Kaliya - Revision history

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	'''Kaliya''' ([[IAST]]:Kāliya, [[Devanagari]]: कालिय), in [[Hinduism\|Hindu traditions]], was a venomous [[Nāga]] living in the [[Yamuna\|Yamunā river]], in [[Vrindavan\|Vṛndāvana]]. The water of the Yamunā for four [[league (unit)\|league]]s all around him boiled and bubbled with poison. No bird or beast could go near, and only one solitary [[Kadamba tree]] grew on the river bank. The celebration of [[Nag Nathaiya (Festival)\|Nāga Nathaiyā]] or Nāga [[Nritya\|Nṛitya]] is associated with the tale of Lord Krishna dancing upon and subduing Kāliya.		'''Kaliya''' ([[IAST]]: Kāliya, [[Devanagari]]: कालिय), in [[Hinduism\|Hindu traditions]], was a venomous [[Nāga]] living in the [[Yamuna\|Yamunā river]], in [[Vrindavan\|Vṛndāvana]]. The water of the Yamunā for four [[league (unit)\|league]]s all around him boiled and bubbled with poison. No bird or beast could go near, and only one solitary [[Kadamba tree]] grew on the river bank. The celebration of [[Nag Nathaiya (Festival)\|Nāga Nathaiyā]] or Nāga [[Nritya\|Nṛitya]] is associated with the tale of Lord Krishna dancing upon and subduing Kāliya.

	==Story==		==Story==
	The story of [[Krishna]] and Kāliya is told in the sixteenth chapter of the Tenth Canto of the [[Bhagavata Purana]].		The story of [[Krishna]] and Kāliya is told in the sixteenth chapter of the Tenth Canto of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.

	The proper home of Kāliya was the island of [[Ramaṇaka]], but he had been driven away from there in fear of [[Garuḍa]], the foe of all serpents. Garuḍa had been cursed by the [[yogi]] [[Saubhari]] dwelling at Vrindavan so that he could not come to Vrindavan without meeting his death. Therefore, Kāliya chose Vrindavan as his residence, knowing it was the only place where Garuḍa could not come.		The proper home of Kāliya was the island of Ramaṇaka, but he had been driven away from there in fear of [[Garuḍa]], the foe of all serpents. Garuḍa had been cursed by the [[yogi]] Saubhari dwelling at Vrindavan so that he could not come to Vrindavan without meeting his death. Therefore, Kāliya chose Vrindavan as his residence, knowing it was the only place where Garuḍa could not come.

	Once, the sage [[Durvasa\|Durvasā]] came as a guest and was served by [[Radha\|Rādhā]]. After this episode, Rādhā took a walk across the river Yamunā and became terrified upon seeing the giant serpent. She fled to Vrindavan where she informed the people that she had seen a giant serpent in a river. Lord Krishna was very angry upon hearing this and wanted to teach a lesson to Kāliya as he had troubled his Rādhā. He went to the river Yamunā searching for Kāliya, who upon seeing Krishna, coiled around Krishna's legs and constricted him.		Once, the sage [[Durvasa\|Durvasā]] came as a guest and was served by [[Radha\|Rādhā]]. After this episode, [[Radha\|Rādhā]] took a walk across the river Yamunā and became terrified upon seeing the giant serpent. She fled to Vrindavan where she informed the people that she had seen a giant serpent in a river. Lord Krishna was very angry upon hearing this and wanted to teach a lesson to Kāliya as he had troubled his Rādhā. He went to the river Yamunā searching for Kāliya, who upon seeing Krishna, coiled around Krishna's legs and constricted him.

	The [[Gokul]] people came to see that Krishna was in the river. [[Yashoda\|Yaśodā]] was afraid of the snake and ordered Krishna to return at once. Meanwhile, Kāliya attempted to escape, but Krishna stomped on his tail and warned him to not trouble anyone again before returning to the people. The next day, Krishna was playing a ball game across the Yamuna with Rādha and friends. After the ball fell into the Yamunā, Rādhā tried to retrieve it, but Krishna stopped her and offered to do so. When he went into the Yamunā, Kāliya constricted him and pulled him into the Yamunā.		The [[Gokul]] people came to see that Krishna was in the river. [[Yashoda\|Yaśodā]] was afraid of the snake and ordered Krishna to return at once. Meanwhile, Kāliya attempted to escape, but Krishna stomped on his tail and warned him to not trouble anyone again before returning to the people. The next day, Krishna was playing a ball game across the Yamuna with Rādha and friends. After the ball fell into the Yamunā, Rādhā tried to retrieve it, but Krishna stopped her and offered to do so. When he went into the Yamunā, Kāliya constricted him and pulled him into the Yamunā.
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	[[File:Kaliya Daman.png\|left\|thumb\|Kāliya Daman, {{circa}} 1880.]]		[[File:Kaliya Daman.png\|left\|thumb\|Kāliya Daman, {{circa}} 1880.]]

