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{{Short description|River in India and Pakistan}}
{{For|the Jhelum River in Hong Kong|Tan Shan River}}
{{Redirect|Hydaspes|the historic battle|Battle of the Hydaspes|the mythological character|Hydaspes (mythology)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=November 2007}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Jhelum
| name_other = Hydaspes,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review|year=1816|publisher=Murray|page= 170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrNZAAAAcAAJ&q=hydaspes&pg=RA1-PA170|access-date= 17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Bidaspes,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=S. R.|title=Kashmir Through Ages (5 Vol)|year=1997|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn= 9788185431710|page= 110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONDsQCO9yTQC&q=jhelum&pg=PA110|access-date= 17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Vitastā,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rapson|first1=E. J.|title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD|date=9 June 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521229371|page= 171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKn3p64hGycC&q=vitasta&pg=PA171|language=en}}</ref> Bihat, Wihat, Bihatab, Biyatta, Jailam,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naqvi|first1=Saiyid Ali|title=Indus Waters and Social Change: The Evolution and Transition of Agrarian Society in Pakistan|date=November 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press Pakistan|isbn= 9780199063963|page= 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45bcAgAAQBAJ&q=jhelum&pg=PA10|access-date= 17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Vyath<ref>{{cite book|title=Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir|date=November 2012|publisher=Arihant Publications (India) Ltd|page= 35|isbn=9789313169161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhrzDwAAQBAJ|access-date= 6 November 2021|language=en}}</ref>
| image = Jhelum River-Pakistan.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jhelum River photographed in Pakistan, {{Circa|2006}}
| map = Jhelum.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map showing the Jhelum's watercourse [http://u.osmfr.org/m/366505/].
| source1_location = [[Verinag#Verinag Spring and Mughal Garden|Verinag Spring]]
| mouth_location = [[Chenab River]]
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| progression =
| length = {{convert|725|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|1026.6|m3/s|abbr=on}} (near [[Mangla Dam]])
| discharge1_max ={{convert|26419.13|m3/s|abbr=on}} (near [[Mangla Dam]])
| discharge1_min ={{convert|234.19|m3/s|abbr=on}}
(near [[Mangla Dam]])
| discharge2_avg ={{convert|313.19|m3/s|abbr=on}}
(near [[Domel]])
| discharge3_avg ={{convert|229.20|m3/s|abbr=on}}
(near [[Baramulla]])
| basin_size =
| river_system = [[Indus River]]
| tributaries_left = [[Poonch River]] [[Sukhnag River]]
| tributaries_right = [[Arpath River]], [[Lidder River]], [[Neelum River]], [[Sind River]], [[Kunhar River]]
}}

The '''Jhelum River'''{{Needs IPA}} is a river in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]]. It originates at [[Verinag]] and flows through the [[India]]n administered territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], to the [[Pakistan]]i-administered territory of [[Azad Kashmir]], and then into the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. It is the westernmost of the [[Punjab#Political geography|five rivers]] of the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], and flows through the [[Kashmir Valley]]. It is a [[tributary]] of the [[Chenab River]] and has a total length of about {{convert|725|km|mi}}.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303711/Jhelum-River Jhelum River -- Encyclopædia Britannica]. Retrieved on 2013-10-04.</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Vitasta at Verinag.jpg|thumb|Verinag Spring is a major source of Jhelum River]]

Anjum Sultan Shahbaz, a [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] author, recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book ''Tareekh-e-Jhelum'' as:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shahbaz, Anjum Sultan |year=2003 |title=Tārīkh-i Jihlam |language=ur |location=Main Bazar, Jhelum |publisher=Buk Kārnar [Book Corner] |oclc=60589679}}</ref><blockquote>''Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing beside the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped [[Himalayas]].''</blockquote>However, some writers{{who?|date=March 2022}} believe that when [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince [[Dara Shikoh|Dara-e-Azam]] reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles, he fixed his flag at that place and called it ''Ja-e-Alam'' ({{Lang-fa|جا علم|lit=Place of the Flag}}). As time passed, the name ''Ja-e-Alam'' became Jhelum in its modern form.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

