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{{Short description|Spanish poet (1881–1958)}}
{{Expand Spanish|Juan Ramón Jiménez|date=September 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|Jiménez|Mantecón|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = JRJimenez.JPG
| imagesize =
| name = Juan Ramón Jiménez
| caption =
| birth_name = Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón
| birth_date = {{birth date|1881|12|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moguer]], [[Province of Huelva|Huelva]], [[Andalucia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1958|5|29|1881|12|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]
| occupation = poet
| nationality = Spanish
| period =
| genre = poetry
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = [[Zenobia Camprubí]]
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] 1956
| signature = Firma de Juan Ramón Jiménez.png
| website =
}}

'''Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón''' ({{IPA-es|xwan raˈmoŋ xiˈmeneθ manteˈkon}};{{efn|In isolation, ''Ramón'' is pronounced {{IPA-es|raˈmon|}}.}} 23 December 1881 – 29 May 1958) was a Spanish [[List of poets|poet]], a prolific writer who received the [[1956 Nobel Prize in Literature]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Juan Ramón Jiménez |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juan-Ramon-Jimenez |author=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica))}}</ref> "for his [[Lyric poetry|lyrical poetry]], which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistic purity". One of Jiménez's most important contributions to modern poetry was his advocacy of the concept of "pure poetry".

==Biography==
Juan Ramón Jiménez was born in [[Moguer, Huelva|Moguer]], near [[Huelva]], in [[Andalucia]], on 23 December 1881.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://viajes.elmundo.es/2010/11/10/espana/1289381950.html |title=Moguer y Juan Ramón Jiménez |last=Mateo Pérez |first=Manuel |date=November 10, 2010 |access-date=February 17, 2018 |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> He was educated in the Jesuit institution of San Luis Gonzaga, in [[El Puerto de Santa María]], near [[Cadiz]]. Later, he studied [[law]] and [[painting]] at the [[University of Seville]], but he soon discovered that his talents were better used for writing.<ref name=Cervantes>{{cite web |url=http://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/biografias/nueva_delhi_juan_ramon_jimenez.htm |title=Juan Ramón Jiménez. Biografía |date=March 2016 |access-date=February 17, 2018 |work=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |location=Madrid |language=es}}</ref> He then dedicated himself to literature, under the influence of [[Rubén Darío]] and French [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]].<ref name=Cervantes/> He published his first two books at the age of eighteen, in 1900. The death of his father the same year devastated him, and a resulting depression led to his being sent first to France, where he had an affair with his doctor's wife, and then to a sanatorium in Madrid staffed by novice nuns, where he lived from 1901 to 1903. He was among the contributors of the Madrid-based avant-garde magazine ''[[Prometeo (magazine)|Prometeo]]'' between 1908 and 1912.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Hemeroteca Digital|access-date=7 September 2022|title=Prometeo (Madrid. 1908)|language=es
|url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/issn/1576-1363}}</ref> In 1911 and 1912, he wrote many erotic poems depicting romps with numerous women in numerous locales. Some of them alluded to sex with novices who were nurses. Eventually, apparently, their mother superior discovered the activity and expelled him, although it is not known whether the sexual activity described in his poems actually occurred. {{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The main subjects of many of his other poems were music and color, which, at times, he compared to love or lust.

He suffered a [[mental breakdown]] and [[Depression (mood)|depression]], so he stayed hospitalised in [[France]] and [[Madrid]].<ref name=Cervantes/> He celebrated his home region in his prose poem about a writer and his donkey called ''[[Platero and I]]'' (1914). In 1916 he and Spanish-born writer and poet [[Zenobia Camprubí]] were married in the United States. Zenobia became his indispensable companion and collaborator.

Upon the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]], he and Zenobia went into exile in [[Puerto Rico]], where he settled in 1946. Jiménez was hospitalized for eight months due to another deep depression. He later became a Professor of Spanish Language and Literature at the [[University of Puerto Rico]]. His literary influence on Puerto Rican writers strongly marks the works of [[Giannina Braschi]], [[René Marqués]], [[Aurora de Albornoz]], and [[Manuel Ramos Otero]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Elemental Creature |url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1529106.ece |quote=His lyrical and philosophical work influencing Puerto Rican writers such as Manuel Ramos Otero and René Marqués. |date=March 10, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times Literary Supplement]] |access-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421050435/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1529106.ece |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |language=es}}</ref> The university named a building on campus and a writing program in his honor. He was also a professor at the [[University of Miami]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida]]. While living in Coral Gables he wrote "Romances de Coral Gables". In addition, he was a professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Maryland, which renamed Jimenez Hall for him in 1981.

