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	\|author2=Foucher, Alfred		\|author2=Foucher, Alfred
	\| title = The Monuments of Sanchi (3 vol.)		\| title = The Monuments of Sanchi (3 vol.)
	\| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532799		\| year = 1902
			\| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532799
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	*{{cite book		*{{cite book

>Johnbod: /* Personal history and career */ lk

2021-06-16T02:36:35Z

Personal history and career: lk

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{{short description|British archaeologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sir John Marshall
| image = Sir John Marshall.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|3|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chester, England|Chester]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |1958|8|17|1876|3|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Guildford]]
| residence =
| citizenship = British
| nationality = British
| ethnicity =
| field = History, [[Archaeology]]
| work_institutions = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = excavations in [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjodaro]], [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]], [[Taxila]], [[Crete]] and [[Knossos]]
| influences = [[James Prinsep]], [[H. H. Wilson]], [[John Leyden]], [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]], [[Colin Mackenzie]] and William Jones
| influenced =
| prizes = [[Companion of Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] <br> [[Knighthood]] <br> [[Fellow of the British Academy| FBA]]
| religion = Christian
| footnotes =
| signature =
| caption = Sir [[John Marshall (archaeologist)| John Marshall]] working at his desk
}}
'''Sir John Hubert Marshall''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE|FBA}} (19 March 1876, [[Chester, England|Chester]], England – 17 August 1958, [[Guildford]], England) was the Director-General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] from 1902 to 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/banerji-robbed-of-credit-for-indus-findings/articleshow/59101966.cms|title=Banerji robbed of credit for Indus findings}}</ref> He oversaw the excavations of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjodaro]], two of the main cities that comprise the [[Indus Valley Civilization]].

==Personal history and career==
Marshall was educated at [[Dulwich College]] as well as [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=MRSL895JH|name=Marshall, John Hubert}}</ref> In 1898, he won the [[Porson Prize]].<ref>''The India List and India Office List for 1905'', London: Harrison and Sons, 1905, p. 562.</ref> He then trained in [[archaeology]] at [[Knossos]] under [[Sir Arthur Evans]], who was rediscovering the Bronze Age [[Minoan civilization]].<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory A.]], ''The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective'', p. 10, 2002, AltaMira Press, IBSN 9780759101722, 0759101728, [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Indus_Civilization/pmAuAsi4ePIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mohenjo-daro+Priest-king&pg=PA10 google books]</ref>

In 1902, the new [[Viceroy of india|viceroy of India]], [[Lord Curzon]], appointed Marshall as Director-General of Archaeology within the [[British India]]n administration. Marshall modernised the approach to archaeology on that continent, introducing a programme of cataloguing and conservation of ancient monuments and artefacts.

Marshall began the practice of allowing Indians to participate in [[excavation (archaeology)|excavation]]s in their own country. In 1913, he began the [[Taxila (ancient)|excavations at Taxila]], which lasted for twenty years. In 1918, he laid the foundation stone for the [[Taxila Museum]], which today hosts many artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. He then moved on to other sites, including the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] centres of [[Sanchi]] and [[Sarnath]].

His work provided evidence of age of Indian civilisation especially [[Indus Valley Civilization]] and [[Mauryan]] age ([[Ashoka]]'s Age). Following the lead of his predecessor [[Alexander Cunningham]], Marshall, in 1920, initiated at dig at [[Harappa]] with [[Daya Ram Sahni]] as director. In 1922, work began at [[Mohenjo-Daro]]. The results of these efforts, which revealed a seeming ancient culture with its own writing system, were published in the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' on 20 September 1924. Scholars linked the artifacts with the ancient civilisation of [[Sumer]] in Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated [[planned cities]] with [[plumbing]] and [[public baths|baths]].<ref>Jane McIntosh, ''The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives'' ; ABC-CLIO, 2008; {{ISBN|978-1-57607-907-2}} ; pp. 29–32.</ref>

Marshall also led excavations at the prehistoric [[Sohr Damb]] mound near Nal in [[Baluchistan]]; a small representative collection of pottery vessels from the site is now in the [[British Museum]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=138912&peoA=138912-3-13 British Museum Collection]</ref> He is also known for his important part in excavations at [[Knossos]] and various other sites on [[Crete]] between 1898 and 1901. He was awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, by Calcutta University in 1921.<ref>''The Times'', 19 December 1921.</ref>

Marshall was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|(CIE)]] in June 1910<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28388/supplements/4478 London Gazette, 23 June 1910]</ref> and [[Knight|knighted]] in January 1915.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/29094/pages/2364 London Gazette, 9 March 1915]</ref>

==Publications==

* {{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John (ed.)
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization
| year = 1931
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.48270
}}
** [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722 Volume 1]
** [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62023 Volume 2]
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: the Story of the Early School, Its Birth, Growth and Decline
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1960
| location = Cambridge
}}

*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = A Guide to Taxila
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1960|edition=4th
| location = Cambridge
}}
**[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27261/page/n7 Taxila Achaeological Excavations Vol.III]
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
|author2=M. B. Garde
| title = The Bagh Caves in the Gwalior State
| publisher =The [[Royal India Society|India Society]]
| year = 1927
| location = London
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43551
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
|author2=Foucher, Alfred
| title = The Monuments of Sanchi (3 vol.)
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532799
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = A Guide to Sanchi
| publisher = Superintendent, Government Printing
| year = 1918
| location = Calcutta
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148
}}

== In British Academy ==

Sir John Marshall was elected a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 1936 .

== See also ==
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[R. D. Banerji]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*J. H. Marshall, [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/mar.htm "The Date of Kanishka"], ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', 1914, pp. 973–986.
*Sir John Marshall, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024121125 ''A Guide to Taxila''. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1918], archive.org.
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051114/Sir-John-Hubert-Marshall "Sir John Hubert Marshall"], britannica.com.
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]|after=[[Harold Hargreaves]]|years=1902 - 1928}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, John Hubert}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English archaeologists]]
[[Category:People associated with the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
[[Category:People of British India]]
[[Category:Directors General of the Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:British Sindhologists]]
[[Category:19th-century archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century archaeologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of South Asia]]

John Marshall (archaeologist) - Revision history

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>Johnbod: /* Personal history and career */ lk