MargueriteMcEwan: slightly add structure for consistency further

2026-03-06T12:48:42Z

slightly add structure for consistency further

UpdateBot at 08:37, 21 April 2022

2022-04-21T08:37:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 21 April 2022
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	{{short description\|Portuguese-Galician explorer}}		{{short description\|Portuguese-Galician explorer (1460–1509)}}
	{{infobox person		{{infobox person
	\| name = João da Nova		\| name = João da Nova
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	'''João da Nova''' (~~Galician spelling ''~~Xoán de Novoa~~'' or ''~~Joam de Nôvoa~~'', Spanish spelling ''~~Juan de Nova''; {{IPA-pt\|ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ dɐ ˈnɔvɐ}}; born c. 1460 in [[Maceda, Ourense\|Maceda]], [[Province of Ourense\|Ourense]], [[Kingdom of Galicia\|Galicia]]; died July 16, 1509 in [[Kochi, India]]) was a [[Portuguese ~~people\|Portuguese]]~~-[[Galician ~~people\|Galician]]~~ explorer of the [[Atlantic]] and ~~[[Indian Ocean\|~~Indian]] Oceans at the service of [[Portuguese Empire\|Portugal]]. He is credited as the discoverer of [[Ascension Island\|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] islands.
			'''João da Nova''' ({{lang-gl\|Xoán de Novoa, Joam de Nôvoa}}; {{lang-es\|Juan de Nova}}; {{IPA-pt\|ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ dɐ ˈnɔvɐ}}; born c. 1460 in [[Maceda, Ourense\|Maceda]], [[Province of Ourense\|Ourense]], [[Kingdom of Galicia\|Galicia]]; died July 16, 1509 in [[Kochi, India]]) was a Portuguese-Galician explorer of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans at the service of [[Portuguese Empire\|Portugal]]. He is credited as the discoverer of [[Ascension Island\|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] islands.

	The [[Juan de Nova Island]], in the [[Mozambique Channel]], is named after him. The [[Farquhar Group\|Farquhar atoll]] (in the [[Seychelles]]) was, for a long time, known as the João da Nova islands.<ref group="N">The appellation 'João da Nova islands' for the Farquhar atoll appeared in most European navigational charts until the 19th century, when they were renamed after British Mauritius governor [[Robert Townsend Farquhar]], to avoid confusion with the Mozambique Channel island.</ref><ref>[[Alexander George Findlay\|Findlay, A. G.]] (1866) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA479 A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean]'', London: Laurie, p.479</ref> It is sometimes thought that the [[Agaléga]] islands (in the Indian Ocean) was also named after him (although it is almost certain he never visited them).<ref group="N">Theories behind the 'Agalega' name are reviewed by Robert Scott (1961) ''Limuria: The Lesser Dependencies of Mauritius''</ref>		The [[Juan de Nova Island]], in the [[Mozambique Channel]], is named after him. The [[Farquhar Group\|Farquhar atoll]] (in the [[Seychelles]]) was, for a long time, known as the João da Nova islands.<ref group="N">The appellation 'João da Nova islands' for the Farquhar atoll appeared in most European navigational charts until the 19th century, when they were renamed after British Mauritius governor [[Robert Townsend Farquhar]], to avoid confusion with the Mozambique Channel island.</ref><ref>[[Alexander George Findlay\|Findlay, A. G.]] (1866) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA479 A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean]'', London: Laurie, p.479</ref> It is sometimes thought that the [[Agaléga]] islands (in the Indian Ocean) was also named after him (although it is almost certain he never visited them).<ref group="N">Theories behind the 'Agalega' name are reviewed by Robert Scott (1961) ''Limuria: The Lesser Dependencies of Mauritius''</ref>
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	[[Category:Recipients of Portuguese royal pardons]]		[[Category:Recipients of Portuguese royal pardons]]
	[[Category:History of Kerala]]		[[Category:History of Kerala]]
	[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]		[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]

>JJMC89 bot III: Removing :Category:Explorers of the Atlantic Ocean per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2021 May 11#Category:Explorers of the Atlantic Ocean

2021-06-03T04:51:00Z

Removing Category:Explorers of the Atlantic Ocean per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2021 May 11#Category:Explorers of the Atlantic Ocean

New page

{{short description|Portuguese-Galician explorer}}
{{infobox person
| name = João da Nova
| image = Joao da Nova.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1460
| birth_place = [[Maceda, Ourense|Maceda]], [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]]
| death_date = {{BirthDeathAge| |1460| | |1509|7|16| }}
| death_place = [[Kochi, India]]
| nationality = [[Kingdom of Galicia]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Discoverer of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] islands
| occupation = Explorer
}}
'''João da Nova''' (Galician spelling ''Xoán de Novoa'' or ''Joam de Nôvoa'', Spanish spelling ''Juan de Nova''; {{IPA-pt|ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ dɐ ˈnɔvɐ}}; born c. 1460 in [[Maceda, Ourense|Maceda]], [[Province of Ourense|Ourense]], [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]]; died July 16, 1509 in [[Kochi, India]]) was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]-[[Galician people|Galician]] explorer of the [[Atlantic]] and [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] Oceans at the service of [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]. He is credited as the discoverer of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] islands.