In 1956, he received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]; two days later, his wife died of ovarian cancer. Jiménez never recovered from the emotional devastation, and he died two years afterwards, on 29 May 1958, in the same clinic where his wife had died. Both are buried in his hometown of Moguer, Spain.

Although he was primarily a poet, Jiménez' prose work ''[[Platero y yo]]'' (1917; "Platero and I"; Platero is a donkey) sold well in Latin America and in translation won him popularity in the USA. He also collaborated with his wife in the translation of the Irish playwright [[John Millington Synge]]'s ''[[Riders to the Sea]]'' (1920). His poetic output during his life was immense. Among his better known works are ''Sonetos espirituales 1914–1916'' (1916; “Spiritual Sonnets, 1914–15”), ''Piedra y cielo'' (1919; “Stones and Sky”), ''Poesía en verso'', 1917–1923 (1923; “Poetry in Verse”), ''Poesía en prosa y verso'' (1932; “Poetry in Prose and Verse”), ''Voces de mi copla'' (1945; “Voices of My Song”), and ''Animal de fondo'' (1947; “Animal at Bottom”).
Both Jiménez and Camprubí used a simplified [[Spanish orthography]] different from the [[Royal Spanish Academy|RAE]] standard.
A collection of 300 poems (1903–53) in English translation by [[Eloise Roach]] was published in 1962.
[[Image:2000pelas.JPG|thumb|300px|Juan Ramón Jiménez depicted on the 1980 2,000 [[Spanish peseta|Pesetas]] banknote]]

==In popular culture==

*A quotation from Jiménez, "If they give you ruled paper, write the other way," is the [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] to [[Ray Bradbury]]'s novel ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]'' (1953).
* In 1968, the Spanish film director Alfredo Castellón adapted Jiménez's novel ''[[Platero and I]]'' into a movie by the same title.
* The [[Spanglish]] novel ''[[Yo-Yo Boing!]]'' (1998) by the Puerto Rican author [[Giannina Braschi]] features a scene in which poets and artists debate Jiménez's genius versus that of other Spanish-language poets [[Francisco de Quevedo]], [[Luis de Góngora]], [[Rubén Darío]], [[Pablo Neruda]], [[Federico García Lorca]], and [[Julia de Burgos]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Yo-Yo Boing! |editor-first=Doris |editor-last=Sommer |editor-link=Doris Sommer |publisher=[[Latin American Literary Review Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-935480-97-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zhlAAAAMAAJ |pages=205 |last=Braschi |first=Giannina |author-link=Giannina Braschi}}</ref>
* A rock band in Spain is named [[Platero y Tú]] after Jiménez's novel

==Streets named after Jiménez==
Several streets have been named after Jiménez, including one in [[Madrid, Spain|Madrid]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madrid.callejero.net/calle-de-juan-ramon-jimenez.html |title=Calle de Juan Ramón Jiménez |access-date=February 17, 2018 |publisher=Hispanetwork Publicidad y Servicios, SL |work=Callejero.net |language=es |location=Madrid}}</ref> and one in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://valencia.callejero.net/c-juan-ramon-jimenez.html |title=C/ Juan Ramón Jiménez |access-date=February 17, 2018 |publisher=Hispanetwork Publicidad y Servicios, SL |work=Callejero.net |language=es |location=Valencia}}</ref>

