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{{Short description|Irish soldier}}
{{Other people|John Keane}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Baron Keane
| honorific_suffix={{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCH|size=100%}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|6 February 1781}}
| birth_place = [[Waterford]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death-date and age|24 August 1844|6 February 1781}}
| death_place = [[Hampshire]], England
| placeofburial =
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1781–1844
| rank = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
| unit =
| commands = Brigade, [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division|3rd Division]] 5th Battalion, [[60th Regiment of Foot]] Brigade, 3rd Division 8th Brigade, [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division]] 9th Brigade, AOOF [[Governor of Saint Lucia]] British Forces [[Jamaica]] [[List of governors of Jamaica|Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica]] [[Bombay Army]] Army of the Indus
| battles ={{Tree list}}
*[[French Revolutionary Wars]]
**[[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Egypt campaign]]
***[[Battle of Mandora]]
***[[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]]
*[[Napoleonic Wars]]
**[[West Indies campaign 1803–1810|West Indies campaign]]
***[[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique]]
**[[Peninsular War]]
***[[Battle of Vitoria]]
***[[Battle of Sorauren]]
***[[Battle of Nivelle]]
***[[Battle of Orthes]]
***[[Battle of Tarbes]]
***[[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]]
*[[War of 1812]]
**[[Battle of New Orleans]]{{WIA}}
**[[Fort_Bowyer#Second_battle|Battle of Fort Bowyer]]
*[[First Afghan War]]
**[[Battle of Ghazni]]
| awards =[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]]
| relations =[[Sir John Keane, 1st Baronet]] (father) [[Edward Keane (British Army officer)|Edward Keane]] (brother)
| laterwork =
}}
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''John Keane, 1st Baron Keane''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCH}} (6 February 1781 – 24 August 1844) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] [[soldier]] in the [[British Army]].

==Early life==
John Keane was born in [[Waterford]], Ireland, on 6 February 1781; he was the second son of [[Sir John Keane, 1st Baronet|John Keane]] and Sarah {{nee}} Keiley. Keane's father would be created a [[Keane baronets|baronet]] in 1801. He was the younger brother of the future [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] [[Sir Richard Keane, 2nd Baronet]] and the elder of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[Edward Keane (British Army officer)|Edward Keane]].{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=153}}

==Military service==
===French Revolutionary Wars===
While there is some confusion as to when this occurred, Keane most likely joined the [[British Army]] on 11 October 1794, becoming an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[122nd Regiment of Foot (1794)|122nd Regiment of Foot]].{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=153}} He was quickly promoted, becoming a [[lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 30 October. With the speed of Keane's promotions, it is likely that he never actually reported for duty with the 122nd. His father then [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|purchased]] his promotion to [[captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the [[124th (Waterford) Regiment of Foot|124th Regiment of Foot]] on 12 November. The 124th was disbanded in May 1795 but some time before this Keane transferred to the [[half pay]] of the [[73rd Regiment of Foot (1758)|73rd Regiment of Foot]], a regiment that itself had been disbanded in 1763.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=154}}

Keane stayed on the half pay of the 73rd until 7 November 1799 when he exchanged into the [[44th Regiment of Foot]], which was stationed at [[Gibraltar]]. The regiment sailed to join the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Egypt campaign]] in October, and while Keane went with them he did so as [[aide de camp]] to [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan|Lord Cavan]]. In this position Keane fought at the [[Battle of Mandora]] on 13 March 1801 and then at the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] on 21 March. The French in Egypt capitulated in September, after which Keane went to [[Malta]] as a [[staff officer]]. Keane purchased promotion to [[major (British Army and Royal Marines)|major]] in the [[60th Regiment of Foot]] on 27 May 1802 but did not join the regiment, instead continuing on the staff at Malta until March 1803 when he returned to England. There in August he purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy of the [[13th Regiment of Foot]], and towards the end of the following year he joined his new regiment at Gibraltar.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=154}}