The [[Juan de Nova Island]], in the [[Mozambique Channel]], is named after him. The [[Farquhar Group|Farquhar atoll]] (in the [[Seychelles]]) was, for a long time, known as the João da Nova islands.<ref group="N">The appellation 'João da Nova islands' for the Farquhar atoll appeared in most European navigational charts until the 19th century, when they were renamed after British Mauritius governor [[Robert Townsend Farquhar]], to avoid confusion with the Mozambique Channel island.</ref><ref>[[Alexander George Findlay|Findlay, A. G.]] (1866) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA479 A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean]'', London: Laurie, p.479</ref> It is sometimes thought that the [[Agaléga]] islands (in the Indian Ocean) was also named after him (although it is almost certain he never visited them).<ref group="N">Theories behind the 'Agalega' name are reviewed by Robert Scott (1961) ''Limuria: The Lesser Dependencies of Mauritius''</ref>

==Biography==
Juan da Nova was born into a noble family in [[Maceda, Ourense|Maceda]], [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], then a constituent kingdom of the [[Crown of Castile]]. Nova was sent by his family to [[Portugal]], where he grew up, to escape the struggles between aristocratic factions known as the [[Irmandiño|Irmandiño wars]].{{cn|date=April 2014}} In Portugal, he was also known as ''João Galego'' ("the Galician"). In 1496, he was appointed as ''Alcaide menor'' ([[Mayor]]) of [[Lisbon]] by king [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]].

== First Voyage to India ==
{{Main|3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)}}

On 9 or 10 March 1501, João da Nova departed as commander of the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|third Portuguese expedition]] to [[India]], leading a small four vessel fleet under a joint private initiative of Florentine [[Bartolomeo Marchionni]]<ref group="N">Bartolomeo Marchionni, possibly the richest man in Lisbon then, was the chief merchant in sugar from Madeira island and had participated extensively in voyages to Guinea, Brazil, Madeira, and would finance several voyages to India.</ref><ref>Greenlee, William Brooks (1995). ''The voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India: from contemporary documents and narratives'', p.146, Issue 81, Hakluyt Society, Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-1040-7}}</ref> and Portuguese [[Álvaro of Braganza|D. Álvaro of Braganza]].<ref>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama'', p.182, New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-521-47072-8}}</ref> On the outward leg of this expedition, in May 1501, Nova is believed to have sighted [[Ascension Island]] in the [[South Atlantic]].<ref group="N">Nova originally named it ''ilha da Conceição'' (Conception Island). When [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] sighted the island again in 1503, on [[Ascension Day]], he renamed it after that day.</ref><ref>Albuquerque, Afonso de (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?ei=C8O1TLy_GNTNjAeh-OS2Aw&ct=result&hl=cs&id=WDAMAAAAIAAJ&dq=Joao+da+Nova+Nova+Conception&q=Conception The commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India]'', Adamant Media Corporation,  p.xx. Issue 55. {{ISBN|1-4021-9511-7}}</ref> After doubling the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]], he is said to also have discovered what has since been called [[Juan de Nova Island]] in the [[Mozambique Channel]].<ref>Birch, 1877, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Joao%20da%20Nova%20Conception&pg=PR20#v=onepage&q&f=false p.xx]</ref>

Arriving in India, Nova established a [[Factory (trading post)|''feitoria'' (trading post)]] in [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and left behind a factor (on behalf of the private Marchionni-Braganza consortium, not the Portuguese crown). On December 31, 1501, João da Nova's little fleet [[First Battle of Cannanore|engaged the fleet]] of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in a battle outside of Cannanore harbor, the first Portuguese [[naval battle]] in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>K.S. Matthew (1997) "Indian Naval Encounters with the Portuguese: Strengths and weaknesses", in K.K.N. Kurup, editor, ''India's Naval Traditions'', New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p.11</ref><ref>Marinha.pt, 2009, ''[http://www.marinha.pt/pt/amarinha/historia/combatesnavais/pages/cananor31dedezembrode1501a2dejaneirode1502.aspx site Cananor - 31 de Dezembro de 1501 a 2 de Janeiro de 1502] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820093508/http://www.marinha.pt/pt/amarinha/historia/combatesnavais/pages/cananor31dedezembrode1501a2dejaneirode1502.aspx |date=2016-08-20 }}''</ref> Some historians have conjectured that Nova (or one of his captains) might also have visited the island of [[Ceylon]] at some point on this trip, four years before the first officially documented Portuguese visit by D. [[Lourenço de Almeida]] in 1505-6.<ref>Bouchon, G. (1980) "A propos de l'inscription de Colombo (1501): quelques observations sur le premier voyage de João da Nova dans l'Océan Indien", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', Vol. 28, p. 233-70. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p5k1uy7-kSMC&lpg=PA229&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false Offprint.]</ref>

