Jordan - Revision history

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	{{short description\|Country in Western Asia}}		{{short description\|Country in Western Asia}}
	{{About\|the country}}		{{About\|the country}}
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	In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)\|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=26}} Agricultural villages in Transjordan witnessed a period of relative prosperity in the 16th century, but were later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book\|pages=37, 47\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC\|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan\|first1=Eugene\|last1=Rogan\|first2=Tariq\|last2=Tell\|publisher=British Academic Press\|year=1994\|access-date=8 June 2016\|isbn=9781850438298\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110615/https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> Transjordan was of marginal importance to the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book\|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002\|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms\|access-date=19 June 2018\|editor-first=Myriam\|editor-last=Ababsa\|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate\|first=Maysoun\|last=al-Nahar\|date=11 June 2014\|pages=198–201}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence was virtually absent and reduced to annual tax collection visits.<ref name="VSS"/> More Arab [[Bedouin]] tribes moved into Transjordan from Syria and the Hejaz during the first three centuries of Ottoman rule, including the [[Banu 'Adwan\|Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] and the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|pp=26, 27}} These tribes laid claims to different parts of the region, and with the absence of a meaningful Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid into a state of anarchy that continued till the 19th century.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=27}} This led to a short-lived occupation by the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic movement that emerged in [[Emirate of Diriyah\|Najd]] (in modern-day Saudi Arabia).{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt\|Ibrahim Pasha]], son of the [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt\|governor]] of the [[Egypt Eyalet]] under the request of the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War\|rooted out the Wahhabis]] by 1818.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans and established his rule over the Levant.<ref name="cup"/> His oppressive policies led to the unsuccessful [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup"/> Transjordanian cities of [[Al-Salt]] and Al-Karak were [[Siege of Al-Karak (1834)\|destroyed]] by Ibrahim Pasha's forces for harboring a [[Qasim al-Ahmad\|peasants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup"/> Egyptian rule was [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)\|forcibly ended]] in 1841, with Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31\|page=31\|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921\|access-date=8 June 2016\|date=11 April 2002\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|first=Eugene\|last=Rogan\|isbn=9780521892230\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110537/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref>		In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)\|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=26}} Agricultural villages in Transjordan witnessed a period of relative prosperity in the 16th century, but were later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book\|pages=37, 47\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC\|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan\|first1=Eugene\|last1=Rogan\|first2=Tariq\|last2=Tell\|publisher=British Academic Press\|year=1994\|access-date=8 June 2016\|isbn=9781850438298\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110615/https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> Transjordan was of marginal importance to the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book\|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002\|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms\|access-date=19 June 2018\|editor-first=Myriam\|editor-last=Ababsa\|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate\|first=Maysoun\|last=al-Nahar\|date=11 June 2014\|pages=198–201}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence was virtually absent and reduced to annual tax collection visits.<ref name="VSS"/> More Arab [[Bedouin]] tribes moved into Transjordan from Syria and the Hejaz during the first three centuries of Ottoman rule, including the [[Banu 'Adwan\|Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] and the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|pp=26, 27}} These tribes laid claims to different parts of the region, and with the absence of a meaningful Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid into a state of anarchy that continued till the 19th century.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=27}} This led to a short-lived occupation by the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic movement that emerged in [[Emirate of Diriyah\|Najd]] (in modern-day Saudi Arabia).{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt\|Ibrahim Pasha]], son of the [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt\|governor]] of the [[Egypt Eyalet]] under the request of the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War\|rooted out the Wahhabis]] by 1818.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans and established his rule over the Levant.<ref name="cup"/> His oppressive policies led to the unsuccessful [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup"/> Transjordanian cities of [[Al-Salt]] and Al-Karak were [[Siege of Al-Karak (1834)\|destroyed]] by Ibrahim Pasha's forces for harboring a [[Qasim al-Ahmad\|peasants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup"/> Egyptian rule was [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)\|forcibly ended]] in 1841, with Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31\|page=31\|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921\|access-date=8 June 2016\|date=11 April 2002\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|first=Eugene\|last=Rogan\|isbn=9780521892230\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110537/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	[[File:Jordan, in Burckhardt's map of Syria and Holy Land.jpg \|thumb\|The earliest detailed map of the land which became Jordan, showing the travels of [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]] (the first ~~european~~ to see [[Petra]] since the Crusades) in 1822]]		[[File:Jordan, in Burckhardt's map of Syria and Holy Land.jpg \|thumb\|The earliest detailed map of the land which became Jordan, showing the travels of [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]] (the first European to see [[Petra]] since the Crusades) in 1822]]

