Jugantar - Revision history

User987delhi: correct section further and cleaned formatting

2026-03-31T00:52:29Z

correct section further and cleaned formatting

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:22, 31 March 2026
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	==Failure of the German plot==		==Failure of the German plot==
	On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.		On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.
	The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people\|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Voska \|first1=Emanual Victor \|author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska \|last2=Irwin \|first2=Will \|author2-link=Will Irwin \|year=1940 \|title=Spy and Counterspy \|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. \|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Masaryk \|first1=Thomas Garrigue \|author-link=Tomáš Masaryk \|year=1969 \|orig-year=First published 1927 \|title=The Making of a State \|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa \|publisher=Howard Fertig \|page=242}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.		The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people\|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Voska \|first1=Emanual Victor \|author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska \|last2=Irwin \|first2=Will \|author2-link=Will Irwin \|year=1940 \|title=Spy and Counterspy \|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. \|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Masaryk \|first1=Thomas Garrigue \|author-link=Tomáš Masaryk \|year=1969 \|orig-year=First published 1927 \|title=The Making of a State \|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa \|publisher=Howard Fertig \|page=242}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali District\|Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.
	The police learned that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore awaiting a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.		The police learned that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore awaiting a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.

FernBenes17766: updated information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per sources

2026-03-25T14:40:28Z

updated information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per sources

Show changes

Bot at 02:55, 30 September 2022

2022-09-30T02:55:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:25, 30 September 2022
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	{{Short description\|Secret revolutionary group operating in Bengal for Indian independence}}		{{Short description\|Secret revolutionary group operating in Bengal for Indian independence}}
	{{About\|the political party\|the newspaper\|Jugantar Patrika}}		{{About\|the political party\|the newspaper\|Jugantar Patrika}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=June ~~2020~~}}		{{More citations needed\|date=June 2022}}

	{{Anushilan Samiti}}		{{Anushilan Samiti}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=September ~~2016~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September ~~2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2022}}
	'''Jugantar''' or '''Yugantar''' ({{lang-bn\|যুগান্তর}} ''Jugantor''; [[Literal translation\|lit.]] ''New Era'' or ''Transition of an Epoch'') was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in [[Bengal]] for [[Indian independence movement\|Indian independence]]. This association, like [[Anushilan Samiti]], started in the guise of suburban fitness club. Several Jugantar members were arrested, hanged, or deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands\|Andaman]] and many of them joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] in the [[Cellular Jail]].		'''Jugantar''' or '''Yugantar''' ({{lang-bn\|যুগান্তর}} ''Jugantor''; [[Literal translation\|lit.]] ''New Era'' or ''Transition of an Epoch'') was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in [[Bengal]] for [[Indian independence movement\|Indian independence]]. This association, like [[Anushilan Samiti]], started in the guise of suburban fitness club. Several Jugantar members were arrested, hanged, or deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands\|Andaman]] and many of them joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] in the [[Cellular Jail]].

	==Notable members==		==Notable members==
	<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English ~~Wikipedia~~ ♦♦♦--->		<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦--->
	<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->		<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
	* [[Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya]] (1882-1962)		* [[Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya]] (1882-1962)
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	* [[Satyendranath Bosu]] (1882-1908)		* [[Satyendranath Bosu]] (1882-1908)
	* [[Prafulla Chaki]]		* [[Prafulla Chaki]]
	* [[Ambika Chakrobarty]] (1891-1962)		* [[Ambika Chakrobarty]] (1891-1962)
	* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880-1957)		* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880-1957)
	* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884-1958)		* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884-1958)
	* [[Tarakeswar Dastidar]]		* [[Tarakeswar Dastidar]]
	* [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] (1894-1979)		* [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] (1894-1979)
	* [[Kanailal Dutta]] (1888-1908)		* [[Kanailal Dutta]] (1888-1908)
	* [[Ullaskar Dutta]]		* [[Ullaskar Dutta]]
	* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887-1954)		* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887-1954)
	* [[Santi Ghose]] (1916-1989)		* [[Santi Ghose]] (1916-1989)
	* [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]] alias Madhu Ghosh (1893-1976)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ghosh \|first1=Pansy Chhaya \|year=1973 \|chapter=Ghosh, Surendra Mohan (1893-) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=II \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=63–64 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref>		* [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]] alias Madhu Ghosh (1893-1976)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ghosh \|first1=Pansy Chhaya \|year=1973 \|chapter=Ghosh, Surendra Mohan (1893-) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=II \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=63–64 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref>
	* [[Barin Ghosh]]		* [[Barin Ghosh]]
	* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )		* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )
	* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)		* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)
	* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] (1879-1915)		* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] (1879-1915)
	* [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (1915–1974)		* [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (1915–1974)
Line 60:		Line 60:
	On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.		On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.
	The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people\|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Voska \|first1=Emanual Victor \|author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska \|last2=Irwin \|first2=Will \|author2-link=Will Irwin \|year=1940 \|title=Spy and Counterspy \|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. \|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Masaryk \|first1=Thomas Garrigue \|author-link=Tomáš Masaryk \|year=1969 \|orig-year=First published 1927 \|title=The Making of a State \|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa \|publisher=Howard Fertig \|page=242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Bose \|first=Arun Coomer \|year=1971 \|title=Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-1922 \|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12671/page/n256/mode/1up \|location=Patna \|publisher=Bharati Bhawan \|pages=232–233}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.		The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people\|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Voska \|first1=Emanual Victor \|author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska \|last2=Irwin \|first2=Will \|author2-link=Will Irwin \|year=1940 \|title=Spy and Counterspy \|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. \|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Masaryk \|first1=Thomas Garrigue \|author-link=Tomáš Masaryk \|year=1969 \|orig-year=First published 1927 \|title=The Making of a State \|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa \|publisher=Howard Fertig \|page=242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Bose \|first=Arun Coomer \|year=1971 \|title=Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-1922 \|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12671/page/n256/mode/1up \|location=Patna \|publisher=Bharati Bhawan \|pages=232–233}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.
	The police ~~came to know~~ that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore ~~waiting for~~ a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.		The police learned that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore awaiting a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.

