Peter120: minor corrected section to improve readability and added references to improve readability

2026-03-08T07:39:11Z

minor corrected section to improve readability and added references to improve readability

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 8 March 2026
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	'''Jotedars''' ~~(spelled~~ also as ~~joadder~~, ~~joardar~~, ~~jotder~~, ~~jwadder)~~ were "wealthy peasants" who ~~comprised one layer~~ of [[social stratification\|social strata]] in agrarian [[Bengal Presidency\|Bengal]] during [[Company rule in India]]. They were also known as Haoladars,gantidars Or mandals .Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of [[land]]; their [[land tenure]] status stood in contrast to those of under-ryots and [[bargadar]]s ([[sharecropper]]s), who were landless or land-poors. Many jotedars were [[bhadralok]]s (upper [[caste system in India\|caste]] members) who adopted the ''de jure'' status of [[ryot]] (peasant) solely for the financial benefit that the [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)\|Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885]] afforded to ryots. Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes such as [[Sadgop]]s, [[Aguri (caste)\|Aguri]]s,		{{short description\|Bengal hereditary aristocrat}}
	[[Mahishya]]s, [[Rajbongshi people\|Rajbongshis]], [[Shershahabadia]] and the rural, less educated Brahmins. By the 1920s a gentrified fraction of Jotedars emerged from the more prosperous peasants among the tribes such as [[Santhal people\|Santhals]] and the Scheduled Castes such as the [[Bagdi]] and the [[Namasudra]]s<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Iqbal \|first=I. \|year=2010 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYslngEACAAJ \|title=The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840-1943 \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK \|page=107 \|isbn=978-0-230-23183-2}}</ref>		'''''Jotedars''''', also known as '''Hawladars''', '''Ganitdars''', '''Jwaddars''' or ''[[Mandals]]'', were landlords or well-to-do ''ryots'' or wealthy peasants who exercised control and influence comparable to that of a [[Zamindars]] but were perceived as significantly below them in [[social stratification\|social strata]] in agrarian [[Bengal Presidency\|Bengal]] during [[Company rule in India]].

	Jotedars were pitted against the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref>{{Cite magazine \|title=The Naxalite Movement that was Not in Naxalbari \|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1416.html \|magazine=Mainstream \|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=Naxalbari revisited \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Naxalbari-revisited/articleshow/47044695.cms \|newspaper=The Times of India \|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref>		Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of [[land]], and their [[land tenure]] status stood in contrast to those of poor ''ryots'' and [[bargadars]] (sharecroppers), who were landless or land-poor. Most of the [[Hindu]] ''Jotedars'' in [[West Bengal]] were from the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community, members of Hindu upper castes of [[Bengal]] such as ''[[Kayastha]]'', ''[[Brahmin]]'' etc. Many [[Muslim]] ''Jotedars'' were from an ''[[Sharif\|Ashraf]]'' or ''Khandani'' family background and were in the elite nobility of [[Bengali Muslims]] who descended from settled foreigners such as the [[Pashtuns\|Afghans]], [[Mughal people\|Mughals]], [[Arabs]], [[Persians]], [[Turkic peoples\|Turks]] and [[Delhi\|North Indian]] immigrants. The socially high-standing Hindu and Muslim ''Jotedars'', who were not actually peasants, had adopted the ''de jure'' status of ''[[ryot]]'' (peasant) solely for financial benefiting from the [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)\|Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885]] afforded to ryots and for the claim that ''Jotedars'' had more freedom and powers than Zamindars.

			Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes, such as [[Sadgop\|''Sadgops'']], [[Aguri (caste)\|''Aguris'']], [[Mahishya\|''Mahishyas'']], [[Rajbongshi people\|''Rajbongshis'']], ''[[Shershahabadia]]'' and the rural less-educated [[Brahmin\|''Brahmins'']].<ref name=":0" /> By the 1920s, a gentrified fraction of Jotedars had emerged from the more prosperous peasants among the tribes such as [[Santhal people\|''Santhals'']] and the Scheduled Castes such as the ''[[Bagdi]]'' and the [[Namasudra\|''Namasudras'']]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Iqbal \|first=I. \|year=2010 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYslngEACAAJ \|title=The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840-1943 \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK \|page=107 \|isbn=978-0-230-23183-2}}</ref>

			''Jotedars'' were long in actual control of the village land and economy<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=141–142 \|language=en}}</ref> and were pitted against in the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref>{{Cite magazine \|title=The Naxalite Movement that was Not in Naxalbari \|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1416.html \|magazine=Mainstream \|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=Naxalbari revisited \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Naxalbari-revisited/articleshow/47044695.cms \|newspaper=The Times of India \|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	[[Category:~~History of~~ Bengal]]		[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
	[[Category:Indian feudalism]]		[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
	[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]		[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]
	[[Category:British East India Company]]		[[Category:British East India Company]]

2405:205:1200:82DB:0:0:101B:70A4 at 09:48, 11 November 2021

2021-11-11T09:48:18Z

New page

'''Jotedars''' (spelled also as joadder, joardar, jotder, jwadder) were "wealthy peasants" who comprised one layer of [[social stratification|social strata]] in agrarian [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] during [[Company rule in India]]. They were also known as Haoladars,gantidars Or mandals .Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of [[land]]; their [[land tenure]] status stood in contrast to those of under-ryots and [[bargadar]]s ([[sharecropper]]s), who were landless or land-poors. Many jotedars were [[bhadralok]]s (upper [[caste system in India|caste]] members) who adopted the ''de jure'' status of [[ryot]] (peasant) solely for the financial benefit that the [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)|Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885]] afforded to ryots. Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes such as [[Sadgop]]s, [[Aguri (caste)|Aguri]]s,
[[Mahishya]]s, [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshis]], [[Shershahabadia]] and the rural, less educated Brahmins. By the 1920s a gentrified fraction of Jotedars emerged from the more prosperous peasants among the tribes such as [[Santhal people|Santhals]] and the Scheduled Castes such as the [[Bagdi]] and the [[Namasudra]]s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=I. |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYslngEACAAJ |title=The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840-1943 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |page=107 |isbn=978-0-230-23183-2}}</ref>

Jotedars were pitted against the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Naxalite Movement that was Not in Naxalbari |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1416.html |magazine=Mainstream |access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Naxalbari revisited |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Naxalbari-revisited/articleshow/47044695.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]

Jotedar - Revision history

Peter120: minor corrected section to improve readability and added references to improve readability

2405:205:1200:82DB:0:0:101B:70A4 at 09:48, 11 November 2021