Jainism|Jain]] heritage town of [[Shravanabelagola]]. The ceiling panel grid (''[[Guardians of the directions|ashta-dik-pala]]'' grid) of images in the ''mahamantapa'' (a section of the ''[[mantapa]]'') needs special mention and speaks of the good taste of the Ganga-Nolamba architects. The panel images include a four handed dancing and well ornamented Shiva, and a four tusked elephant (''gaja'') carrying on its back the god [[Indra]] and his consort [[Sachi]].<ref name="bagilu">Sarma (1992), p. 90</ref>

==Gallery==
{{commons category|Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe}}
<gallery>
File:Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe(rear view).JPG|Rear view of Kalleshvara temple complex
File:Old Kannada inscription Hero Stone from 9th century AD in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe.jpg|Hero stone with old Kannada inscription (870-906 A.D.) at Kalleshvara temple
File:Window art in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe.JPG|Window art at one of the shrines in the Kalleshvara temple complex
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|1}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last= Sarma|first= I.K.|title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite web|author=Kamiya, Takeyo|title=Architecture of Indian subcontinent|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D251%2BM%3D0|publisher=Gerard da Cunha|work=Indian Architecture|access-date=2012-12-27}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumkur district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe - Revision history

Md: basic improved lead for consistency and corrected details

->Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (2×);