===Napoleonic Wars===
The 13th returned from Gibraltar in January 1806 and Keane spent the following two years in England building up the numbers of the regiment. Having completed this, in January 1808 he was ordered to join the [[West Indies campaign 1803–1810|West Indies campaign]] with the 13th. They were initially stationed as [[garrison]] at [[Bermuda]], but fought at the [[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique]] in early 1809. Keane stayed on at Martinique after this, during which time he was promoted to [[brevet rank|brevet]] colonel on 1 January 1812. He exchanged back into the 60th on 25 June the same year. The 5th [[Battalion]] of the 60th was fighting in the [[Peninsular War]] and Keane went out to join it in October. Upon arriving he was however instead given temporary command of a [[brigade]] within [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division|3rd Division]]. The army was in winter quarters and his role was mostly administrative. Keane continued with his brigade until replaced by Major-General [[Thomas Brisbane]] on 23 March 1813, at which point he finally took up the 5th Battalion of the 60th. The battalion [[company (military)|companies]] were mostly split out among the [[division (military)|divisions]] of the army, but Keane had his headquarters and three companies within 3rd Division.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=154}}

Keane subsequently fought at the [[Battle of Vitoria]] on 21 June and the [[Battle of Sorauren]] on 28 and 30 July. He was then on 1 August given command of a brigade within the division, being the most senior battalion commander. Keane led his brigade at the [[Battle of Nivelle]] on 9 November, and then in the following year at the [[Battle of Orthes]] on 27 February, [[Battle of Tarbes]] on 20 March, and finally the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] on 10 April after which the war in Europe ended. The [[War of 1812]] in North America was still however ongoing, and in April Keane was initially planned to be part of the reinforcements sent over to fight in it. The size of this force was then reduced and Keane was not sent.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=154}}

Keane was promoted to major-general on 4 June the same year. While he did not go with the main British force to North America, he was instead sent in early autumn with reinforcements to [[Jamaica]]. While travelling there he learned at [[Madeira]] that after defeat at the [[Battle of Baltimore]] and the death there of Major-General [[Robert Ross (British Army officer)|Robert Ross]], the remnants of the main British force had retreated to Jamaica.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=154}} Keane took command of these troops upon his arrival on 25 November and took his enlarged force to the [[Mississippi River]] where they landed on 8 December. He was then superseded in command of the army by Major-General [[Edward Pakenham|Sir Edward Pakenham]], but continued on with it. At the [[Battle of New Orleans]] on 8 January 1815 Keane commanded the left assaulting column and was severely wounded in the [[groin]]. An especially think pair of [[Trousers#Europe before the 20th century|pantaloons]] saved him from a possibly mortal injury. Keane spent some time recovering from the wound but was able to return to service in February. He was thus present at the [[Fort_Bowyer#Second_battle|capture of Fort Bowyer]] on 13 February, after which the [[Treaty of Ghent]] came into effect and hostilities ended.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}} Keane was created a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 2 January.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=153}}

Returning to Europe, Keane missed the [[Battle of Waterloo]] but was afterwards selected as a casualty replacement in the army. On 2 July he was appointed to command the 8th Brigade, replacing Major-General [[James Kempt|Sir James Kempt]] who was in turn filling the gap left at [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division]] by the death of [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Thomas Picton|Sir Thomas Picton]]. When the army was reformed into the Army of Occupation in November Keane continued on with it, being given command of the 9th Brigade. The army was subsequently reduced as time went on, and on 25 April 1817 Keane's command was dissolved and he was not given another.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}} The [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] wrote to Keane saying that:{{blockquote|I assure you that it was with the greatest pain that I gave the order to remove you from the Staff of this army. It will always give me the greatest pleasure to have your assistance again{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=156}}}}

===Bombay Army===
Keane's next official duties came in 1818 when on 19 January he was appointed [[Governor of Saint Lucia]]. He continued on St Lucia until 1823 when he was given command over the British forces at Jamaica. From 1827 to 1829 he also served as [[List of governors of Jamaica|Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica]]. On 22 July 1830 Keane was promoted to lieutenant-general and he returned to England, having also been appointed [[colonel of the regiment|colonel]] of the [[94th Regiment of Foot]] the prior year.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}} Back in England his regimental colonelcy was transferred to the [[68th Regiment of Foot]] on 13 April 1831, and in the same year he was created a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]].{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=153}}{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}} Then on 14 October 1833 Keane was appointed Commander-in-Chief, [[Bombay Army]]. He assumed command on 2 July the following year.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}}

