Jazz in India - Revision history

Surendra Sharma: quick update

2025-09-04T16:57:54Z

quick update

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:27, 4 September 2025
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			{{Short description\|Indian music genre}}
	{{Indian music\|expanded=Genres}}		{{Indian music\|expanded=Genres}}
	'''Jazz music in India''' originated in the 1920s in [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay) and in [[Kolkata]] (formerly known as Calcutta), where African-American jazz musicians performed.<ref>http://www.kahajaun.com/delhi/events/172/8th-international-jazz-festival-delhi/</ref> They inspired Goan musicians who then ~~imbibed~~ jazz into the sounds of India’s Hindi film music industry. There has been much interaction between Indian music and jazz music. An active jazz scene exists today in cities like [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay), [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Goa]], and Kolkata.		'''Jazz music in India''' originated in the 1920s in [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay) and in [[Kolkata]] (formerly known as Calcutta), where African-American jazz musicians performed.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.kahajaun.com/delhi/events/172/8th-international-jazz-festival-delhi/\|title = 8th International Jazz Festival Delhi 2019\|date = 6 October 2018}}</ref> They inspired Goan musicians who then absorbed aspects of jazz into the sounds of India’s [[Hindi film music]] industry. There has been much interaction between Indian music and jazz music. An active jazz scene exists today in cities like [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay), [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Goa]], and Kolkata.

