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	* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]		* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
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	~~{{Portal\|India\|Literature}}~~

	==Notes==		==Notes==

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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Johann Ernst Hanxleden
| image = Johann Ernst von Hanxleden.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Arnos Pathiri
| birth_name =
| other_names = Arnos Pathiri
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1681}}
| birth_place = [[Ostercappeln]], [[Lower Saxony]], Germany
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1732|1681}}
| death_place = [[Pazhuvil]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India
| restingplace = Pazhuvil
| occupation = [[Jesuit]] [[Catholic priesthood|priest]], [[missionary]], poet, [[grammar]]ian, [[lexicographer]], [[philologist]]
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Puthen Pana]]''|''Malayalam–Portuguese Dictionary''|''Malayalavyaakaranam''|''Sidharoopam''}}
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Johann Ernst Hanxleden''' (1681–1732), better identified as '''Arnos Pathiri''', was a German [[Jesuit]] [[Catholic priesthood|priest]] and [[missionary]], best known for his contributions as a [[Malayalam]] and [[Sanskrit]] poet, [[grammar]]ian, [[lexicographer]], and [[philologist]]. He lived in India for most part of his life and became a scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]] languages before authoring ''[[Puthen Pana]]'', a poem on the life of [[Jesus Christ]], ''Malayalam–Portuguese Dictionary'', the first dictionary in Malayalam as well as two linguistic treatises, ''Malayalavyaakaranam'' and ''Sidharoopam''.

==Early life==
Johann Ernst Hanxleden was born at [[Ostercappeln]], near [[Osnabrück]], in [[Lower Saxony]], Germany in 1681.<ref name="Arnos Padre commemoration">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031750850200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411021239/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031750850200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Arnos Padre commemoration |date=2010-03-17 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Some reports mention the year of birth as 1680.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnosgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>}} While studying philosophy at his home town of Osnabruck, he met Wilhelm Weber, a [[Jesuit priest]] to whom he volunteered for service in India as a part of the then Jesuit mission in [[Malabar region|Malabar]].<ref name="Arnos Pathiri: The German Jesuit Who Compiled A Sanskrit Grammar Book">{{Cite web |url=https://madrascourier.com/biography/arnos-pathiri-the-german-jesuit-who-compiled-a-sanskrit-grammar-book/ |title=Arnos Pathiri: The German Jesuit Who Compiled A Sanskrit Grammar Book |last=Vijayakrishnan |first=K. |date=2018-10-23 |website=Madras Courier |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> On 30 October 1699 he set out on a long journey to India, along with Wilhelm Weber and another Jesuit priest, Wilhelm Meyr, travelling through present day Italy, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], and [[Persian Empire|Persia]] to reach [[Surat]] (of present-day [[Gujarat]]), India on 13 December 1700.{{Refn|group=note|Franz Kaspar Schillinger, a doctor and fellow passenger later gave the account of this dangerous journey and reported that Weber and Meyr died during the transit.<ref name="Arnos Pathiri: The German Jesuit Who Compiled A Sanskrit Grammar Book" />}} During the journey, he entered into a [[novitiate]] and proceeded to [[Goa]] where there was a large community of [[Jesuits]].<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-times-and-life-of-arnos-paathiri/article7512463.ece |title=The times and life of Arnos Paathiri |last=K.pradeep |date=2015-08-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

==In India==
[[File:Sampaloor Church - സമ്പാളൂർ പള്ളി.JPG|thumb|left|220px|Sampaloor Church]]
[[File:Velur church.jpg|thumb|235px|St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur founded by Arnos Pathiri]]
After completing his spiritual formation ([[Novitiate]]) in Goa, Hanxleden was sent to a [[Jesuit]] Seminary at [[Sampaloor]] in [[Thrissur District]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].{{Refn|group=note|The remains of the seminary where Hanxleden did his priestly studies in Sampaloor and the church are preserved as a historical monument at [[:ml:സമ്പാളൂർ പള്ളി|St. Francis Xavier's Church, Sampaloor]]. The word Sampallor has got its origin from 'san-paul-ur', means land of St. Paul. It was the Jesuit priests who have given this name to this land which is called as [[Ambazhakad]] to commemorate St. Paul the Apostle of Jesus who travelled at length from middle East to the western Europe to preach the Gospel. It is also assumed that Jesuits had great reverence to Pope Paul III who approved the Plan of St. Ignatius of Lyola to form a congregation by name "Society of Jesus"in 1540 by the bull "Formula of the Institute".<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" />}} It is at St. Paul's Seminary in Sampaloor, he did his theological studies for preparing himself to receive priesthood.<ref name="Sampaloor Church at Thrissur">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/sampaloor-church-thrissur/62 |title=Sampaloor Church at Thrissur |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> He took time also to initiate himself to the local language, [[Malayalam]] and more importantly studied the [[Syriac language|Syriac]], the [[liturgical]] language of the [[Thomas Christians]] of [[Kerala]]. He was ordained priest in 1706. In addition to his mother tongue German, and his mastery of [[Malayalam]], he also had a good command over [[Latin]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="Arnos Padre commemoration" />