On 6 April 1838 Keane was made colonel of the [[46th Regiment of Foot]].{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=156}} When the [[First Afghan War]] began later in the year, in December Keane brought a portion of his force to join the Army of the Indus that had been created for the conflict. [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Henry Fane (British Army officer)|Sir Henry Fane]] resigned command of the army soon afterwards and Keane took over.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}} As such he commanded it in its invasion of Afghanistan, capturing [[Karachi]] in February and fighting the [[Battle of Ghazni]] on 23 July 1839.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}}{{sfnp|Gorman|Edwardes|1933|p=49}} Keane captured [[Kabul]] on 6 August and after leaving a garrison force in the country he returned with the Bombay Army to India.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=155}} On 1 August his colonelcy was transferred to the [[43rd Regiment of Foot]], and on 12 August he was advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]. Keane fulfilled his term of office at Bombay, ending on 18 October, after which he returned to Britain. News travelling slowly, it was only after his return in 1840 that he learned he had been created [[Baron Keane]] on 12 August the previous year. He was also rewarded with a pension of £2,000 a year.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=156}}<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=19805 |date=20 December 1839 |page=2655}}</ref>

Keane saw no further service with the army after this. He died at Burton Lodge, [[Hampshire]], on 26 August 1844, most likely from [[edema]] caused by [[congestive heart failure]].{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=156}}

==Personal life==
Keane married Grace Smith, the second daughter of General [[John Smith (British Army officer, born 1754)|Sir John Smith]], on 10 August 1806. The couple went on to have eight children, of which three sons join the British Army and one the [[Royal Navy]]. Grace died on 14 January 1838 and Keane married Charlotte Maria Boland, the youngest daughter of Colonel [[John Boland (British Army officer)|John Boland]], on 20 August 1840. They had no children.{{sfnp|McGuigan|Burnham|2017|p=156}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite ODNB|first1=H. M.|last1=Chichester|first2=James|last2=Lunt|title=Keane, John, first Baron Keane|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/15207|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gorman|first1=James Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCZ-AAAAIAAJ&q=karachi+john+keane&pg=PA49|title=2nd battalion 4th Bombay grenadiers (King Edward's own) formerly the 102nd King Edward's own grenadiers: historical record of the regiment, 1796-1933|last2=Edwardes|first2=Sir Stanley de Burgh|date=1933|publisher=Printed by Lawrence Bros., Ltd.|language=en|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426110412/https://books.google.com/books?id=SCZ-AAAAIAAJ&q=karachi+john+keane&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=McGuigan |first1=Ron |last2=Burnham|first2=Robert |title=Wellington's Brigade Commanders |date=2017 |location=Barnsley |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-47385-079-8}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Saint Lucia]] | before=[[Edward O'Hara (Governor)|Edward O'Hara]] | after=[[John Joseph Winkler]] | years=1818–1823}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Jamaica|Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica]] (acting) | before=[[William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester|Lord Manchester]] | after=[[Somerset Lowry-Corry, 2nd Earl Belmore|Lord Belmore]] | years=1827–1829}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Colin Halkett|Sir Colin Halkett]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bombay Army|C-in-C, Bombay Army]]|years=1833–1839}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Thomas McMahon, 2nd Baronet|Sir Thomas McMahon]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before=[[Thomas Bradford|Sir Thomas Bradford]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[94th Regiment of Foot]] | years=1829–1831}}
{{s-aft | after=[[James Campbell (British Army officer, died 1835)|Sir James Campbell]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before=[[Sir Henry Warde]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)]] | years=1831–1838}}
{{s-aft | after=[[William Johnston (British Army officer)|Sir William Johnston]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before=[[Henry Wynyard]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1838–1839}}
{{s-aft | after=[[John Ross (died 1843)|John Ross]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before=[[John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden|Lord Howden]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)]] | years=1839–1844}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Hercules Robert Pakenham|Sir Hercules Pakenham]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Baron Keane]] | years= 1839–1844 }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Edward Keane, 2nd Baron Keane|Edward Arthur Wellington Keane]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Anglo-Afghan War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keane, John Keane, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1781 births]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:People from County Offaly]]
[[Category:People from County Waterford]]
[[Category:18th-century Anglo-Irish people]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglo-Irish people]]
[[Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers]]
[[Category:68th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of Bombay]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Army Gold Cross]]
[[Category:Governors of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Governors of British Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]

John Keane, 1st Baron Keane - Revision history

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