Kallada River - Revision history

Leonuqs: further adjusted references per sources further and improved wording for clarity

2026-03-23T23:13:45Z

further adjusted references per sources further and improved wording for clarity

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:43, 24 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|River in South ~~kerala~~}}		{{Short description\|River in South Kerala, India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2017}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2017}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2017}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2017}}
	[[File:Kallada river near Uppood.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Kallada River/Kulathupuzha]]		[[File:Kallada river near Uppood.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Kallada River/Kulathupuzha]]
	'''Kallada River~~/Kulathupuzha'~~'' ~~( കല്ലടയാർ/കുളത്തൂപ്പുഴ ) " Puzha "means River.Its~~'s the longest river in [[Kollam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].The river originates in [[~~Kulathupuzha~~]],~~a part of~~ [[Western Ghats]] and flows west reaching [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Arabian Sea]] after ~~travelling~~ a distance of ~~120km~~.		The '''Kallada River''' is the longest river in [[Kollam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The river originates in [[Madathara]], in the [[Western Ghats]], and flows west, reaching the [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Arabian Sea]] after traveling a distance of {{convert\|120\|km\|abbr=on}}.

	==River Course==		==River Course==
	The Kallada ~~river~~ originates from the ~~south eastern~~ part of the [[Kollam district]]~~. The river originates~~ as multiple streams arising from [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary\|Shendurney wildlife sanctuary]]. The most prominent among ~~this~~ are Kazhuthuruttiyaaru ~~that arise~~ from Rosemala and [[Ambanad Hills]] and ~~flow~~ southward, [[Kulathupuzha]] river that ~~flow~~ northward ~~by arising~~ from near [[Ponmudi]] hills and [[Windward and leeward\|windward]] side of [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] and west flowing streams that arise from [[Windward and leeward\|windward]] side of [[Courtallam\|Courtallam Hills]]. These major streams that form the river meet at [[Thenmala Dam]].		The Kallada originates from the southeastern part of the [[Kollam district]] as multiple streams arising from the [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary\|Shendurney wildlife sanctuary]]. The most prominent among these streams are the Kazhuthuruttiyaaru, which arises from Rosemala and [[Ambanad Hills]] and flows southward, the [[Kulathupuzha]] river that flows northward from near the [[Ponmudi]] hills and the [[Windward and leeward\|windward]] side of [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]], and west-flowing streams that arise from the [[Windward and leeward\|windward]] side of the [[Courtallam\|Courtallam Hills]]. These major streams that form the river meet at [[Thenmala Dam]].

	The river flows through the towns of [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Thenmala]], [[Kulathupuzha\|Ottackal]], [[Ayiranalloor]], [[Edamon]], [[Punalur]], [[Karulai\|Nedumkayam]], [[Kamukumchery]] and [[Pathanapuram]]. It then enters the plains where it flows alongside [[Pattazhy]], [[Enathu]], [[Mannadi]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala\|Kunnathur]], [[Iverkala]] [[Puthoor]], [[Pavithreswaram]], [[Munroe Island]] and [[West Kallada]]. The river's estuary is situated near [[West Kallada]] where it empties into ~~the~~ [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Ashthamudi]] lake ~~through which it flows~~ into the [[Arabian Sea]].		The river flows through the towns of [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Thenmala]], [[Kulathupuzha\|Ottackal]], [[Ayiranalloor]], [[Edamon]], [[Punalur]], [[Karulai\|Nedumkayam]], [[Kamukumchery]] and [[Pathanapuram]]. It then enters the plains where it flows alongside [[Pattazhy]], [[Enathu]], [[Mannadi]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala\|Kunnathur]], [[Iverkala]] [[Puthoor]], [[Pavithreswaram]], [[East Kallada]], [[Munroe Island]] and [[West Kallada]]. The river's estuary is situated near [[West Kallada]], where it empties into [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Ashthamudi]] lake and thence into the [[Arabian Sea]].