Nova's armada left India in January 1502. On his return journey, Nova is said to have discovered the South Atlantic island of [[Saint Helena]] on 21 May 1502, the feast day of [[Helena (Empress)|Helena of Constantinople]]. However, a paper published in 2015<ref>Ian Bruce, ‘St Helena Day’, Wirebird The Journal of the Friends of St Helena, no. 44 (2015): 32–46.[http://sainthelenaisland.info/sthelenadayarticleianbruce.pdf]</ref> reviewed the discovery date and suggests [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] was probably the first (in 1596) to state that the island was so named because it was found on the 21 May.<ref>Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Itinerario, voyage ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen Van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, inhoudende een corte beschryvinghe der selver landen ende zee-custen... waer by ghevoecht zijn niet alleen die conterfeytsels van de habyten, drachten ende wesen, so van de Portugesen aldaer residerende als van de ingeboornen Indianen. (C. Claesz, 1596)[https://archive.org/details/itinerariovoyage00lins].</ref><ref>Jan Huygen van Linschoten, John Huighen Van Linschoten, His Discours of Voyages Into Ye Easte [and] West Indies: Divided Into Foure Bookes (London: John Wolfe, 1598).[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nRN-HgO3tREC&pg=PA172&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> Given that Linschoten correctly stated [[Whitsunday]] fell on the Western Christian date of 21 May 1589 (rather than the Orthodox Church date of 28 May),<ref>[http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=16 Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century]</ref> the paper suggests that Linschoten was referring to the [[Protestant]] feast-day for Saint Helena on 21 May, not the Orthodox Church version on the same date. It is then argued the Portuguese found the island two decades before the start of the [[Reformation]] and the establishment of [[Protestantism]], and it is therefore not possible that the island was so named because it was found on the Protestant feast day. An alternative discovery date of 3 May on the Catholic feast-day celebrating the finding of the [[True Cross]] by [[Saint Helena]] in [[Jerusalem]], as quoted by [[Odoardo Duarte Lopes]] in 1591<ref>Duarte Lopes and Filippo Pigafetta, Relatione del Reame di Congo et delle circonvicine contrade tratta dalli scritti & ragionamenti di Odoardo Lope[S] Portoghese / per Filipo Pigafetta con disegni vari di geografiadi pianti, d’habiti d’animali, & altro. (Rome: BGrassi, 1591).[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-aurfsHGclwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> and by [[Sir Thomas Herbert]] in 1638,<ref>Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels into Africa et Asia the Great: Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Industant as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Orientall Indies and I’les Adjacent (Jacob Blome & Richard Bishop, 1638), 353.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mlJBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> is suggested as historically more credible than the Protestant date of 21 May. The paper observes that if da Nova made the discovery on 3 May 1502, he may have been inhibited from naming the island Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross) because [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] had already assigned that same name to the Brazilian coastline, which he thought to be a large island, on 3 May 1500.<ref>Corrêa and Felner, Lendas da India, [Edited by R. J. de Lima Felner], Vol 1 Part 1:152.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN05022145&as_brr=1&pg=PA152&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> News of Cabral’s discovery reached Lisbon directly from South America before da Nova’s fleet set off on the voyage to India in 1501. If da Nova knew the True Cross name had already been assigned, the most obvious and plausible alternative name for him to give the island was "Santa Helena".

== Second Voyage to India ==

===1505-06===
On 5 March 1505, he undertook another voyage to [[India]] as captain of the ''[[Flor de la Mar]]'' in the [[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|7th Portuguese India armada]] commanded by [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese [[Viceroy]] of India. Nova had been granted credentials by the king entitling him to be Captain-Major ({{lang-pt|Capitão-mor}}) of the Indian coast fleet if suitable. In East Africa, the armada captured [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (in which event Nova played a critical role relaying secret missives between Almeida and local pretender Muhammad Arcone){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} and proceeded to raid [[Mombassa]].

After crossing the Indian Ocean, the armada spent some time erecting forts and raiding ports, before eventually arriving at [[Cochin]] in October. There D. Francisco de Almeida inaugurated his term as [[Viceroy]] of [[Portuguese India]], but refused to allow João da Nova to invoke his credentials as Captain-Major of the Indian coastal patrol. Almeida claimed that the ''Flor de la Mar'' was too large to enter the Indian coastal inlets and lagoons and thus unsuitable as a patrol ship. Almeida offered João da Nova the option of switching to a [[caravel]], and sending the ''Flor'' back under another captain, but Nova chose to bring her back to Lisbon himself. Almeida then appointed his own son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]], as captain-major of the patrol.