	==Unification and failure==		==Unification and failure==

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-09T12:55:58Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 9 June 2022
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	* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] (1895-1915)		* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] (1895-1915)
	* [[Khudiram Bose]]		* [[Khudiram Bose]]
	* [[Satyendranath ~~Bose~~]] (1882-1908)		* [[Satyendranath Bosu]] (1882-1908)
	* [[Prafulla Chaki]]		* [[Prafulla Chaki]]
	* [[Ambika Chakrobarty]] (1891-1962)		* [[Ambika Chakrobarty]] (1891-1962)
	* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880-1957)		* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880-1957)
	* [[Jiban Lal Chattopadhyay]] (1889-1970)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ghosh \|first1=D. K. \|year=1972 \|chapter=Chatterji, Jibanlal (1889-1970) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=I \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=274–275 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Chatterjee \|first1=Srilata \|year=2003 \|title=Congress Politics in Bengal 1919-1939 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joFkxloNlLsC&pg=PA121 \|publisher=Anthem Press \|page=121 \|isbn=978-0-85728-757-1}}</ref><!-- Jiban Lal Chattopadhyay, Jibanlal Chatterji, and Jibanlal Chatterjee are three different transliterations of the same name. -->
	* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884-1958)		* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884-1958)
	* [[Tarakeswar Dastidar]]		* [[Tarakeswar Dastidar]]
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	* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )		* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )
	* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)		* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)
	* [[Manoranjan Gupta]] (b. 1890)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ghosh \|first1=Pansy Chhaya \|year=1973 \|chapter=Gupta, Manoranjan (1890-) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=II \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=114–115 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref>		* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] (1879-1915)
	* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] (1879-1915) ~~[[File:Bagha jatin.JPG\|thumb\|right\|100px\|Bagha Jatin]]~~		* [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (1915–1974)
	* [[~~Dinesh Chandra Majumdar~~]] (~~1907-1934~~)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Datta \|first1=Bhupendra Kumar \|year=1974 \|chapter=Majumdar, Dinesh Chandra (1907-1934) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=III \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=20–22 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Nāga \|first1=Nirmalakumāra \|year=2013 \|title=Biplabī Dīneśacandra Majumadara : jībana o sādhanā \|location=Kolkata \|language=bn \|isbn=978-93-82433-08-8}}</ref>
	* [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]]		* [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]]
	* [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]] (1901-1931)		* [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]] (1901-1931)
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	* [[Subodh Chandra Mullick]]		* [[Subodh Chandra Mullick]]
	* [[Surya Sen]]		* [[Surya Sen]]
	* [[Pritilata Waddedar]] (1911-1932~~) [[File:Pritilata-waddedar.jpg\|thumb\|right\|100px\|Pritilata Waddedar]]~~		* [[Pritilata Waddedar]] (1911-1932)

