Kalika Purana - Revision history

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	{{Hindu scriptures}}		{{Hindu scriptures}}
	~~__NOTOC__~~		The '''Kalika Purana''' ({{lang-sa\|Kālikā Purāṇa}}), also called the '''Kali Purana''', '''Sati Purana''' or '''Kalika Tantra''', is one of the eighteen minor [[Purana]]s (''[[Upapurana]]'') in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]].{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}}{{sfnp\|Dalal\|2010\|p=187}}{{sfnp\|Hazra\|2003\|p=280}} The text was likely composed in the [[Assam]] region of India and is attributed to the sage [[Markandeya]]. It exists in many versions, variously organized in 90 to 93 chapters. The surviving versions of the text are unusual in that they start abruptly and follow a format not found in either the major or minor [[Purana]]-genre mythical texts of Hinduism.{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}}
	The '''Kalika Purana''' ({{lang-sa\|Kālikā Purāṇa}}), also called the '''Kali Purana''', '''Sati Purana''' or '''Kalika Tantra''', is one of the eighteen minor [[Purana]]s (''[[Upapurana]]'') in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]].~~<ref name="Rocher1986p179">~~{{~~cite book~~\|~~author=Ludo~~ Rocher\|~~title=The Purāṇas\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC \|year=~~1986\|~~publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag\|isbn~~=~~978-3-447-02522~~-~~5\|pages=179–183~~}}~~</ref><ref name="Dalal2010p187">~~{{~~cite book~~\|~~author=Roshen~~ Dalal\|~~title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide~~\|~~url~~=~~https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC~~ \|~~year=2010\|publisher=Penguin Books~~\|~~isbn=978-0-14-341421-6~~\|~~page~~=~~187~~}}~~</ref><ref name=Hazra/>~~ The text was likely composed in the [[Assam]] region of India. It exists in many versions, variously organized in 90 to 93 chapters. The surviving versions of the text are unusual in that they start abruptly and follow a format not found in either the major or minor [[Purana]]-genre mythical texts of Hinduism.~~<ref name~~=~~"Rocher1986p179"/>~~

	This text ~~in attributed to sage Markendeya, and~~ starts off with the legends of [[Devi]] trying to bring [[Shiva]] back from ascetic life into householder's life by making him fall in love again.~~<ref name~~=~~"Rocher1986p179"/>~~ According to [[Ludo Rocher]], ~~Markendeya~~ describes how Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu are "one and the same" and that all goddesses (Sati, Parvati, Menaka, Kali and others) are manifestation of the same feminine energy.~~<ref name~~=~~"Rocher1986p179"/><ref name~~=~~"Dalal2010p187"/>~~ It glorifies the goddess ''[[Kamakhya]]'', or ''Kamakshi'' and details the ritual procedures required for worshiping her. It also describes in detail the rivers and mountains at ''[[Kamarupa]]'' ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)\|tirtha]]'' and mentions the Brahmaputra River and the [[Kamakhya Temple]].~~<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/><ref name="dowson">~~{{~~cite book~~ \|~~last=Dowson~~ \|~~first~~=~~John~~ \|~~title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History~~ \|~~publisher=Rupa & Co.~~ \|~~page~~=143 ~~\|location=Calcutta \|orig-year=1879 \|year=1984~~}}~~</ref>~~		== Content ==
			This text starts off with the legends of [[Devi]] trying to bring [[Shiva]] back from ascetic life into householder's life by making him fall in love again.{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}} According to [[Ludo Rocher]], [[Markandeya]] describes how Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu are "one and the same" and that all goddesses (Sati, Parvati, Menaka, Kali and others) are manifestation of the same feminine energy.{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}}{{sfnp\|Dalal\|2010\|p=187}} It glorifies the goddess ''[[Kamakhya]]'', or ''Kamakshi'', and details the ritual procedures required for worshiping her. It also describes in detail the rivers and mountains at ''[[Kamarupa]]'' ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)\|tirtha]]'' and mentions the Brahmaputra River and the [[Kamakhya Temple]].{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}}{{sfnp\|Dowson\|1984\|p=143}}