After moving to [[Palayoor]], Hanxleden studied [[Sanskrit]] too and improved his [[Malayalam]], learning under the tutelage of Namboodiri scholars such as Kunjan and Krishnan from Angamaly and Thekkemadom from Thrissur.<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" /> From 1707 to 1711, he served as secretary to John Ribeiro, the then [[Archbishop]] of [[Cranganore]] and visited many places in [[Kerala]] on tasks such as preaching and [[Catechesis]]. It is recorded that he also served as the vicar of the main church in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]. Later, he moved to [[Velur, Thrissur]], a small village near [[Thrissur]] District in 1712 and built the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur Forane Church]].<ref name="Rich tributes paid to Arnos Padre">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/21/stories/2010032151050200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330034202/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/21/stories/2010032151050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 March 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Rich tributes paid to Arnos Padre |date=2010-03-21 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> From 1729 onward, he spent his time between Velur, Sampaloor, [[Palayoor]] and [[Pazhuvil]] and it was at [[Pazhuvil]] he suffered a snake bite which resulted in his death on 20 March 1732, at the age of 51.<ref name="Remembering the man who wrote ‘Puthen Pana’">{{Cite web |url=http://india.ucanews.com/news/remembering-the-man-who-wrote-puthen-pana/33869/daily |title=Remembering the man who wrote 'Puthen Pana' |website=india.ucanews.com |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> He was buried there but, later, when a memorial was built outside the church, his mortal remains were transferred to it; the memorial also houses a historical museum.<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" />

The church and his home in Velur have since been declared as a protected monument by the Government of Kerala.<ref name="Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/300-year-old-Sanskrit-work-by-German-released-in-Belgium/articleshow/19540570.cms |title=Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium |last1=April 14 |first1=PTI |last2=2013 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> Among various exhibits at the museum are the bed used by Hanxleden and the ''[[Chaturanga|chathurangam]]'' (which Hanxleden used to play) columns marked on the floor of his home. [[Mar Francis Vazhapilly]], [[Metropolitan Archbishop of Thrissur]] from 1921 to 1942, used to stay at the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur Forane Church]] for a few days during [[Lent]] so that he could sleep on the bed used by Arnos Paathiri and drink from the well dug during his times.<ref name="Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister" />

His life has been documented in many books; ''Arnos Pathiri - a Biography'', written by A. Adappur, a Catholic priest<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" /> ''Arnos Pathiri'', written by Mathew Ulakamthara<ref name="Ulakamthara1982">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLsWAAAAIAAJ |title=Arnos Pathiri |last=Mathew Ulakamthara |publisher=Kerala History Association |year=1982 |oclc=17608738}}</ref> ''Arnos Pathiri - Jeevacharithram'' of N. K. Jos<ref name="Arnos Pathiri - Jeevacharithram">{{Cite book |title=Arnos Pathiri - Jeevacharithram |last=Jos |first=N. K. |date=1982 |publisher=Prakasam Publications |location=Kōṭṭayaṃ |language=Malayalam |oclc=13121660}}</ref> and ''Arnos Padri'', written by C. K. Mattam count among them.<ref name="Arnose Padri">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=204425&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520c%2520k%2520mattam |title=Arnose Padri |last=Mattam. C. K |date=1957 |publisher=C. K. Mattam |location=C. K. Mattam}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Arnos Paathiri's oeuvre comprises poems, dictionaries and grammar books and two of his prominent literary works are ''[[Puthen Pana]]'' and ''Chathuranthyam''.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnospathiribooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref><ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA229|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=229–}}</ref>

