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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kaladan
| name_native = {{my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}
| name_native_lang =
| name_other = Chhimtuipui, Kysapnadi, Beino, Bawinu, Bawinung(Boinung)
| name_etymology =

| image = Kit SaPa Nadi River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of the river at [[Kyauktaw]].
| map = India_-_Bengal_area_1950s_(8165904945).jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Regional map of India and Bengal in the 1950s. The Kaladan is visible at the bottom-right.
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Myanmar]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chin State]], [[Rakhine State]], [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|3468|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = west flank of Mount [[Zinghmuh]]
| source1_location = [[Chin Hills]], [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|2564|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Sittwe]]
| mouth_location = [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Myanmar]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|06|00|N|92|54|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left = Twe River, Mi River, Kalabon River, Kyegu River
| tributaries_right = Chal River, [[Tio River]], Tuichang, Mat River, Kawrthingdeng River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kaladan River''' ({{lang-my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}, {{IPA-my|kəládàɰ̃ mjɪʔ|pron}}; also '''Kysapnadi, Beino''', '''Bawinu''' and '''Kolodyne''') is a [[river]] in eastern [[Mizoram|Mizoram State]] of [[India]], and in [[Chin State]] and [[Rakhine State]] of western [[Myanmar]].<ref name=chit1/> The Kaladan River is called the [[Chhimtuipui River]] in India.<ref name=chit4>[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction[, The Statesman.</ref> It forms the international border between India and Burma between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the [[Tiau River]], joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.<ref name=chit1>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-7.jpg NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing April 1958</ref>

==History==
Kaladan was an entry point to Mizoram from the seaport of [[Sittwe]] in 1904. Kaladan is [[Mizoram]]'s largest river and it flows through its southeastern region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=153}}</ref>

==Geography==
The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, 22° 49′ 28″ N 93° 31′ 57" E, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.

At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.<ref name="Chittagong">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-46-06a.jpg NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1955, first printing March 1960</ref> The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E,<ref name="Chittagong"/> just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-10.jpg "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing March 1960</ref> At [[Ngame, Burma|Ngame]] the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to [[Sittwe]] where it enters the [[Bay of Bengal]].

==Development==
At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world that is completely unfragmented by [[dam]]s anywhere in its [[catchment]], behind only the [[Fly River|Fly]], [[Mamberamo River|Mamberamo]] and [[Sepik River|Sepik]] in [[New Guinea]] and the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World’s Large River Systems |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202803/http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, ''[[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]'' that will facilitate trade between the two nations.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/20/stories/2004032000840400.htm The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon']</ref> The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater [[Sittwe Port]] at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan River to enable cargo vessels to [[navigability|navigate the river]] from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at [[Paletwa]], as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.<ref name=ibn-portstarts>{{cite news|url=http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|title=Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts|publisher=Indo-Burma News|date=2010-12-01|access-date=2011-10-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020702/http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> India undertook the development of the 158 km river boat route from [[Sittwe]] seaport to the Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydropower project at [[Paletwa]] jetty via the Kaladan River in [[Myanmar]].<ref name=biz1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar], Business Line, 9 June 2017.</ref><ref name=mand3/> River dredging and a jetty upgrade were completed in June 2017.<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand3>[https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties]</ref> There is at least one [[Lock (water navigation)|river lock]] for navigation.<ref name=lock1>[http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar].</ref> The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2020.{{update inline|date=January 2021}}

Development of the river is also being negotiated with the [[Shwe Gas Project]] for economic enhancement <ref>[http://www.shwe.org/photos/about-shwe{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Shwe Project —] [[Shwe Gas Movement]]<span> [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma</span>]<span></span>{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]
* [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Arunachal Border Highway]]
* [[Asian Highway Network]]
* [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf "Boinu Hydroelectric Project (640 MW)"], Ministry of Power, Government of India
* [http://www.kaladan.com Kaladan.com - news covering Indo-Myanmar Kaladan project]
{{Clear}}
{{Hydrography of Mizoram}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}
{{Rakhine State|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Kaladan River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mizoram]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar border]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Rakhine State]]
[[Category:Sittwe]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]

Kaladan River - Revision history

ZPWClaudio: add layout for consistency to improve readability

>M Imtiaz: add map