	Only after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try to solidify its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], which Transjordan was part of.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=37}} A series of tax and land reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brought some prosperity back to agriculture and to abandoned villages; the end of virtually autonomy predictably provoked a backlash in other areas of Transjordan.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] and [[Chechens]], fleeing Russian [[Ethnic cleansing of Circassians\|persecution]], sought refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg"/> In Transjordan and with Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the long-abandoned vicinity of Amman in 1867, and later in the surrounding villages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14\|page=14−15\|access-date=7 June 2016\|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy\|first1=Beverley\|last1=Milton-Edwards\|first2=Peter\|last2=Hinchcliffe\|publisher=Routledge\|date=5 June 2009\|isbn=9781134105465\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128072708/https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> After having established its administration, conscription and heavy taxation policies by the Ottoman authorities led to revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in particular revolted during the [[Shoubak Revolt\|Shoubak]] (1905) and the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), which were brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg"/> The construction of the [[Hejaz Railway]] in 1908–stretching across the length of Transjordan and linking [[Mecca]] with [[Istanbul]] helped the population economically, as Transjordan became a stopover for pilgrims.<ref name="leg"/> However, increasing policies of [[Turkification]] and centralization adopted by the Ottoman Empire disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant.		Only after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try to solidify its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], which Transjordan was part of.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=37}} A series of tax and land reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brought some prosperity back to agriculture and to abandoned villages; the end of virtually autonomy predictably provoked a backlash in other areas of Transjordan.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] and [[Chechens]], fleeing Russian [[Ethnic cleansing of Circassians\|persecution]], sought refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg"/> In Transjordan and with Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the long-abandoned vicinity of Amman in 1867, and later in the surrounding villages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14\|page=14−15\|access-date=7 June 2016\|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy\|first1=Beverley\|last1=Milton-Edwards\|first2=Peter\|last2=Hinchcliffe\|publisher=Routledge\|date=5 June 2009\|isbn=9781134105465\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128072708/https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> After having established its administration, conscription and heavy taxation policies by the Ottoman authorities led to revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn\|Salibi\|1998\|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in particular revolted during the [[Shoubak Revolt\|Shoubak]] (1905) and the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), which were brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg"/> The construction of the [[Hejaz Railway]] in 1908–stretching across the length of Transjordan and linking [[Mecca]] with [[Istanbul]] helped the population economically, as Transjordan became a stopover for pilgrims.<ref name="leg"/> However, increasing policies of [[Turkification]] and centralization adopted by the Ottoman Empire disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant.

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	'''Jordan''' ({{lang-ar\|الأردن}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-ʾUrdunn}}'' {{IPA-ar\|al.ʔur.dunː\|}}), officially the '''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''',{{efn\|{{lang-ar\|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-Mamlakah al-’Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah}}'')}} is a country in [[Western Asia]]. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe,<ref name="mattel"/> within the [[levant]] region, on the [[Transjordan (region)\|East Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]]. Jordan is bordered by [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]] and the [[West Bank]] of [[State of Palestine\|Palestine]]. The [[Dead Sea]] is located along its western [[border]]s, and the country has a {{convert\|26\|km\|adj=on}} coastline on the [[Red Sea]] in its extreme south-west.<ref name="Jogeo">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|page=498\|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography\|first=R. W.\|last=McColl\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|access-date=15 June 2016\|date=14 May 2014\|isbn=9780816072293\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amman]] is the nation's capital and [[List of cities in Jordan\|largest city]], as well as the economic, political and cultural centre.<ref name="csbe">{{cite web\|url=http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|first=Mohammad\|last=Al-Asad\|publisher=CSBE\|title=The Domination of Amman Urban Crossroads\|access-date=8 June 2016\|date=22 April 2004\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802171231/http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>		'''Jordan''' ({{lang-ar\|الأردن}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-ʾUrdunn}}'' {{IPA-ar\|al.ʔur.dunː\|}}), officially the '''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''',{{efn\|{{lang-ar\|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-Mamlakah al-’Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah}}'')}} is a country in [[Western Asia]]. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe,<ref name="mattel"/> within the [[levant]] region, on the [[Transjordan (region)\|East Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]]. Jordan is bordered by [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]] and the [[West Bank]] of [[State of Palestine\|Palestine]]. The [[Dead Sea]] is located along its western [[border]]s, and the country has a {{convert\|26\|km\|adj=on}} coastline on the [[Red Sea]] in its extreme south-west.<ref name="Jogeo">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|page=498\|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography\|first=R. W.\|last=McColl\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|access-date=15 June 2016\|date=14 May 2014\|isbn=9780816072293\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amman]] is the nation's capital and [[List of cities in Jordan\|largest city]], as well as the economic, political and cultural centre.<ref name="csbe">{{cite web\|url=http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|first=Mohammad\|last=Al-Asad\|publisher=CSBE\|title=The Domination of Amman Urban Crossroads\|access-date=8 June 2016\|date=22 April 2004\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802171231/http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

	Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the [[Paleolithic]] period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the [[Bronze Age]]: [[Ammon]], [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]. Later rulers include the [[Nabataean Kingdom]], the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Rashidun Caliphate\|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad]], and [[Abbasid Caliphate~~\|Abbasid Caliphates~~]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the [[Arab Revolt\|Great Arab Revolt]] against the Ottomans in 1916 during [[World War I]], the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman Empire was partitioned]] by Britain and France. The [[Emirate of Transjordan]] was [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan\|established in 1921]] by the [[Hashemite]], then [[Emir]], [[Abdullah I of Jordan\|Abdullah I]], and the emirate became a British [[protectorate]]. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan'', but was renamed in 1949 to the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan'' after the country [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\|captured]] the West Bank during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in [[Six-Day War\|1967]]. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in [[Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank\|1988]], and became the second Arab state to sign a [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty\|peace treaty]] with [[Israel]] in 1994.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan is a founding member of the [[Arab League]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Co-operation]]. The sovereign state is a [[constitutional monarchy]], but the king holds wide [[Executive (government)\|executive]] and [[Legislature\|legislative]] powers.		Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the [[Paleolithic]] period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the [[Bronze Age]]: [[Ammon]], [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]. Later rulers include the [[Nabataean Kingdom]], the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Rashidun Caliphate\|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad]], and [[Abbasid Caliphate]]s, and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the [[Arab Revolt\|Great Arab Revolt]] against the Ottomans in 1916 during [[World War I]], the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman Empire was partitioned]] by Britain and France. The [[Emirate of Transjordan]] was [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan\|established in 1921]] by the [[Hashemite]], then [[Emir]], [[Abdullah I of Jordan\|Abdullah I]], and the emirate became a British [[protectorate]]. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan'', but was renamed in 1949 to the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan'' after the country [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\|captured]] the West Bank during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in [[Six-Day War\|1967]]. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in [[Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank\|1988]], and became the second Arab state to sign a [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty\|peace treaty]] with [[Israel]] in 1994.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan is a founding member of the [[Arab League]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Co-operation]]. The sovereign state is a [[constitutional monarchy]], but the king holds wide [[Executive (government)\|executive]] and [[Legislature\|legislative]] powers.

	Jordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of {{Convert\|89,342\|km2\|abbr=on}}, with a population of 10 million, making it the [[List of Arab countries by population\|eleventh-most populous Arab country]]. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni Muslim]], with an indigenous [[Christianity in Jordan\|Christian minority]]. Jordan has been repeatedly referred to as an "oasis of stability" in the turbulent region of the [[Middle East]]. It has been mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the [[Arab Spring]] in 2010.<ref name="TDBC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|title=Jordan: The Last Arab Safe Haven\|work=The Daily Beast\|date=5 October 2013\|access-date=12 October 2015\|first=Christopher\|last=Dickey\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200255/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million [[Palestinian refugees\|Palestinian]] and 1.4 million [[Syrian refugees\|Syrian]] refugees are present in Jordan as of a 2015 census.<ref name="census"/> The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of [[Iraqi Christians]] fleeing persecution by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\|ISIL]].<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite news\|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|title=Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL\|work=The National\|date=14 February 2015\|first=Justin\|last=Vela\|access-date=12 October 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|access-date=12 October 2015\|title=2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan\|publisher=UNHCR\|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|archive-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>		Jordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of {{Convert\|89,342\|km2\|abbr=on}}, with a population of 10 million, making it the [[List of Arab countries by population\|eleventh-most populous Arab country]]. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni Muslim]], with an indigenous [[Christianity in Jordan\|Christian minority]]. Jordan has been repeatedly referred to as an "oasis of stability" in the turbulent region of the [[Middle East]]. It has been mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the [[Arab Spring]] in 2010.<ref name="TDBC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|title=Jordan: The Last Arab Safe Haven\|work=The Daily Beast\|date=5 October 2013\|access-date=12 October 2015\|first=Christopher\|last=Dickey\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200255/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million [[Palestinian refugees\|Palestinian]] and 1.4 million [[Syrian refugees\|Syrian]] refugees are present in Jordan as of a 2015 census.<ref name="census"/> The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of [[Iraqi Christians]] fleeing persecution by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\|ISIL]].<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite news\|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|title=Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL\|work=The National\|date=14 February 2015\|first=Justin\|last=Vela\|access-date=12 October 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|access-date=12 October 2015\|title=2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan\|publisher=UNHCR\|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|archive-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

Flying Bee: Created page with "{{short description|Country in Western Asia}} {{About|the country}} {{pp-protected|reason=Persistent disruptive editing|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef|s..."

2021-08-11T20:01:59Z

Created page with "{{short description|Country in Western Asia}} {{About|the country}} {{pp-protected|reason=Persistent disruptive editing|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef|s..."

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	'''Jordan''' ({{lang-ar\|الأردن}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-ʾUrdunn}}'' {{IPA-ar\|al.ʔur.dunː\|}}), officially the '''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''',{{efn\|{{lang-ar\|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-Mamlakah al-’Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah}}'')}} is a country in [[Western Asia]]. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe,<ref name="mattel"/> within the [[levant]] region, on the [[Transjordan (region)\|East Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]]. Jordan is bordered by [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]] and the [[West Bank]] of [[State of Palestine\|Palestine]]. The [[Dead Sea]] is located along its western [[border]]s, and the country has a {{convert\|26\|km\|adj=on}} coastline on the [[Red Sea]] in its extreme south-west.<ref name="Jogeo">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|page=498\|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography\|first=R. W.\|last=McColl\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|access-date=15 June 2016\|date=14 May 2014\|isbn=9780816072293\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amman]] is the nation's capital and [[List of cities in Jordan\|largest city]], as well as the economic, political and cultural centre.<ref name="csbe">{{cite web\|url=http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|first=Mohammad\|last=Al-Asad\|publisher=CSBE\|title=The Domination of Amman Urban Crossroads\|access-date=8 June 2016\|date=22 April 2004\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802171231/http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>		'''Jordan''' ({{lang-ar\|الأردن}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-ʾUrdunn}}'' {{IPA-ar\|al.ʔur.dunː\|}}), officially the '''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''',{{efn\|{{lang-ar\|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}; [[Romanization of Arabic\|tr.]] ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Al-Mamlakah al-’Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah}}'')}} is a country in [[Western Asia]]. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe,<ref name="mattel"/> within the [[levant]] region, on the [[Transjordan (region)\|East Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]]. Jordan is bordered by [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]] and the [[West Bank]] of [[State of Palestine\|Palestine]]. The [[Dead Sea]] is located along its western [[border]]s, and the country has a {{convert\|26\|km\|adj=on}} coastline on the [[Red Sea]] in its extreme south-west.<ref name="Jogeo">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|page=498\|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography\|first=R. W.\|last=McColl\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|access-date=15 June 2016\|date=14 May 2014\|isbn=9780816072293\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498\|archive-date=28 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amman]] is the nation's capital and [[List of cities in Jordan\|largest city]], as well as the economic, political and cultural centre.<ref name="csbe">{{cite web\|url=http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|first=Mohammad\|last=Al-Asad\|publisher=CSBE\|title=The Domination of Amman Urban Crossroads\|access-date=8 June 2016\|date=22 April 2004\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802171231/http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/\|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

	Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the [[Paleolithic]] period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the [[Bronze Age]]: [[Ammon]], [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]. Later rulers include the [[Nabataean Kingdom]], the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Rashidun Caliphate\|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad]], and [[Abbasid Caliphate~~\|Abbasid Caliphates~~]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the [[Arab Revolt\|Great Arab Revolt]] against the Ottomans in 1916 during [[World War I]], the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman Empire was partitioned]] by Britain and France. The [[Emirate of Transjordan]] was [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan\|established in 1921]] by the [[Hashemite]], then [[Emir]], [[Abdullah I of Jordan\|Abdullah I]], and the emirate became a British [[protectorate]]. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan'', but was renamed in 1949 to the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan'' after the country [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\|captured]] the West Bank during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in [[Six-Day War\|1967]]. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in [[Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank\|1988]], and became the second Arab state to sign a [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty\|peace treaty]] with [[Israel]] in 1994.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan is a founding member of the [[Arab League]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Co-operation]]. The sovereign state is a [[constitutional monarchy]], but the king holds wide [[Executive (government)\|executive]] and [[Legislature\|legislative]] powers.		Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the [[Paleolithic]] period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the [[Bronze Age]]: [[Ammon]], [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]. Later rulers include the [[Nabataean Kingdom]], the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Rashidun Caliphate\|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad]], and [[Abbasid Caliphate]]s, and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the [[Arab Revolt\|Great Arab Revolt]] against the Ottomans in 1916 during [[World War I]], the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman Empire was partitioned]] by Britain and France. The [[Emirate of Transjordan]] was [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan\|established in 1921]] by the [[Hashemite]], then [[Emir]], [[Abdullah I of Jordan\|Abdullah I]], and the emirate became a British [[protectorate]]. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan'', but was renamed in 1949 to the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan'' after the country [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\|captured]] the West Bank during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in [[Six-Day War\|1967]]. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in [[Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank\|1988]], and became the second Arab state to sign a [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty\|peace treaty]] with [[Israel]] in 1994.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan is a founding member of the [[Arab League]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Co-operation]]. The sovereign state is a [[constitutional monarchy]], but the king holds wide [[Executive (government)\|executive]] and [[Legislature\|legislative]] powers.

	Jordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of {{Convert\|89,342\|km2\|abbr=on}}, with a population of 10 million, making it the [[List of Arab countries by population\|eleventh-most populous Arab country]]. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni Muslim]], with an indigenous [[Christianity in Jordan\|Christian minority]]. Jordan has been repeatedly referred to as an "oasis of stability" in the turbulent region of the [[Middle East]]. It has been mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the [[Arab Spring]] in 2010.<ref name="TDBC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|title=Jordan: The Last Arab Safe Haven\|work=The Daily Beast\|date=5 October 2013\|access-date=12 October 2015\|first=Christopher\|last=Dickey\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200255/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million [[Palestinian refugees\|Palestinian]] and 1.4 million [[Syrian refugees\|Syrian]] refugees are present in Jordan as of a 2015 census.<ref name="census"/> The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of [[Iraqi Christians]] fleeing persecution by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\|ISIL]].<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite news\|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|title=Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL\|work=The National\|date=14 February 2015\|first=Justin\|last=Vela\|access-date=12 October 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|access-date=12 October 2015\|title=2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan\|publisher=UNHCR\|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|archive-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>		Jordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of {{Convert\|89,342\|km2\|abbr=on}}, with a population of 10 million, making it the [[List of Arab countries by population\|eleventh-most populous Arab country]]. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni Muslim]], with an indigenous [[Christianity in Jordan\|Christian minority]]. Jordan has been repeatedly referred to as an "oasis of stability" in the turbulent region of the [[Middle East]]. It has been mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the [[Arab Spring]] in 2010.<ref name="TDBC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|title=Jordan: The Last Arab Safe Haven\|work=The Daily Beast\|date=5 October 2013\|access-date=12 October 2015\|first=Christopher\|last=Dickey\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200255/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million [[Palestinian refugees\|Palestinian]] and 1.4 million [[Syrian refugees\|Syrian]] refugees are present in Jordan as of a 2015 census.<ref name="census"/> The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of [[Iraqi Christians]] fleeing persecution by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\|ISIL]].<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite news\|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|title=Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL\|work=The National\|date=14 February 2015\|first=Justin\|last=Vela\|access-date=12 October 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full\|archive-date=30 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|access-date=12 October 2015\|title=2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan\|publisher=UNHCR\|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html\|archive-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>