	At [[Punalur]], ~~a Suspension Bridge (~~[[Punalur Suspension Bridge]]) was constructed in ~~the year~~ 1877 across the river by the [[Travancore Kingdom]] in British Style. [[Kallada Boat Race]] (''Kallada Jalotsavam'') is one of the most famous boat races held in the state. The boat race is an annual event which takes place at the 28th day after [[Onam]]. It is held on the "''Muthira Parambu - Karuvathra Kadavu''" in the course of the ~~River~~. [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala and provides drinking water for most regions in the Kollam district. Except for an earthen embankment of 1.5 km length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded steep hills.		At [[Punalur]], the [[Punalur Suspension Bridge]] was constructed in 1877 across the river by the [[Travancore Kingdom]] in the British Style. [[Kallada Boat Race]] (''Kallada Jalotsavam'') is one of the most famous boat races held in the state. The boat race is an annual event which takes place at the 28th day after [[Onam]]. It is held on the "''Muthira Parambu - Karuvathra Kadavu''" in the course of the river. [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala and provides drinking water for most regions in the Kollam district. Except for an earthen embankment that is {{convert\|1.5\|km\|abbr=on}} in length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded by steep hills.

	==Industries along the river==		==Industries along the river==
	There were many industries flourishing on the banks of Kallada ~~river~~ during the British Period. [[Punalur Paper Mills]], established in 1875, is one such major ~~companies which operated on the banks of this river~~. The effluents discharged from the mill into the river ~~was~~ found to alter the physiochemical factors leading to production of plankton in the mid-1900s. The mill was embroiled in a labour dispute, and was closed in 1987. It was reopened in 2015, after legal resolutions.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/punalur-paper-mills-reopened/article7647502.ece\|title = Punalur Paper Mills reopened\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 13 September 2015}}</ref>		There were many industries flourishing on the banks of the Kallada during the British Period. [[Punalur Paper Mills]], established in 1875, is one such major company. The effluents discharged from the mill into the river were found to alter the physiochemical factors leading to production of plankton in the mid-1900s. The mill was embroiled in a labour dispute, and was closed in 1987. It was reopened in 2015, after legal resolutions.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/punalur-paper-mills-reopened/article7647502.ece\|title = Punalur Paper Mills reopened\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 13 September 2015}}</ref>

	Sand mining is a cause of concern ~~along the banks of this river~~, because it makes ~~the banks~~ more vulnerable to erosion and floods.		Sand mining along the banks of the river is a cause of concern, because it makes them more vulnerable to erosion and floods.

	==Kallada Irrigation Project==		==Kallada Irrigation Project==
	'''Kallada Irrigation project (KIP)''' is the largest [[Irrigation in India\|~~Irrigation~~]] project in [[Kerala]]. The command area of this project is distributed over [[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] and [[Alappuzha district~~\|Alappuzha districts~~]] and covers Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally [[Taluks of Kerala]].		'''Kallada Irrigation project (KIP)''' is the largest [[Irrigation in India\|irrigation]] project in [[Kerala]]. The command area of this project is distributed over [[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] and [[Alappuzha district]]s and covers Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally [[Taluks of Kerala]].

	The project was planned to irrigate net cultivable command area of 61630 Ha. During the course of execution ~~few~~ canals including Kayamkulam Branch canal were dropped and now this project is ~~benefitting~~ net cultivable area of only 53514 Ha in 92 villages. Head work was completed during 1986. Now fully operational, right bank main canal partially commissioned during 1986 and left bank main canal during 1992.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kallada-River-38931.htm \| title = Kallada River \| publisher = india9 \| access-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref>		The project was planned to irrigate a net cultivable command area of {{convert\|61630\|ha\|abbr=on}}. During the course of execution some canals including the Kayamkulam Branch canal were dropped, and now this project is benefiting a net cultivable area of only {{convert\|53514\|ha\|abbr=on}} in 92 villages. Head work was completed during 1986. Now fully operational, the right bank main canal was partially commissioned during 1986 and the left bank main canal during 1992.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kallada-River-38931.htm \| title = Kallada River \| publisher = india9 \| access-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref>