	==History==		==History==
	In India, [[jazz]] was probably first performed regularly in the metropoles [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]] in the early or middle 1920s.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Sahar Adil \|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0809/jazz-music-and-india-by-madhav-chari-.html \|title=Jazz Music and India, By Madhav Chari \|publisher=Mybangalore.com \|date=2009-08-10 \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=American Popular Music in Britain's Raj\|last=Shope\|first=Bradley\|publisher=University of Rochester Press\|year=2016\|isbn=9781580465489\|location=Rochester, NY\|pages=63}}</ref> The era from the 1930s to the 1950s is often called as the golden age of jazz in India. It began with jazz musicians like [[Leon Abbey]], Crickett Smith, Creighton Thompson, Ken Mac, Roy Butler, [[Teddy Weatherford]] (who recorded with [[Louis Armstrong]]), and Rudy Jackson who toured India to avoid the racial discrimination they faced in the United States.<ref>Taj Mahal Foxtrot: The Story of Bombay's Jazz Age, Naresh Fernandes, 2012, {{ISBN\|9788174367594}}</ref> In the winter of 1935, Leon Abbey, a violinist from [[Minnesota]] brought the first 8-piece band to Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ \|title=~~Archived copy~~ \|access-date=2013-08-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708094023/http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ \|archive-date=2013-07-08 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		In India, [[jazz]] was probably first performed regularly in the metropoles [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]] in the early or middle 1920s.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Sahar Adil \|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0809/jazz-music-and-india-by-madhav-chari-.html \|title=Jazz Music and India, By Madhav Chari \|publisher=Mybangalore.com \|date=2009-08-10 \|access-date=2012-07-17 \|archive-date=2020-11-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128041813/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0809/jazz-music-and-india-by-madhav-chari-.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=American Popular Music in Britain's Raj\|last=Shope\|first=Bradley\|publisher=University of Rochester Press\|year=2016\|isbn=9781580465489\|location=Rochester, NY\|pages=63}}</ref> The era from the 1930s to the 1950s is often called as the golden age of jazz in India. It began with jazz musicians like [[Leon Abbey]], Crickett Smith, Creighton Thompson, Ken Mac, Roy Butler, [[Teddy Weatherford]] (who recorded with [[Louis Armstrong]]), and Rudy Jackson who toured India to avoid the racial discrimination they faced in the United States.<ref>Taj Mahal Foxtrot: The Story of Bombay's Jazz Age, Naresh Fernandes, 2012, {{ISBN\|9788174367594}}</ref> In the winter of 1935, Leon Abbey, a violinist from [[Minnesota]] brought the first 8-piece band to Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ \|title=HIP DEEP INTERVIEW: Naresh Fernandes on Bombay's Jazz Age • Hip Deep • Afropop Worldwide \|access-date=2013-08-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708094023/http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ \|archive-date=2013-07-08 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	In the 1930s, India’s freedom struggle against the British had reached a crucial stage. Bombay was a rising metropolis. There was also a great sense of political freedom, which was being transmitted into the arts. The ballrooms of five-star hotels and in the nightclubs of major Indian cities were jazz centres. As nationalism swept the country, these venues became the refuge of the European and Indian elite, the aristocrats, the moneyed and the public servants. During this period, musicians such as [[Chic Chocolate]], [[Frank Fernand]], [[Micky Correa]], Rudy Cotton, Hal and Henry Green, Josic Menzie, Pamela McCarthy, and [[Chris Perry (musician)\|Chris Perry]] were at the forefront of the burgeoning jazz scene in [[Bombay]], the nerve center of which was at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower\|Taj Mahal hotel]] ballroom, which became the node of essential transmission of cultural messages between East and West. These musicians often played at five-star hotels, but they were regulars at the second level, at the Ambassador Starlight Roof Gardens, the Bristol Grill, the Dadar Catholic Institute, the Greens Hotel, the Ritz Roof Garden, the West End Hotel Roof Garden and the YMCA. Many of these musicians were [[Goa]]ns, because Goans learnt western music under [[Portugal\|Portuguese]] rule. Most of the Goan jazz musicians also [[Goans in Hindi film music composition\|worked in the Bollywood film industry]] and were responsible for the introduction of genres like jazz and swing to Hindi film music. Although jazz in India began as an entertainment for the elite, it made its way to the working class and into Hindi films. Frank Fernand and [[Anthony Gonsalves]] not only infused the sound of western music into Bollywood, but were also filled with India's new-found nationalism and developed an authentic foundation to link the world of jazz with that of Indian classical music.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm \|title=The Indian jazz age \|publisher=Frontlineonnet.com \|date=2012-04-06 \|access-date=2012-07-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411020314/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm \|archive-date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The jazz fraternity was also a melting pot of people of different communities because there were Goans, [[Anglo-Indians]] and people from other communities like Rudy Cotton who was a [[Parsi]].		In the 1930s, India’s freedom struggle against the British had reached a crucial stage. Bombay was a rising metropolis. There was also a great sense of political freedom, which was being transmitted into the arts. The ballrooms of five-star hotels and in the nightclubs of major Indian cities were jazz centres. As nationalism swept the country, these venues became the refuge of the European and Indian elite, the aristocrats, the moneyed and the public servants. During this period, musicians such as [[Chic Chocolate]], [[Frank Fernand]], [[Micky Correa]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2012-11-10 \|title=Mickey Correa – Taj Mahal Foxtrot \|url=https://www.tajmahalfoxtrot.com/tag/mickey-correa/ \|access-date=2023-10-22 \|language=en-US}}</ref> Rudy Cotton, Hal and Henry Green, Josic Menzie, Pamela McCarthy, and [[Chris Perry (musician)\|Chris Perry]] were at the forefront of the burgeoning jazz scene in [[Bombay]], the nerve center of which was at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower\|Taj Mahal hotel]] ballroom, which became the node of essential transmission of cultural messages between East and West. These musicians often played at five-star hotels, but they were regulars at the second level, at the Ambassador Starlight Roof Gardens, the Bristol Grill, the Dadar Catholic Institute, the Greens Hotel, the Ritz Roof Garden, the West End Hotel Roof Garden and the YMCA. Many of these musicians were [[Goa]]ns, because Goans learnt western music under [[Portugal\|Portuguese]] rule. Most of the Goan jazz musicians also [[Goans in Hindi film music composition\|worked in the Bollywood film industry]] and were responsible for the introduction of genres like jazz and swing to Hindi film music. Although jazz in India began as an entertainment for the elite, it made its way to the working class and into Hindi films. Frank Fernand and [[Anthony Gonsalves]] not only infused the sound of western music into Bollywood, but were also filled with India's new-found nationalism and developed an authentic foundation to link the world of jazz with that of Indian classical music.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm \|title=The Indian jazz age \|publisher=Frontlineonnet.com \|date=2012-04-06 \|access-date=2012-07-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411020314/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm \|archive-date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The jazz fraternity was also a melting pot of people of different communities because there were Goans, [[Anglo-Indians]] and people from other communities like Rudy Cotton who was a [[Parsi]].