The [[Sanskrit]] name of this river is ''Vitástā''. The river's name is derived from an apocryphal legend regarding the origin of the river as explained in the [[Nilamata Purana]]. [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess [[Parvati]] was requested by the sage [[Kashyapa|Kasyapa]] to come to [[Kashmir]] for purification of the land from evil practices and impurities of [[Pishacha|Pisachas]] living there. Goddess Parvati then assumed the form of a river in the Nether World. Then Lord [[Shiva]] made a stroke with his spear near the abode of Nila ([[Verinag#Verinag Spring and Mughal Garden|Verinag Spring]]). By that stroke of the spear, Goddess Parvati came out of the Nether World. Shiva himself named her as [[Vitasta]]. He had excavated with the spear a ditch measuring one Vitasti (a particular measure of length defined either as a long span between the extended thumb and little finger, or as the distance between the wrist and the tip of the fingers, and said to be about 9 inches), through which the river – gone to the Nether World – had come out, so she was given the name Vitástā by him.<ref>The [[Nilamata Purana]] English Translation by Dr. [[Ved Kumari Ghai]], verses 247–261.</ref> The name survives in the [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] name for this river, ''Vyath''.

==History==
[[File:Picjhelum.jpg|thumb|220px|A passenger traversing the river precariously seated in a small suspended cradle ''Circa 1900'']]
The river Jhelum is called ''Hydaspes'' ({{lang-el|Υδάσπης}}) by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]]. According to the major religious work [[Srimad Bhagavatam]], the Vitastā is one of the many transcendental rivers flowing through land of [[Bharata (term)|Bharata]], or ancient India.


[[Alexander the Great]] and his army crossed the Jhelum in BC 326 at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes River]], where he defeated an Indian king, [[King Porus|Porus]]. According to Arrian (''Anabasis'', 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named ''[[Bukephala]]'' (or ''Bucephala'') to honour his famous horse [[Bukephalus]] or [[Bucephalus]] which was buried in [[Jalalpur Sharif]]. It is thought that [[Alexandria Bucephalous|ancient Bukephala]] was near the site of modern [[Jhelum City]]. According to a historian of Gujrat district, Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephalus was buried in [[Jalalpur Sharif]], but the people of [[Mandi Bahauddin]], a district close to Jehlum, believed that their [[tehsil]] [[Phalia]] was named after Alexander's dead horse, saying that the name ''Phalia'' was a distortion of ''Bucephala''. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to [[Pakistan]] under the terms of the [[Indus Waters Treaty]]. India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the [[Indus Waters Treaty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India fast-tracks work on Jhelum river hydroelectric power project|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/25214132/India-fasttracks-work-on-Jhel.html|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>

==Mythology==
The river was regarded as a god by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]], as were most mountains and streams; the poet [[Nonnus]] in the ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' (section 26, line 350) makes the ''Hydaspes'' a [[Titan (mythology)|titan]]-descended god, the son of the sea-god [[Thaumas]] and the cloud-goddess [[Pleiades (Greek mythology)|Elektra]]. He was the brother of [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]], the goddess of the [[rainbow]], and half-brother to the [[Harpy|Harpies]], the ''snatching'' winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]], it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god ''Hydaspes'' was named after the river.

==Course==
The river Jhelum rises from [[Vernag|Verinag Spring]] situated at the foot of the [[Pir Panjal]] in the southeastern part of the [[Kashmir Valley]] administered by India. It is joined by its tributaries [[Lidder River]] near village Mirgund at [[Khanabal]], [[Veshaw River]] at Sangam in Anantnag, [[Sind River]] at Shadipora and [[Pohru River]] at Doabgah in Sopore in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It flows through [[Srinagar]] and [[Wular Lake]] before entering Pakistan-administred Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The [[Neelum River]], the largest tributary of the [[Jhelum]], joins it at Domel [[Muzaffarabad]], as does the next largest, the [[Kunhar River]] of [[Kaghan Valley]]. It is then joined by the [[Poonch River]], and flows into the [[Mangla Dam]] reservoir in the [[Mirpur District]]. The Jhelum enters [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] in the [[Jhelum District]]. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the [[Jech Doab|Jech]] and [[Sindh Sagar Doab|Sindh Sagar]] [[Doab]]s. It ends in a confluence with the [[Chenab River]] at [[Trimmu]] in the [[Jhang District]]. The Chenab merges with the [[Sutlej]] to form the [[Panjnad River]], which joins the [[Indus River]] at [[Mithankot]].