	The Left Bank Main canal is 56.016 km in length and Right Bank Main canal is 69.752 km in length. The Branch Canal of left bank canal is 61.692 km and that of Right Branch canal is 47.573 km.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kallada Irrigation Project {{!}} Irrigation-kerala\|url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/kallada-irrigation-project\|access-date=2021-10-30\|website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The canals ~~begins~~ from Ottakkal Lookout near [[Thenmala]].		The Left Bank Main canal is {{convert\|56.016\|km\|abbr=on}} in length and the Right Bank Main canal is {{convert\|69.752\|km\|abbr=on}} in length. The Branch Canal of the left bank canal is {{convert\|61.692\|km\|abbr=on}} long and that of the Right Branch canal is {{convert\|47.573\|km\|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kallada Irrigation Project {{!}} Irrigation-kerala\|url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/kallada-irrigation-project\|access-date=2021-10-30\|website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The canals begin from Ottakkal Lookout near [[Thenmala]].

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 30:		Line 30:
	*[[Punalur]]		*[[Punalur]]
	*[[East Kallada]]		*[[East Kallada]]
			*[[Madathara]]

	==References==		==References==

61.1.234.213: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-01-21T13:29:17Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:59, 21 January 2022
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			{{Short description\|River in South kerala}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2017}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2017}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2017}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2017}}
	[[File:Kallada river near Uppood.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Kallada River/Kulathupuzha ~~River~~]]		[[File:Kallada river near Uppood.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Kallada River/Kulathupuzha]]
	'''Kallada River/Kulathupuzha ~~River~~''' ( കല്ലടയാർ/~~കുളത്തൂപ്പുഴയാർ~~ ) is the longest river in [[Kollam District]][[~~Kerala\|,~~Kerala]], [[India]].The river originates in [[Kulathupuzha]], part of [[Western Ghats]] and flows west reaching [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Arabian Sea]] after travelling a distance of 120km.		'''Kallada River/Kulathupuzha''' ( കല്ലടയാർ/കുളത്തൂപ്പുഴ ) " Puzha "means River.Its's the longest river in [[Kollam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].The river originates in [[Kulathupuzha]],a part of [[Western Ghats]] and flows west reaching [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Arabian Sea]] after travelling a distance of 120km.

	==River Course==		==River Course==
	The Kallada river originates in the [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary\|Shendurney wildlife sanctuary]] ~~in the eastern part~~ of ~~the~~ [[~~Kollam district~~]]. [[Thenmala Dam]] ~~is contructed on this~~ river~~. It~~ flows through the towns of [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Thenmala]], [[Kulathupuzha\|Ottackal]], [[Ayiranalloor]], [[Edamon]], [[Punalur]], [[Karulai\|Nedumkayam]], [[Kamukumchery]] and [[Pathanapuram]]. It then enters the plains where it flows alongside [[Pattazhy]], [[Enathu~~\|Ennathu~~]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala\|Kunnathur]], [[Puthoor]], [[Pavithreswaram]], [[Munroe Island]] and [[Kallada]]. The river's estuary is situated at [[Kallada]] where it empties into the [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Ashthamudi]] lake through which it flows into the [[Arabian Sea]].		The Kallada river originates from the south eastern part of the [[Kollam district]]. The river originates as multiple streams arising from [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary\|Shendurney wildlife sanctuary]]. The most prominent among this are Kazhuthuruttiyaaru that arise from Rosemala and [[Ambanad Hills]] and flow southward, [[Kulathupuzha]] river that flow northward by arising from near [[Ponmudi]] hills and [[Windward and leeward\|windward]] side of [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] and west flowing streams that arise from [[Windward and leeward\|windward]] side of [[Courtallam\|Courtallam Hills]]. These major streams that form the river meet at [[Thenmala Dam]].

			The river flows through the towns of [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Thenmala]], [[Kulathupuzha\|Ottackal]], [[Ayiranalloor]], [[Edamon]], [[Punalur]], [[Karulai\|Nedumkayam]], [[Kamukumchery]] and [[Pathanapuram]]. It then enters the plains where it flows alongside [[Pattazhy]], [[Enathu]], [[Mannadi]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala\|Kunnathur]], [[Iverkala]] [[Puthoor]], [[Pavithreswaram]], [[Munroe Island]] and [[West Kallada]]. The river's estuary is situated near [[West Kallada]] where it empties into the [[Ashtamudi Lake\|Ashthamudi]] lake through which it flows into the [[Arabian Sea]].