===''[[Puthen Pana]]''===
The ''[[Puthen Pana]]'', a Malayalam epic on the life of Jesus Christ, is Arnos Pathiri's most popular poem and it is one of the earliest poems written in simple Malayalam.<ref name="Velur church and Arnos Pathiri">{{Cite web |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/places-pilgrimage-malayalam/വേലൂരിലെ-പള്ളിയും-അര്‍ണോസ്-പാതിരിയും-109100500043_1.htm |title=Velur church and Arnos Pathiri |last=WEBDUNIA |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> It has been an inalienable part of Christian (not restricted to [[Catholic]]) life in Kerala since the time of its composition; its ''paadham''s are sung in a characteristic manner in Christian households on various solemn occasions, the most notable ones being [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]], [[Good Friday]], and other days of [[Holy Week]] and [[Lent]] and evenings preceding funerals.<ref name="Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3011268.ece |title=Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Choreography on `Puthenpana' staged">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Choreography-on-%60Puthenpana-staged/article14709559.ece |title=Choreography on 'Puthenpana' staged |date=2007-01-22 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> It is reported that he wrote ''[[Puthen Pana]]'' sitting by the well of [[Pazhuvil]] Forane church.

The poem which follows a similar style to the noted work, [[Jnanappana]] of [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]],<ref name="Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister" /> consists of fourteen ''Paadhams''; the couplets are written in the ''Sarppini'' ''Vruththam'', except for those in the twelfth ''Paadham'', which are in the ''Nathonnatha'' metre.<ref name="Choreography on `Puthenpana' staged" /> The twelfth ''Paadham'' on the lament of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]] at the [[crucifixion]] and death of Jesus is the heart of the poem. Other important ''Paadham''s are concerned with the [[The Fall of Man|Fall of Man]] (second), the [[Annunciation]] (fourth), the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]] (fifth), the [[Sermon on the Mount]] (seventh), the [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]] (tenth), the trial and [[Crucifixion]] (eleventh), the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] (thirteenth), and the [[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]] (fourteenth). The first ''paadham'' has the poet telling us that the poem is being written on request from Antonio Pimental, the Archbishop of Cranganore; Pimental held the ecclesiastical office from 1721 to 1752, the poem is estimated to have been composed some time during the period 1721–1732.<ref name="Choreography on `Puthenpana' staged" />

===''Chathuranthyam''===
The ''Chathuranthyam'' is a mystic poem on the four ends of man: ''Maranam'', ''Vidhi'', ''Moksham'' and ''Narakam'' parts of the poem are sung on occasions similar to the ''Puththenpaana'' recitals. While his poems are written works, they also have a strong [[oral tradition]]; many pious Christians learn his poetical works by heart for recitals.<ref name="Arnospathiriyude chathuranthyam oru vimarshanatmaka padanam">{{Cite book |url=http://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=2902 |title=Arnospathiriyude chathuranthyam oru vimarshanatmaka padanam |last=Jose T L |date=1998 |publisher=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit |location=Kalady}}</ref>

===''Malayalam–Portuguese Dictionary''===
Arnos Pathiri was the first to compile a [[Malayalam]] [[Dictionary]] and his [[lexicon]] described [[Malayalam]] words in both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Ernest Hanxleden">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07131a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Ernest Hanxleden |date=2019-04-19 |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

=== Others ===
Pathiri was the first European to write a [[Sanskrit]] grammar ''Grammatica grandonica'' and also the first European to compose Sanskrit [[Poetry|verse]].<ref name="Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium" /> He also wrote a short and succinct [[grammar]] for the [[Malayalam]] language. Along with his predecessor, [[Heinrich Roth]], he was one of the pioneering European [[Sanskrit]] scholars, and he has written several essays on [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], in Latin.<ref name="Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium" /> ''Marana Parvam'', ''Vidhi Parvam'', ''Moksha Parvam'', ''Naraka Parvam'', ''Umma Parvam'', ''Misiha Charitham'', and ''Jehova Parvam'' are some of his other works.<ref name="Arnos Pathiri and Malayalam Literature">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/arnos-pathiri/39 |title=Arnos Pathiri and Malayalam Literature |date=2019-04-19 |website=Christianity |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