Most of the villages and important cities in Kashmir valley are situated on the banks of Jhelum.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=District Survey Report On Kashmir|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3f4b9ec30ad9f68f89b29639786cb62ef/uploads/2018/11/2018112886.pdf|journal=District Survey Report}}</ref>

==Lakes==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Wular Lake]]
*[[Dal Lake]]
*[[Manasbal Lake]]
*[[Gangabal Lake]]
*[[Nigeen Lake]]
*[[Anchar Lake]]
*[[Khanpursar]]
*[[Gil Sar]]
}}

==Dams and barrages==
The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the [[Indus Basin Project]], including the following:
* [[Mangla Dam]], completed in 1967, is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of {{convert|5900000|acre.ft|km3}}
* [[Rasul Barrage]], constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).
* [[Trimmu|Trimmu Barrage]], constructed in 1939 some 20 km from Jhang Sadar at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
* Haranpur (Victoria Bridge) Constructed in 1933 Approximate 5 km from Malakwal near Chak Nizam Village. Its length is 1 km mainly used by Pakistan Railways but there is a passage for light vehicles, motorcycles, cycles and pedestrians at one side.
* [[Uri Dam]] with 480 MW Hydroelectric station is located in [[Baramulla]] district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Uri - I|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=27|access-date=2021-02-14|website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref>
*Uri Dam II with 240 MW HYdro elctric station is also located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Uri-II|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=14|access-date=2021-02-14|website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant]] with 330 MW Hydroelectric station is located in [[Bandipore|Bandipora]] district of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Kishanganga|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=32|access-date=2021-02-14|website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref>

==Canals==
* The Canals in and around the city of [[Srinagar]].
* The [[Upper Jhelum Canal]] runs from [[Mangla Dam]] to the [[Chenab River|Chenab]].
* The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal runs from the [[Rasul Barrage]] to the Chenab.
* The [[Chashma (Pakistan)|Chashma]]-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the [[Chashma Barrage]] on the [[Indus River]] to the Jhelum river downstream of [[Rasul Barrage]]. This is {{convert|40|km|mi}} from Mari Shah Sakhira town.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Jhelum river, Baramullah, Kashmir, 1880s.jpg|Jhelum river, Baramullah, Kashmir, 1880s
File:Jhelum River abt 1900.jpg|Jhelum River c. 1900; photo taken by Eugene Whitehead Esq.
File:Crossing the boiling floods of Jhelum River by a bridge of one raw-hide rope, at Uri in Jammu and Kashmir (c. 1903).jpg|Jhelum River at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in [[Kashmir]], 1903
File:Bridge made of three ropes across the Jhelum river.jpg|[[Rope Bridge]] at [[Karli, India|Karli]], 1908
File:Srinagar (Kashmir), 1969, bridge over the Jelhum river..jpg|Bridge over the river, [[Srinagar]], 1969
File:Jehlum River Muzaffarabad best view.jpg|Jhelum river near [[Muzaffarabad]] (2014)
File:Jhelum River (Muzaffarabad) 11.jpg|File:River Jehlum, Muzaffarabad
File:Jehlum- River Muzaffarabad.jpg|Near Muzaffarabad, 2014
File:Jhalum river water fall at verinag.JPG|The Jhelum at [[Verinag]], 2014
File:Jhelum River Bridge.JPG|Jhelum River at [[Jhelum]] City, 2005
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Beas River]]
*[[Indus River]]
*[[Ravi River]]
*[[Satluj River]]
*[[Chenab River]]
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|40em|group="Note"}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jhelum/hydaspes.html Livius.org pictures of the Hydaspes]

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Five rivers of the Punjab}}
{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Waters of Pakistan}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|31|12|N|72|08|E|display=title|region:PK_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Potamoi]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Indus River]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Jhelum]]
[[Category:Jhelum District]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Rivers of Punjab (Pakistan)]]

[[pa:ਜੇਹਲਮ]]

Jhelum River - Revision history

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