	At [[Punalur]], a Suspension Bridge ([[Punalur Suspension Bridge]]) was constructed in the year 1877 across the river by the [[Travancore Kingdom]] in British Style. [[Kallada Boat Race]] (''Kallada Jalotsavam'') is one of the most famous boat races held in the state. The boat race is an annual event which takes place at the 28th day after [[Onam]]. It is held on the "''Muthira Parambu - Karuvathra Kadavu''" in the course of the River. [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala and provides drinking water for most regions in the Kollam district. Except for an earthen embankment of 1.5 km length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded steep hills.		At [[Punalur]], a Suspension Bridge ([[Punalur Suspension Bridge]]) was constructed in the year 1877 across the river by the [[Travancore Kingdom]] in British Style. [[Kallada Boat Race]] (''Kallada Jalotsavam'') is one of the most famous boat races held in the state. The boat race is an annual event which takes place at the 28th day after [[Onam]]. It is held on the "''Muthira Parambu - Karuvathra Kadavu''" in the course of the River. [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala and provides drinking water for most regions in the Kollam district. Except for an earthen embankment of 1.5 km length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded steep hills.

	==Industries along the river==		==Industries along the river==
	There were many industries flourishing on the banks of Kallada river during the British Period. [[Punalur Paper Mills]], established in 1875, is one such major companies which operated on the banks of this river. The effluents discharged from the mill into the river was found to alter the physiochemical factors leading to production of plankton in the mid-1900s. The mill was embroiled in a labour dispute, and was closed in 1987. It was reopened in 2015, after legal resolutions.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/punalur-paper-mills-reopened/article7647502.ece</ref>		There were many industries flourishing on the banks of Kallada river during the British Period. [[Punalur Paper Mills]], established in 1875, is one such major companies which operated on the banks of this river. The effluents discharged from the mill into the river was found to alter the physiochemical factors leading to production of plankton in the mid-1900s. The mill was embroiled in a labour dispute, and was closed in 1987. It was reopened in 2015, after legal resolutions.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/punalur-paper-mills-reopened/article7647502.ece\|title = Punalur Paper Mills reopened\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 13 September 2015}}</ref>

	Sand mining is a cause of concern along the banks of this river, because it makes the banks more vulnerable to erosion and floods.		Sand mining is a cause of concern along the banks of this river, because it makes the banks more vulnerable to erosion and floods.

	==Kallada Irrigation Project==		==Kallada Irrigation Project==
	Kallada ~~irrigation~~ project(KIP) is the largest ~~irrigation~~ project in Kerala. The command area of this project is distributed over [[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] and Alappuzha district and covers Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally Taluks. The project was planned to irrigate net cultivable command area of 61630 Ha. During the course of execution few canals including Kayamkulam Branch canal were dropped and now this project is benefitting net cultivable area of only 53514 Ha in 92 villages. Head work was completed during 1986. Now fully operational, right bank main canal partially commissioned during 1986 and left bank main canal during 1992.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kallada-River-38931.htm \| title = Kallada River \| publisher = india9 \| access-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref>		'''Kallada Irrigation project (KIP)''' is the largest [[Irrigation in India\|Irrigation]] project in [[Kerala]]. The command area of this project is distributed over [[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] and [[Alappuzha district\|Alappuzha districts]] and covers Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally [[Taluks of Kerala]].