Leaving India in February 1506, Nova's heavy-laden ''Flor de la Mar'', developed a leak in the hull in the environs of [[Zanzibar]] and was forced to stop for repairs in the islands of the [[Mozambique Channel]]. He would spend the next eight months in the area repairing the ship, a delay prolonged by illness and contrary winds.

===1507===
He was still stranded with his leaky ship in February, 1507, when the [[8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506)|8th Armada]], under command of [[Tristão da Cunha]], arrived in [[Mozambique Island]]. Cunha helped complete the repairs, transferred its cargo to a Lisbon-bound transport, and annexed Nova and the ''Flor de la Mar'' into his own India-bound fleet.

João da Nova took part in the Portuguese capture of [[Socotra]] in August 1507. Much to his surprise, he was assigned to remain in Socotra with the Red Sea patrol, a detachment of six ships under D. [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s command, rather than continue with Cunha on to India. But his presence in the Red Sea patrol turned out to be a disturbance to Albuquerque, even if his exact role in the subsequent "mutiny of the captains" may have been somewhat murky. Besides his own frustrations, Nova regaled fellow patrol captains with tales of Indian riches, a much more attractive option than the barren coasts of Arabia they were assigned to patrol. In August–September, 1507, Albuquerque led his little squad into the [[Gulf of Oman]] and began to raid a series of coastal cities in succession - [[Qalhat]], [[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] - signalling his intention to proceed in this manner all the way up the Arabian coast and across to the island of [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]]. The patrol captains, who were lured to the East Indies with dreams of quick and easy riches, balked at the prospect of a tiring succession of profitless, dangerous fights with insufficient men-at-arms. After Muscat, the exhausted João da Nova submitted a formal request to Albuquerque for permission to leave the patrol and proceed to India (ostensibly to request reinforcements from the viceroy Almeida). When this was denied, Nova protested and was placed under arrest. He was later pardoned and released, as his command was needed for the [[Capture of Ormuz (1507)|Battle of Hormuz]] in October, 1507.

===1508===
Shortly after the battle, Nova once again was at the center of a renewed series of complaints, this time over the establishment of a fortress in the city of Hormuz. In early 1508, during the construction of the fortress, three of the patrol ships slipped away from Albuquerque's sight and set sail to India, intending to lodge formal complaints against Albuquerque with the vice-roy [[Francisco de Almeida]] in [[Cochin]]. João da Nova was not among them, but Albuquerque nonetheless decided to let him go as well, hoping that by this belated magnanimous gesture, Nova might argue on his behalf. He didn't. Once in Cochin, João da Nova joined the three other captains in opening a formal case against Albuquerque.

===1509===
João da Nova fought in the [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] in February 1509, his ship, the ''Flor de la Mar'', being used by the vice-roy Francisco de Almeida as the flagship of the Portuguese battle fleet. In March of that year, Afonso de Albuquerque, by then in Cochin himself, invoked his own secret credentials to relieve Francisco de Almeida as governor of India. But João da Nova, along with the other captains, assembled a petition demanding that Almeida refused to yield it, characterizing Albuquerque as unfit to govern.<ref>Albuquerque's ''Commentaries'', Vol. II, p.33 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AOXFORD590011672&as_brr=1&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false online]</ref> In May of the same year, Almeida formally opened a council in Cochin to consider the reception of Albuquerque. Nova and the other patrol captains presented the case against him.

João da Nova died shortly after, in July 1509, just a couple of weeks before Almeida delivered the indictment and ordered Albuquerque's arrest. In spite of all this, Albuquerque is said to have personally paid for Nova's funeral in memory of his achievements in the Hormuz campaign.<ref>Albuquerque's ''Commentaries'', vol. ii, p.49 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AOXFORD590011672&as_brr=1&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false online]</ref>

==See also==
*[[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)]]
*[[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)]]
*[[Exploration of Asia]]
*[[List of maritime explorers]]

== Notes ==
<references group="N" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book |last=de Albuquerque |first=Afonso |others=Translated by Walter de Gray Birch |authorlink=Afonso de Albuquerque |title=The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India |year=1877}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nova, Joao Da}}
[[Category:1460s births]]
[[Category:1509 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Allariz – Maceda]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:16th-century explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Recipients of Portuguese royal pardons]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]

João da Nova - Revision history

MargueriteMcEwan: slightly add structure for consistency further

UpdateBot at 08:37, 21 April 2022

>JJMC89 bot III: Removing :Category:Explorers of the Atlantic Ocean per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2021 May 11#Category:Explorers of the Atlantic Ocean