Arnos Padre Academy is an eponymous organization based in Velur, established in memory of Hanxleden<ref name="Arnos Padiri Academy - Offitial Website">{{Cite web |url=http://www.arnosacademy.com/index.html |title=Arnos Padiri Academy - Offitial Website |date=2019-04-19 |website=www.arnosacademy.com |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> and the academy has taken steps to get his writings translated into English with the help of European scholars.<ref name="Academy to translate Arnos Pathiri’s works to English">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140114/news-current-affairs/article/academy-translate-arnos-pathiri%E2%80%99s-works-english |title=Academy to translate Arnos Pathiri's works to English |date=January 14, 2014 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

==Selected works==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=224855&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520arnos%2520pathiri |title=Puthan pana |last=Arnos Pathiri |date=1966}}
* ''Chathuranthyam''
* ''Genevieva Punyacharithram''
* ''Ummaadaey Dhukhkham''
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81747&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520arnos%2520pathiri |title=Malayalam Portuguese nighandu |last=Arnos Pathiri |date=1988 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy}}
* ''Malayalavyaakaranam''
* ''Samskrutham – Portuguese'' Dictionary
* ''Samskruthavyaakaranam''
* ''Ave Maris Stella''
* {{Cite book |title=Koodāśappāna |last1=Arṇos Pāthir̲i |last2=Rāghavan Piḷḷa |first2=K. |date=1960 |publisher=Ōr̲iental Mānuscr̲ipt̲s Library |location=Thiruvananthapuraṃ |language=Malayalam |oclc=7276032}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18363/Arnos-Pathiriyude-Padya-Krithikal/Arnos-Pathiri.php |title=Arnos Pathiriyude Padya Krithikal |last=Arnos Pathiri |publisher=Fr. S. Thermadam }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18571/Narakaparvam/Arnos-Pathiri.pdf |title=Narakaparvam |last=Arnos Pathiri |publisher=Bharathavilasam Press and Book Depot |year=1931}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18484/Umaparvam/Arnos-Pathiri.pdf |title=Umaparvam |last=Arnos Pathiri |publisher=Bharathavilasam Press and Book Depot |page=63}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
*[[Hermann Gundert]]
*[[V. Nagel]]
*[[George Mathan]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=The Jesuits in Malabar |last=Ferroli |first=D |date=1939 |publisher=King & Co |location=Bangalore |language=English |oclc=612088429}}
* [[P. J. Thomas, Parakunnel|P. J. Thomas]]: ''Malayalasaahithyavum Kristhyaanikalum'', D. C. Books, Kottayam, 1989.
* M. Mundadan, ''An Unknown Oriental Scholar: Ernest Hanxleden'', ''Indian Church History Review'' 23 (1989) 39–63.
* J. J. Pallath, Ed.: ''Arnos Padiri: the first Malayalam poet scholar orientalist'', Arnos Padiri publications, Calicut, 1994.
* [[Joseph J. Palackal]], ''Puthen Pana: A musical study'', Master's thesis, Hunter college of the City university of New York, 1995, Christian Musicological Society of India.
* {{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/136158 |title=A Critical Study of Arnos Pathiri's Chathuranthyam |last=Jose |first=T. L. |date=1998 |website=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit |language=ml |access-date=2019-04-19}}

==External links==
*[https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/en/object/boreal%3A127831 ''Grammatica Grandonica: The Sanskrit Grammar of Johann Ernst Hanxleden s.j. (1681-1732), introduced and edited, with a photographical reproduction of the original manuscript'' by Vielle, Christophe ; Van Hal, Toon ; Muller, Jean-Claude]
* {{Cite web |url=http://christianmusicologicalsocietyofindia.com/ |title=Christian Musicological Society of India |date=2019-04-19 |website=christianmusicologicalsocietyofindia.com |language=en-gb |access-date=2019-04-19}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnospathiri.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanxleden, Johann Ernst}}
[[Category:1681 births]]
[[Category:1732 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century German Jesuits]]
[[Category:Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:German lexicographers]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:German philologists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Osnabrück (district)]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Clergy from Lower Saxony]]

Johann Ernst Hanxleden - Revision history

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