	Krishna suddenly sprang onto Kāliya's head and assumed the weight of the whole universe, beating him with his feet. Kāliya started vomiting blood and slowly began to die. But then Kāliya''<nowiki/>'s'' wives came and prayed to Krishna with joined palms, worshiping him and praying for mercy for their husband. Kāliya recognized the greatness of Krishna and surrendered, promising he would not harass anybody again. Krishna pardoned him after performing a final dance upon his head. After the performance, Krishna asked Kāliya to leave the river and go to Ramaṇaka island, where he promised that Kāliya would not be troubled by Garuḍa.		Krishna suddenly sprang onto Kāliya's head and assumed the weight of the whole universe, beating him with his feet. Kāliya started vomiting blood and slowly began to die. But then Kāliya''<nowiki/>'s'' wives came and prayed to Krishna with joined palms, worshiping him and praying for mercy for their husband. Kāliya recognized the greatness of Krishna and surrendered, promising he would not harass anybody again. Krishna pardoned him after performing a final dance upon his head. After the performance, Krishna asked Kāliya to leave the river and return to Ramaṇaka island, where he promised that Kāliya would not be troubled by Garuḍa.

	The people who had gathered on the banks of Yamunā were terrified, beholding the water that had changed to a poison colour. Krishna slowly rose up from the bottom of the river while dancing on Kāliya's head. When the people saw Krishna, everyone was happy and they danced ecstatically upon Kāliya. At last, Kāliya was pushed into [[Patala\|Pātāla]] where he is said to reside to this day.		The people who had gathered on the banks of Yamunā were terrified, beholding the water that had changed to a poison colour. Krishna slowly rose up from the bottom of the river while dancing on Kāliya's head. When the people saw Krishna, everyone was happy and they danced ecstatically upon Kāliya. At last, Kāliya was pushed into [[Patala\|Pātāla]] where he is said to reside to this day.

>Virsimha28 at 15:31, 2 May 2021

2021-05-02T15:31:08Z

New page

{{short description|Serpent in the ancient Hindu text Bhagavata Purana}}
{{more citations|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| god_of =
| image = Indischer Maler um 1640 001.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Krishna dancing over the subdued Kāliya and his wives asking Krishna for his mercy. From a Bhagavata Purana manuscript, {{circa|1640}}.
| Devanagari = कालिय
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kāliya
| affiliation = [[Nāgas]]
| festivals = [[Nag Nathaiya|Nāga Nathaiyā]]
| parents = [[Kashyapa]] (father)<br/>[[Kadru|Kadrū]] (mother)
| siblings = [[Shesha|Śeṣa]], [[Vasuki|Vāsuki]], etc.
| children =
| texts = ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'', ''[[Harivamsa|Harivaṃśa Purāṇa]]'', ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]''
| gender = Male
| spouse = Suraśa<ref> Brahmavaivarta Purana Sri-Krishna Janma Khanda (Fourth Canto) Chapter 19. Verse 15-17, English translation by Shantilal Nagar Parimal Publications Book 2 Page 159 Link: https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-all-four-kandas-english-translation</ref>
|type=hindu}}

'''Kaliya''' ([[IAST]]:Kāliya, [[Devanagari]]: कालिय), in [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], was a venomous [[Nāga]] living in the [[Yamuna|Yamunā river]], in [[Vrindavan|Vṛndāvana]]. The water of the Yamunā for four [[league (unit)|league]]s all around him boiled and bubbled with poison. No bird or beast could go near, and only one solitary [[Kadamba tree]] grew on the river bank. The celebration of [[Nag Nathaiya (Festival)|Nāga Nathaiyā]] or Nāga [[Nritya|Nṛitya]] is associated with the tale of Lord Krishna dancing upon and subduing Kāliya.

==Story==
The story of [[Krishna]] and Kāliya is told in the sixteenth chapter of the Tenth Canto of the [[Bhagavata Purana]].

The proper home of Kāliya was the island of [[Ramaṇaka]], but he had been driven away from there in fear of [[Garuḍa]], the foe of all serpents. Garuḍa had been cursed by the [[yogi]] [[Saubhari]] dwelling at Vrindavan so that he could not come to Vrindavan without meeting his death. Therefore, Kāliya chose Vrindavan as his residence, knowing it was the only place where Garuḍa could not come.