	~~{{Cleanup-list\|section\|date=August 2021}}~~
	* [[Phanibhusan Bakshi]]
	* [[Debabrata Bose]], later [[Swami Paragyananda]]
	* [[Upendra Nath Bandopadhyay]] (1879-1950)
	* [[Chattalesh Chaudhuri]] (1913-1987)<ref>Chaudhuri,Chattalesh https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.86348/2015.86348.Indian-Recorder-1933_djvu.txt</ref>
	* [[Purna Chandra Das]] (1889-1956)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Chakravarty \|first1=Panchanan \|year=1972 \|chapter=Das, Purna (1889-1956) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=I \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=357–358 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref><!-- Although a notable revolutionary, the DNB suggests he was never a member of Jugantar. --><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Chakravortty \|first1=Panchanan \|year=2019 \|title=Biplabi Purna Chandra Das \|location=Kolkata \|isbn=978-93-84566-18-0}}</ref>
	* [[Jyotish Chandra Ghose]] (1887-1970)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Bhattacharyya \|first1=Sukumar \|year=1973 \|chapter=Ghose, Jyotishchandra (1884-1970) \|editor-last=Sen \|editor-first=S. P. \|title=Dictionary of National Biography \|volume=II \|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies \|location=Calcutta \|pages=47–48 \|oclc=58642818}}</ref><!-- DNB supports notability, but not membership in Jugantar. -->
	* [[Roshomoy Majumdar]] (d.1996)
	* [[Prabodh Kumar Ray]] (1908-1996) in Andaman till 1938,Tamrapatra conferred 1972
	* [[Ishwar Shukla]], later [[Jayadutta Shastree]] (1892-1966)

	==The beginning==		==The beginning==
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	==Failure of the German plot==		==Failure of the German plot==
	On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.		On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.
	The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and, internationally, through ~~the~~ [[Czech people\|Czech]] revolutionaries ~~who were in touch with their counterparts~~ in the United States.,<ref>~~''Spy and Counter~~-Spy~~'' by E.V. Voska~~ and W. ~~Irwin, pp98, 108, 120, 122–123, 126–127; [~~https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa ~~''The Making of a State''] by T.G. Masaryk, pp50, 221,~~ 242~~; ''~~Indian Revolutionaries Abroad~~'' by A~~.C. ~~Bose, pp232–233~~</ref> ~~and as~~ soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.		The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people\|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Voska \|first1=Emanual Victor \|author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska \|last2=Irwin \|first2=Will \|author2-link=Will Irwin \|year=1940 \|title=Spy and Counterspy \|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. \|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Masaryk \|first1=Thomas Garrigue \|author-link=Tomáš Masaryk \|year=1969 \|orig-year=First published 1927 \|title=The Making of a State \|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa \|publisher=Howard Fertig \|page=242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Bose \|first=Arun Coomer \|year=1971 \|title=Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-1922 \|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12671/page/n256/mode/1up \|location=Patna \|publisher=Bharati Bhawan \|pages=232–233}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.
	The police came to know that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore waiting for a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested. The German plot thus failed.		The police came to know that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore waiting for a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.

	==Unification and failure==		==Unification and failure==

	Following these major setbacks, and in the new circumstances of the colonial powers practising their divide and rule policy, there was an attempt to unify the revolutionary factions in Bengal. Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were brought close by the joint leadership of [[Narendra Mohan Sen]] of Anushilan, represented by [[Rabindra Mohan Sen]] and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] of Jugantar, represented by [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]]. However, this merger failed to revive the revolutionary activities up to the expected level.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Islam \|first=Sirajul \|year=2012 \|chapter=Revolutionary Terrorism \|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Terrorism \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>		Following these major setbacks, and in the new circumstances of the colonial powers practising their divide and rule policy, there was an attempt to unify the revolutionary factions in Bengal. Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were brought close by the joint leadership of [[Narendra Mohan Sen]] of Anushilan, represented by Rabindra Mohan Sen and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] of Jugantar, represented by [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]]. However, this merger failed to revive the revolutionary activities up to the expected level.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Islam \|first=Sirajul \|year=2012 \|chapter=Revolutionary Terrorism \|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Terrorism \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
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	[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]		[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
	[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]		[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
	[[Category:~~History of~~ Bengal]]		[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
	~~[[Category:History of Bangladesh~~]]
	[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]		[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]

->VirguloMane: /* The beginning */

2021-12-10T10:34:17Z

The beginning

New page

{{Short description|Secret revolutionary group operating in Bengal for Indian independence}}
{{About|the political party|the newspaper|Jugantar Patrika}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}

{{Anushilan Samiti}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
'''Jugantar''' or '''Yugantar''' ({{lang-bn|যুগান্তর}} ''Jugantor''; [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''New Era'' or ''Transition of an Epoch'') was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in [[Bengal]] for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. This association, like [[Anushilan Samiti]], started in the guise of suburban fitness club. Several Jugantar members were arrested, hanged, or deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and many of them joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] in the [[Cellular Jail]].