	Chapters 67 through 78 of the text constitute the ''Rudhiradhyaya'' which discusses ''bali'' (animal sacrifice) and of Vamacara [[Tantrism]].~~<ref name~~=~~"Rocher1986p179"/>~~ The ''Rudhiradhyaya'' section is notable for its uncommon discussion of human sacrifice. The text states that a human sacrifice may be performed to please the goddess, but only with the consent of prince before a war or cases of imminent danger. The text also states that anyone who is physically handicapped, related to a Brahmin, or "is not willing to die" through the sacrifice is unfit for the ritual. The text describes the rituals associated with a ''bali'', or a rice-paste substitute for enemies prior to a war, but does not describe how the sacrifice was actually done.~~<ref name="Lawrence1976p232">~~{{~~cite book~~\|~~author=Bruce B.~~ Lawrence\|~~title=Shahrastani on the Indian Religions\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUgAAAAQBAJ \|year=~~1976\|~~publisher~~=~~Walter de Gruyter\|isbn=978~~-~~3-11-080099-9~~\|~~pages~~=~~232–234~~ with footnotes}}~~</ref>~~		=== Rudhiradhyaya ===
			Chapters 67 through 78 of the text constitute the ''Rudhiradhyaya'' which discusses ''bali'' (animal sacrifice) and of Vamacara [[Tantrism]].{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}} The ''Rudhiradhyaya'' section is notable for its uncommon discussion of human sacrifice. The text states that a human sacrifice may be performed to please the goddess, but only with the consent of prince before a war or cases of imminent danger. The text also states that anyone who is physically handicapped, related to a Brahmin, or "is not willing to die" through the sacrifice is unfit for the ritual. The text describes the rituals associated with a ''bali'', or a rice-paste substitute for enemies prior to a war, but does not describe how the sacrifice was actually done.{{sfnp\|Lawrence\|1976\|pp=232-234\|ps=, with footnotes}}

	The work belongs to the goddess-oriented ''[[Shaktism\|Shakta]]'' branch of [[Hinduism]]. Most probably it was composed in or near medieval ''Kamarupa'' (modern [[Assam]]). It is a late work, states Hazra, by ''Nibandha'' writers regarding ''[[Shakti]]'' worship.~~<ref name=~~Hazra~~>Hazra, R.C. (1962, reprint~~ 2003~~). "The Upapuranas" in S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) ''The Cultural Heritage of India'', Vol.II, Kolkata: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, {{ISBN~~\|~~81-85843-03-1~~}}~~, p.280</ref>~~ It is also one of the rare Hindu texts that actually mentions the word "Hindu".		== History ==
			The work belongs to the goddess-oriented ''[[Shaktism\|Shakta]]'' branch of [[Hinduism]]. Most probably it was composed in or near medieval ''Kamarupa'' (modern [[Assam]]). It is a late work, states Hazra, by ''Nibandha'' writers regarding ''[[Shakti]]'' worship.{{sfnp\|Hazra\|2003\|p=280}} It is also one of the rare Hindu texts that actually mentions the word "Hindu".

	==Date==		=== Date ===
	According to Hazra, there existed a text that was older than the extant one, and that the origin of that text was Bengal.~~<ref name~~=~~Hazra />~~ This is denied by Shastri, who claims that the evidence provided by Hazra for an earlier text can be explained by other means, without invoking an older text.~~<ref>~~{{~~harv~~\|Shastri\|1994\|p=~~xxiii~~}}~~</ref>~~ According to Shastri, the local descriptions; the exposition of the myth of [[Naraka]] from who all the dynasties of [[Kamarupa]] drew their lineage; the description of the myth of Brahmaputra river; and the claim in the text that Kamarupa was holier than even Varanasi points to the text having been composed in Kamarupa.~~<ref>~~{{~~harv~~\|Shastri\|1994\|p=~~xxiv~~}}~~</ref>~~		According to Hazra, there existed a text that was older than the extant one, and that the origin of that text was Bengal.{{sfnp\|Hazra\|2003\|p=280}} This is denied by Shastri, who claims that the evidence provided by Hazra for an earlier text can be explained by other means, without invoking an older text.{{sfnp\|Shastri\|1994\|p=23}} According to Shastri, the local descriptions; the exposition of the myth of [[Naraka]] from who all the dynasties of [[Kamarupa]] drew their lineage; the description of the myth of Brahmaputra river; and the claim in the text that Kamarupa was holier than even Varanasi points to the text having been composed in Kamarupa.{{sfnp\|Shastri\|1994\|p=24}}