			The project was planned to irrigate net cultivable command area of 61630 Ha. During the course of execution few canals including Kayamkulam Branch canal were dropped and now this project is benefitting net cultivable area of only 53514 Ha in 92 villages. Head work was completed during 1986. Now fully operational, right bank main canal partially commissioned during 1986 and left bank main canal during 1992.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kallada-River-38931.htm \| title = Kallada River \| publisher = india9 \| access-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref>

			The Left Bank Main canal is 56.016 km in length and Right Bank Main canal is 69.752 km in length. The Branch Canal of left bank canal is 61.692 km and that of Right Branch canal is 47.573 km.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kallada Irrigation Project {{!}} Irrigation-kerala\|url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/kallada-irrigation-project\|access-date=2021-10-30\|website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The canals begins from Ottakkal Lookout near [[Thenmala]].

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Ithikkara River]]		*[[Ithikkara River]]
	*[[Thenmala]]		*[[Thenmala]]
			*[[Munroe Island]]
	*[[Punalur]]		*[[Punalur]]
	*[[East Kallada]]		*[[East Kallada]]

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2021-07-06T06:55:19Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Kallada river near Uppood.jpg|alt=|thumb|Kallada River/Kulathupuzha River]]
'''Kallada River/Kulathupuzha River''' ( കല്ലടയാർ/കുളത്തൂപ്പുഴയാർ ) is the longest river in [[Kollam District]][[Kerala|,Kerala]], [[India]].The river originates in [[Kulathupuzha]], part of [[Western Ghats]] and flows west reaching [[Ashtamudi Lake|Arabian Sea]] after travelling a distance of 120km.

==River Course==
The Kallada river originates in the [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary|Shendurney wildlife sanctuary]] in the eastern part of the [[Kollam district]]. [[Thenmala Dam]] is contructed on this river. It flows through the towns of [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Thenmala]], [[Kulathupuzha|Ottackal]], [[Ayiranalloor]], [[Edamon]], [[Punalur]], [[Karulai|Nedumkayam]], [[Kamukumchery]] and [[Pathanapuram]]. It then enters the plains where it flows alongside [[Pattazhy]], [[Enathu|Ennathu]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]], [[Puthoor]], [[Pavithreswaram]], [[Munroe Island]] and [[Kallada]]. The river's estuary is situated at [[Kallada]] where it empties into the [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashthamudi]] lake through which it flows into the [[Arabian Sea]].

At [[Punalur]], a Suspension Bridge ([[Punalur Suspension Bridge]]) was constructed in the year 1877 across the river by the [[Travancore Kingdom]] in British Style. [[Kallada Boat Race]] (''Kallada Jalotsavam'') is one of the most famous boat races held in the state. The boat race is an annual event which takes place at the 28th day after [[Onam]]. It is held on the "''Muthira Parambu - Karuvathra Kadavu''" in the course of the River. [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala and provides drinking water for most regions in the Kollam district. Except for an earthen embankment of 1.5 km length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded steep hills.

==Industries along the river==
There were many industries flourishing on the banks of Kallada river during the British Period. [[Punalur Paper Mills]], established in 1875, is one such major companies which operated on the banks of this river. The effluents discharged from the mill into the river was found to alter the physiochemical factors leading to production of plankton in the mid-1900s. The mill was embroiled in a labour dispute, and was closed in 1987. It was reopened in 2015, after legal resolutions.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/punalur-paper-mills-reopened/article7647502.ece</ref>

Sand mining is a cause of concern along the banks of this river, because it makes the banks more vulnerable to erosion and floods.

==Kallada Irrigation Project==
Kallada irrigation project(KIP) is the largest irrigation project in Kerala. The command area of this project is distributed over [[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] and Alappuzha district and covers Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally Taluks. The project was planned to irrigate net cultivable command area of 61630 Ha. During the course of execution few canals including Kayamkulam Branch canal were dropped and now this project is benefitting net cultivable area of only 53514 Ha in 92 villages. Head work was completed during 1986. Now fully operational, right bank main canal partially commissioned during 1986 and left bank main canal during 1992.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kallada-River-38931.htm | title = Kallada River | publisher = india9 | access-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ithikkara River]]
*[[Thenmala]]
*[[Punalur]]
*[[East Kallada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040315134925/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/26/stories/2004012602460300.htm Story from ''The Hindu'' on sand damage on the Kallada]

{{coord|8|59|N|76|38|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Kallada River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kollam district]]