==Notable members==


* [[Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya]] (1882-1962)
* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] (1895-1915)
* [[Khudiram Bose]]
* [[Satyendranath Bose]] (1882-1908)
* [[Prafulla Chaki]]
* [[Ambika Chakrobarty]] (1891-1962)
* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880-1957)
* [[Jiban Lal Chattopadhyay]] (1889-1970)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=D. K. |year=1972 |chapter=Chatterji, Jibanlal (1889-1970) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=I |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=274–275 |oclc=58642818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Srilata |year=2003 |title=Congress Politics in Bengal 1919-1939 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joFkxloNlLsC&pg=PA121 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=121 |isbn=978-0-85728-757-1}}</ref>
* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884-1958)
* [[Tarakeswar Dastidar]]
* [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] (1894-1979)
* [[Kanailal Dutta]] (1888-1908)
* [[Ullaskar Dutta]]
* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887-1954)
* [[Santi Ghose]] (1916-1989)
* [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]] alias Madhu Ghosh (1893-1976)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pansy Chhaya |year=1973 |chapter=Ghosh, Surendra Mohan (1893-) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=II |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=63–64 |oclc=58642818}}</ref>
* [[Barin Ghosh]]
* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )
* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)
* [[Manoranjan Gupta]] (b. 1890)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pansy Chhaya |year=1973 |chapter=Gupta, Manoranjan (1890-) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=II |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=114–115 |oclc=58642818}}</ref>
* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] (1879-1915) [[File:Bagha jatin.JPG|thumb|right|100px|Bagha Jatin]]
* [[Dinesh Chandra Majumdar]] (1907-1934)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Bhupendra Kumar |year=1974 |chapter=Majumdar, Dinesh Chandra (1907-1934) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=III |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=20–22 |oclc=58642818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nāga |first1=Nirmalakumāra |year=2013 |title=Biplabī Dīneśacandra Majumadara : jībana o sādhanā |location=Kolkata |language=bn |isbn=978-93-82433-08-8}}</ref>
* [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]] (1901-1931)
* [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]] (1888-1942)
* [[Mohit Moitra]]
* [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] (1866-1976)
* [[Subodh Chandra Mullick]]
* [[Surya Sen]]
* [[Pritilata Waddedar]] (1911-1932) [[File:Pritilata-waddedar.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Pritilata Waddedar]]

{{Cleanup-list|section|date=August 2021}}
* [[Phanibhusan Bakshi]]
* [[Debabrata Bose]], later [[Swami Paragyananda]]
* [[Upendra Nath Bandopadhyay]] (1879-1950)
* [[Chattalesh Chaudhuri]] (1913-1987)<ref>Chaudhuri,Chattalesh https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.86348/2015.86348.Indian-Recorder-1933_djvu.txt</ref>
* [[Purna Chandra Das]] (1889-1956)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Panchanan |year=1972 |chapter=Das, Purna (1889-1956) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=I |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=357–358 |oclc=58642818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakravortty |first1=Panchanan |year=2019 |title=Biplabi Purna Chandra Das |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-93-84566-18-0}}</ref>
* [[Jyotish Chandra Ghose]] (1887-1970)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Sukumar |year=1973 |chapter=Ghose, Jyotishchandra (1884-1970) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=II |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=47–48 |oclc=58642818}}</ref>
* [[Roshomoy Majumdar]] (d.1996)
* [[Prabodh Kumar Ray]] (1908-1996) in Andaman till 1938,Tamrapatra conferred 1972
* [[Ishwar Shukla]], later [[Jayadutta Shastree]] (1892-1966)