	References to [[Kālidāsa]] and [[Magha (poet)\|Magha]] suggests that it is not one of the early Puranas.~~<ref>~~{{~~harv~~\|Shastri\|1994\|p=~~xxiv~~}}~~</ref>~~ The mention of places and events associated with [[Ratna Pala]] (920-960) of Kamrupa region places the text to after the 10th-century.~~<ref>~~{{~~harv~~\|Shastri\|1994\|p=~~xxv~~}}~~</ref>~~ The explanation in the text for the ''Mlechchha'' population, and the indication of a parallel explanation in Harjaravarman's (815-832) Hyunthal copper plate inscription places the text closer to his reign.~~<ref>~~{{~~harv~~\|Shastri\|1994\|p=~~xxv~~}}~~</ref>~~ According to Rocher, the mention of king Dharmapala of Kamarupa has led to proposals of Kalika Purana being an 11th or 12th-century text. However, estimates for different sections of the text range from 7th to end of 11th-century.~~<ref name~~=~~"Rocher1986p179"/>~~		References to [[Kālidāsa]] and [[Magha (poet)\|Magha]] suggests that it is not one of the early Puranas.{{sfnp\|Shastri\|1994\|p=24}} The mention of places and events associated with [[Ratna Pala]] (920-960) of Kamrupa region places the text to after the 10th-century.{{sfnp\|Shastri\|1994\|p=25}} The explanation in the text for the ''Mlechchha'' population, and the indication of a parallel explanation in Harjaravarman's (815-832) Hyunthal copper plate inscription places the text closer to his reign.{{sfnp\|Shastri\|1994\|p=25}} According to Rocher, the mention of king Dharmapala of Kamarupa has led to proposals of Kalika Purana being an 11th or 12th-century text. However, estimates for different sections of the text range from 7th to end of 11th-century.{{sfnp\|Rocher\|1986\|pp=179-183}}

	==Printed editions==		=== Printed editions ===
	The earliest printed edition of this text was published by the Venkateshvara Press, Bombay in 1829 [[Saka Era]] (1907 CE), followed by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1316 [[Bangabda]] (1909 CE).		The earliest printed edition of this text was published by the Venkateshvara Press, Bombay in 1829 [[Saka Era]] (1907 CE), followed by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1316 [[Bangabda]] (1909 CE).

	==~~Notes~~==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|15em}}

	==~~References~~==		== Bibliography ==
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin\|2}}
	*{{cite book\| last = Shastri\| ~~first~~ = Biswanarayan\| title = Kalikapurane Murtivinirdesah\| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publications		* {{cite book \|last1=Dalal \|first1=Roshen \|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC \|year=2010 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
	\| year = ~~1994~~}}		* {{cite book \|last1=Dowson \|first1=John \|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History \|publisher=Rupa & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|orig-year=1879 \|year=1984}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Hazra \|first1=R.C. \|orig-year=1962 \|year=2003 \|contribution=The Upapuranas \|editor1-last=Radhakrishnan \|editor1-first=S. \|title=The Cultural Heritage of India \|volume=2 \|location=Kolkata \|publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture \|ISBN=81-85843-03-1}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Lawrence \|first1=Bruce B. \|title=Shahrastani on the Indian Religions \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUgAAAAQBAJ \|year=1976 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-080099-9}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Shastri \|first1=Biswanarayan \|title=Kalikapurane Murtivinirdesah \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications \|year=1994}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Rocher \|first1=Ludo \|title=The Purāṇas \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC \|year=1986 \|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag \|isbn=978-3-447-02522-5}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

	==External links==		== External links ==
	*[http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/puranas.htm Contents of 18 Puranas and a list of Upapuranas (lesser Puranas)]		*[http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/puranas.htm Contents of 18 Puranas and a list of Upapuranas (lesser Puranas)]

	{{Puranas}}		{{Puranas}}

	~~[[Category:Hindu texts]]~~
	[[Category:Puranas]]		[[Category:Puranas]]
			[[Category:Shaktism]]
			[[Category:Animal sacrifice]]
			[[Category:Human sacrifice]]

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{{Hindu scriptures}}
__NOTOC__
The '''Kalika Purana''' ({{lang-sa|Kālikā Purāṇa}}), also called the '''Kali Purana''', '''Sati Purana''' or '''Kalika Tantra''', is one of the eighteen minor [[Purana]]s (''[[Upapurana]]'') in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Rocher1986p179">{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|title=The Purāṇas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC |year=1986|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02522-5|pages=179–183}}</ref><ref name="Dalal2010p187">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=187}}</ref><ref name=Hazra/> The text was likely composed in the [[Assam]] region of India. It exists in many versions, variously organized in 90 to 93 chapters. The surviving versions of the text are unusual in that they start abruptly and follow a format not found in either the major or minor [[Purana]]-genre mythical texts of Hinduism.<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/>