Once, the sage [[Durvasa|Durvasā]] came as a guest and was served by [[Radha|Rādhā]]. After this episode, Rādhā took a walk across the river Yamunā and became terrified upon seeing the giant serpent. She fled to Vrindavan where she informed the people that she had seen a giant serpent in a river. Lord Krishna was very angry upon hearing this and wanted to teach a lesson to Kāliya as he had troubled his Rādhā. He went to the river Yamunā searching for Kāliya, who upon seeing Krishna, coiled around Krishna's legs and constricted him.

The [[Gokul]] people came to see that Krishna was in the river. [[Yashoda|Yaśodā]] was afraid of the snake and ordered Krishna to return at once. Meanwhile, Kāliya attempted to escape, but Krishna stomped on his tail and warned him to not trouble anyone again before returning to the people. The next day, Krishna was playing a ball game across the Yamuna with Rādha and friends. After the ball fell into the Yamunā, Rādhā tried to retrieve it, but Krishna stopped her and offered to do so. When he went into the Yamunā, Kāliya constricted him and pulled him into the Yamunā.

The Gokul people heard the commotion and all the people of Nandagokula were concerned and came running towards the bank of the Yamunā. They heard that Krishna had jumped into the river where the dangerous Kāliya was staying. At the bottom of the river, Kāliya had ensnared Krishna in his coils. Krishna expanded himself, forcing Kāliya to release him. Krishna immediately regained his original form and began to jump on all of Kāliya's heads so as to release the poison in the snake so that he could no longer pollute the Yamunā.

[[File:Kaliya Daman.png|left|thumb|Kāliya Daman, {{circa}} 1880.]]

Krishna suddenly sprang onto Kāliya's head and assumed the weight of the whole universe, beating him with his feet. Kāliya started vomiting blood and slowly began to die. But then Kāliya''<nowiki/>'s'' wives came and prayed to Krishna with joined palms, worshiping him and praying for mercy for their husband. Kāliya recognized the greatness of Krishna and surrendered, promising he would not harass anybody again. Krishna pardoned him after performing a final dance upon his head. After the performance, Krishna asked Kāliya to leave the river and go to Ramaṇaka island, where he promised that Kāliya would not be troubled by Garuḍa.

The people who had gathered on the banks of Yamunā were terrified, beholding the water that had changed to a poison colour. Krishna slowly rose up from the bottom of the river while dancing on Kāliya's head. When the people saw Krishna, everyone was happy and they danced ecstatically upon Kāliya. At last, Kāliya was pushed into [[Patala|Pātāla]] where he is said to reside to this day.

This event is often referred to as the ''Kāliya Nāga Mardan''.

==Fiji connection==
According to the legend, Krishna banished Kaliya to the ''Ramanik Deep'', which the [[Indo-Fijians|Fiji Indians]] believe to be in [[Fiji]]. Moreover, native Fijians also believed in a [[Snake worship|serpent-god]] called ''Dengei''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanley |first1=David |title=Finding Fiji |date=1985 |publisher=David Stanley |isbn=978-0-918373-03-8 |pages=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mUXRccHG8MC&pg=PA80&dq=kaliya+fiji#q=kaliya%20fiji |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Naga Kingdom]]
*[[Naga (clan)|Naga]]
*[[Snake worship]]

==References==
<references />
* [[Sister Nivedita]] & Ananda K.Coomaraswamy: Myths and Legends of the Hindus and Buddhists, Kolkata, 2001 {{ISBN|81-7505-197-3}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kaliya}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121112235722/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/10/16/en Bhagavata Purana, Canto Ten, Chapter 16] The account of Krishna and Kaliya, as told in the ''Bhagavata Purana.'' (Full Sanskrit text online, with translation and commentary.)
*[http://www.astrologicalmagazine.com/March-2017-issue-astrology-magazine/The-Importance-of-Kaaleeya-Mardanam-Lord-Krishna-Fight-with-the-Poisonous-Serpent.pdf The Importance of Kaaleya Mardan] - A comparative view of the knowledge of solar physics and biology among the modern scientists, among the ancient civilized nations, and among the early Sanskrit writers.
*[https://www.bharatiyayojana.in/2019/01/kalia-scheme-odisha-registration-2019.html Kalia Scheme Odisha 2019 ] New Kalia Scheme For Odisha Farmers 2019

{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaliya}}
[[Category: Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category: Nāgas]]
[[Category: Krishna]]