==The beginning==
The jugantar party was established in April 1906 by leaders like [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], [[Subodh Chandra Mullick|Raja Subodh Mallik]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Jugantar Party |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jugantar_Party |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Barin Ghosh and [[Bagha Jatin]] were the main leaders. Along with 21 revolutionaries, they started to collect arms, explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar were located at 27 Kanai Dhar Lane then 41 Champatola 1st Lane in [[Kolkata]].<ref>Mukhopadhyay Haridas & Mukhopadhyay Uma. (1972) ''Bharater svadhinata andolané 'jugantar' patrikar dan'', p15.</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Jugantar Possessed Cast Iron Bomb Shells - 1930 CE - Kolkata 2017-02-05 5145.JPG|thumb|The Jugantar party possessed cast iron bombshells those manufactured in 1930 by themselves.]]
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of the first batches included [[Surendra Mohan Bose]], [[Tarak Nath Das]] and [[Guran Ditt Kumar]], who, since 1907, were extremely active among the Hindu and Sikh immigrants on the Western coast of North America. These units were to compose the future [[Ghadar Party]].<ref>''Political Trouble in India '', by James Campbell Ker, pp220-260.</ref> In Paris [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] alias [[Hem Das]], along with [[Senapati Bapat|Pandurang M. Bapat]], obtained training in explosives from the Russian anarchist Nicholas Safranski. (Source: Ker, p397.) After returning to Kolkata, he joined the combined school of 'self-culture' (''anushilan'') and bomb factory run by Barin Ghosh at a garden house in [[Maniktala]], a suburb of Calcutta. However, the attempted murder of Kingsford, the-then district Judge of [[Muzaffarpur]] by [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] (30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries. The prisoners were tried in the famous [[Alipore bomb case|Alipore bomb conspiracy case]] in which several activists were deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in Andaman.

In 1908, as a next step, Jugantar chose to censure persons connected with the arrest and trial of revolutionaries involved in the Alipore Bomb Case. On 10 February 1909, Ashutosh Biswas, who conducted the prosecution of Kanai and Satyen for the murder of Naren Gosain (a revolutionary turned approver), was shot dead by Charu Basu in the Calcutta High Court premises. Samsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Police, who conducted the Alipore Case was shot and killed by Biren Dutta Gupta on the stairs of Calcutta High Court building on 24 January 1910. Charu Basu and Biren Dutta Gupta were later hanged.<ref>''Rowlatt Report''; Samanta, op. cit.</ref>

Several including [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] were arrested in connection with the murder of Police inspector Samsul Alam on 24 January 1910 in [[Calcutta]] and other charges. Thus started the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]] that tried the prisoners for treason, waging war against the Crown and tampering with the loyalty of Indian soldiers, such as those belonging to the [[Jat Regiment]] posted in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], and soldiers in Upper Indian Cantonments.<ref>The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the [[10th Jats]] Regiment) (cf: ''Sedition Committee Report'', 1918)</ref>

==The German plot==
{{Main|Hindu German Conspiracy}}
''Nixon's Report'' corroborates that Jugantar under [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] counted a good deal on the ensuing [[World War]] to organise an armed uprising with the Indian soldiers in various regiments.<ref>Samanta, op. cit. Vol II, p 591</ref> During [[World War I]] the Jugantar Party arranged importation of German arms and ammunitions<ref>'' Rowlatt Report'' (§109-110)</ref> (notably the 32 bore German automatic pistols) via [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] alias [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Chatto]] and other revolutionaries residing in Germany. They had contacted Indian revolutionaries active in the United States, as well as Jugantar leaders in Kolkata. Jatindra Nath Mukherjee informed [[Rash Behari Bose]] to take charge of Upper India, aiming at an All-Indian Insurrection with the collaboration of native soldiers in different cantonments. History refers to it as the Hindu German Conspiracy. To raise fund, the Jugantar party organized a series of dacoities which came to be known as ''Taxicab dacoities'' and ''Boat dacoities'', in order to procure funds to prepare the ground for working out the ''Indo-German Conspiracy''.

The first of the Taxicab dacoities took place at [[Garden Reach]], [[Kolkata]] on 12 February 1915, by a group of armed revolutionaries under the leadership of Narendra Bhattacharya under the direct supervision of Jatindranath Mukherjee. Similar dacoities were organized on different occasions and in various parts of Calcutta. Dacoities were accompanied by political murders in which the victims were mostly zealous police officers investigating into the cases, or approvers who helped the police.

==Failure of the German plot==
On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.
The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and, internationally, through the [[Czech people|Czech]] revolutionaries who were in touch with their counterparts in the United States.,<ref>''Spy and Counter-Spy'' by E.V. Voska and W. Irwin, pp98, 108, 120, 122–123, 126–127; [https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa ''The Making of a State''] by T.G. Masaryk, pp50, 221, 242; ''Indian Revolutionaries Abroad'' by A.C. Bose, pp232–233</ref> and as soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.
The police came to know that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore waiting for a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested. The German plot thus failed.

==Unification and failure==

Following these major setbacks, and in the new circumstances of the colonial powers practising their divide and rule policy, there was an attempt to unify the revolutionary factions in Bengal. Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were brought close by the joint leadership of [[Narendra Mohan Sen]] of Anushilan, represented by [[Rabindra Mohan Sen]] and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] of Jugantar, represented by [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]]. However, this merger failed to revive the revolutionary activities up to the expected level.<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Revolutionary Terrorism |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Terrorism |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]