This text in attributed to sage Markendeya, and starts off with the legends of [[Devi]] trying to bring [[Shiva]] back from ascetic life into householder's life by making him fall in love again.<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/> According to [[Ludo Rocher]], Markendeya describes how Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu are "one and the same" and that all goddesses (Sati, Parvati, Menaka, Kali and others) are manifestation of the same feminine energy.<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/><ref name="Dalal2010p187"/> It glorifies the goddess ''[[Kamakhya]]'', or ''Kamakshi'' and details the ritual procedures required for worshiping her. It also describes in detail the rivers and mountains at ''[[Kamarupa]]'' ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]'' and mentions the Brahmaputra River and the [[Kamakhya Temple]].<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/><ref name="dowson">{{cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History |publisher=Rupa & Co. |page=143 |location=Calcutta |orig-year=1879 |year=1984}}</ref>

Chapters 67 through 78 of the text constitute the ''Rudhiradhyaya'' which discusses ''bali'' (animal sacrifice) and of Vamacara [[Tantrism]].<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/> The ''Rudhiradhyaya'' section is notable for its uncommon discussion of human sacrifice. The text states that a human sacrifice may be performed to please the goddess, but only with the consent of prince before a war or cases of imminent danger. The text also states that anyone who is physically handicapped, related to a Brahmin, or "is not willing to die" through the sacrifice is unfit for the ritual. The text describes the rituals associated with a ''bali'', or a rice-paste substitute for enemies prior to a war, but does not describe how the sacrifice was actually done.<ref name="Lawrence1976p232">{{cite book|author=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Shahrastani on the Indian Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUgAAAAQBAJ |year=1976|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-080099-9|pages=232–234 with footnotes}}</ref>

The work belongs to the goddess-oriented ''[[Shaktism|Shakta]]'' branch of [[Hinduism]]. Most probably it was composed in or near medieval ''Kamarupa'' (modern [[Assam]]). It is a late work, states Hazra, by ''Nibandha'' writers regarding ''[[Shakti]]'' worship.<ref name=Hazra>Hazra, R.C. (1962, reprint 2003). "The Upapuranas" in S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) ''The Cultural Heritage of India'', Vol.II, Kolkata: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, {{ISBN|81-85843-03-1}}, p.280</ref> It is also one of the rare Hindu texts that actually mentions the word "Hindu".

==Date==
According to Hazra, there existed a text that was older than the extant one, and that the origin of that text was Bengal.<ref name=Hazra /> This is denied by Shastri, who claims that the evidence provided by Hazra for an earlier text can be explained by other means, without invoking an older text.<ref>{{harv|Shastri|1994|p=xxiii}}</ref> According to Shastri, the local descriptions; the exposition of the myth of [[Naraka]] from who all the dynasties of [[Kamarupa]] drew their lineage; the description of the myth of Brahmaputra river; and the claim in the text that Kamarupa was holier than even Varanasi points to the text having been composed in Kamarupa.<ref>{{harv|Shastri|1994|p=xxiv}}</ref>

References to [[Kālidāsa]] and [[Magha (poet)|Magha]] suggests that it is not one of the early Puranas.<ref>{{harv|Shastri|1994|p=xxiv}}</ref> The mention of places and events associated with [[Ratna Pala]] (920-960) of Kamrupa region places the text to after the 10th-century.<ref>{{harv|Shastri|1994|p=xxv}}</ref> The explanation in the text for the ''Mlechchha'' population, and the indication of a parallel explanation in Harjaravarman's (815-832) Hyunthal copper plate inscription places the text closer to his reign.<ref>{{harv|Shastri|1994|p=xxv}}</ref> According to Rocher, the mention of king Dharmapala of Kamarupa has led to proposals of Kalika Purana being an 11th or 12th-century text. However, estimates for different sections of the text range from 7th to end of 11th-century.<ref name="Rocher1986p179"/>

==Printed editions==
The earliest printed edition of this text was published by the Venkateshvara Press, Bombay in 1829 [[Saka Era]] (1907 CE), followed by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1316 [[Bangabda]] (1909 CE).

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| last = Shastri| first = Biswanarayan| title = Kalikapurane Murtivinirdesah| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publications
| year = 1994}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/puranas.htm Contents of 18 Puranas and a list of Upapuranas (lesser Puranas)]

{{Puranas}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Puranas]]