== Published works (original editions) ==

{{columns-list |
* ''Ninfeas (Water Lilies)'', 1900-Madrid.
* ''Almas de violeta (Souls of Violet)'', 1900-Madrid.
* ''Rimas (Rhymes)'', 1902-Madrid.
* ''Arias tristes (Sad Arias)'', 1902
* ''Jardines lejanos (Distant Gardens)'', 1904
* ''Elejías puras (Pure Elegies)'', 1908
* ''Elejías intermedias (Intermediate Elegies)'', 1909
* ''Las hojas verdes (The Green Leaves)'', 1909
* ''Poemas mágicos y dolientes (Magic and Painful Poems)'', 1909
* ''Elejías lamentables (Sad Elegies)'', 1910
* ''Baladas de primavera (Ballads of Spring)'', 1910
* ''La soledad sonora (The Sonorous Loneliness)'', 1911
* ''Pastorales (Pastoral)'', 1911
* ''Melancolía (the sonorous loneliness)'', 1912
* ''Laberinto (Labyrinth)'', 1913
* ''[[Platero y yo]] (Platero and I)'' (edición reducida), 1914
* ''Estío (Summer)'', 1916
* ''Sonetos espirituales (Spiritual Sonnets)'', 1917
* ''Diario de un poeta recién casado (Diary of a Recently Married Poet)'', 1917
* ''Platero y yo'' (edición completa) (Platero and I), 1917
* ''Eternidades (Eternities)'', 1918
* ''Piedra y cielo (Stone and Sky)'', 1919
* ''Segunda antología poética (Second Poetic Anthology)'', 1922
* ''Poesía (Poetry)'', 1923
* ''Belleza (Beauty)'', 1923
* ''Canción (Song)'', 1935
* ''Voces de mi copla (Voices of my Verse)'', 1945
* ''La estación total (The Full Season)'', 1946
* ''Romances de Coral Gables (Romances from Coral Gables)'', 1948
* ''Animal de fondo (Animal from the Deep)'', 1949
* ''Una colina meridiana (A Shining Hill)'' , 1950 (1° edición en España: Huerga & Fierro editores, 2002). Prólogo y estudio preliminar de Alfonso Alegre Heitzmann.
* ''La frente pensativa (1911-1912) [cuatro poemas inéditos] (The Thoughtful Face)'', introducción de José Luis Puerto, Zamora: Lucerna, 2001.
}}
* '' I Am Not I

== Published works (translations) ==
* ''Books of Love: The Lost Poems of Juan Ramon Jimenez.'' Athens:Kinchafoonee Creek Press, 2022.

== See also ==

* [[Spanish poetry]]
* [[Modernismo]]
* [[Puerto Rican poetry]]
* [[Puerto Rican literature]]
* [[Sonnet]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* de Albornoz, Aurora, ed. 1980. ''Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid: Taurus.
* Blasco, F. J. 1982. ''La Poética de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Desarrollo, contexto y sistema''. Salamanca.
* Campoamor González, Antonio. 1976. ''Vida y poesía de Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid: Sedmay.
* Campoamor González, Antonio. 1982. ''Bibliografía general de Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid: Taurus.
*El Cultural. 14 Jun 2007. [https://archive.today/20070509191956/http://www.elcultural.es/HTML/20070614/LETRAS/LETRAS20814.asp Los poemas eróticos de Juan Ramon Jiménez. Aparece Libros de amor. Conoce los poemas del JRJ más lujurioso]
*Diario de Córdoba. 6 Jan 2007. [http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=292871 ´Libros de amor´ descubre a un Juan Ramón Jiménez erótico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050111/http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=292871 |date=2011-07-21 }}
* Díez-Canedo, E. 1944. ''Juan Ramón Jiménez en su obra''. México City.
*Guardian (London). 19 Jun 2007. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/19/books.spain My sex in the convent - by Nobel poet]
* Font, María T. 1973. ''Espacio: autobiografía lírica de Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid.
* Guerrero Ruiz, J . 1961. ''Juan Ramón de viva voz''. Madrid.
* Gullón, R. 1958. ''Conversaciones con Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid.
* Jensen, Julio, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150108071103/http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=203326 The Poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez. An Example of Modern Subjectivity]. Copenhagen.
* Juliá, M. 1989. ''El universo de Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid.
* Olson, P.R. 1967. ''Circle of Paradox: time and essence in the poetry of Juan Ramon Jimenez''. Baltimore.
* Palau de Nemes, G. 1974. ''Vida y obra de Juan Ramón Jiménez''. 2/e. 2 v. Madrid: Gredos.
* Predmore, Michael P. 1966. ''La obra en prosa de Juan Ramón Jiménez''. Madrid: Gredos.
* Salgado, M. A. 1968. ''El arte polifacético de las caricaturas líricas juanramonianas''. Madrid.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikisourcelang|es}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Jiménez,+Juan+Ramón | name=Juan Ramón Jiménez}}
* {{Librivox author}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Juan Ramón Jiménez}}
* [http://www.fundacion-jrj.es Fundacion Casa-Museo Zenobia y Juan Ramón Jiménez]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1956/jimenez-speech.html Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech]
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{Find a Grave}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/93842920/ Juan Ramon Jimenez recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on May 17, 1947, Sept. 29, and Dec. 8, 1949]

{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{1956 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jimenez, Juan Ramon}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Huelva]]
[[Category:Writers from San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:Spanish Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in the United States]]
[[Category:University of Seville alumni]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park faculty]]
[[Category:Spanish male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:Translators of Rabindranath Tagore]]

Juan Ramón Jiménez - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article