	==Indo jazz==		==Indo jazz==
	{{see also\|Indo jazz\|Sitar in jazz}}		{{see also\|Indo jazz\|Sitar in jazz}}

	Jazz and [[Indian classical music]] share some similarities, one of them being that they both involve improvisation. Musicians realised this and collaborations between Indian classical musicians and [[Western world\|Western jazz]] musicians which had commenced in the 1940s led to the development of a new genre of music called [[Indo jazz]] consisting of jazz, classical and Indian influences. [[Ravi Shankar]], [[John Coltrane]], [[John Mayer (composer)\|John Mayer]] and [[John McLaughlin (musician)\|John McLaughlin]] were some of the pioneers of the fusion of jazz and Indian music.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.congosquarejazz.com/Indian_Music___Jazz.pdf \|title=Indian Music and Jazz: Reflections of Form \|author=Satyajit Roychaudhury \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://~~articles.~~timesofindia.indiatimes.com/~~2009-09-26~~/news-and-interviews/~~28070107_1_jazz~~-~~isham~~-~~jones-charlie-parker~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-26/news-and-interviews/28070107_1_jazz-isham-jones-charlie-parker \|url-status=~~dead~~ \|archive-date=2013-11-05 \|title=All about 'Jazz' \|date=2009-09-26 \|work=[[The Times of India]] \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> Conversely, Indian classical music has also had a significant impact on a subgenre of jazz music known as [[free jazz]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Rossi \|first=Marc \|url=http://raincomputers.com/pro/music-education/the-influence-of-indian-music-on-jazz/ \|title=The Influence of Indian Music on Jazz \| The Current \|publisher=Rain Computers \|date=2003-03-29 \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/feature/redd_india.html \|title=Jazz and the Subcontinent \|publisher=Rootsworld.com \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>		Jazz and [[Indian classical music]] share some similarities, one of them being that they both involve improvisation. Musicians realised this and collaborations between Indian classical musicians and [[Western world\|Western jazz]] musicians which had commenced in the 1940s led to the development of a new genre of music called [[Indo jazz]] consisting of jazz, classical and Indian influences. [[Ravi Shankar]], [[John Coltrane]], [[John Mayer (composer)\|John Mayer]] and [[John McLaughlin (musician)\|John McLaughlin]] were some of the pioneers of the fusion of jazz and Indian music.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.congosquarejazz.com/Indian_Music___Jazz.pdf \|title=Indian Music and Jazz: Reflections of Form \|author=Satyajit Roychaudhury \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/All-about-Jazz/articleshow/5059085.cms \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-26/news-and-interviews/28070107_1_jazz-isham-jones-charlie-parker \|url-status=live \|archive-date=2013-11-05 \|title=All about 'Jazz' \|date=2009-09-26 \|work=[[The Times of India]] \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> Conversely, Indian classical music has also had a significant impact on a subgenre of jazz music known as [[free jazz]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Rossi \|first=Marc \|url=http://raincomputers.com/pro/music-education/the-influence-of-indian-music-on-jazz/ \|title=The Influence of Indian Music on Jazz \| The Current \|publisher=Rain Computers \|date=2003-03-29 \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/feature/redd_india.html \|title=Jazz and the Subcontinent \|publisher=Rootsworld.com \|access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16740486 BBC audio slideshow] about the jazz age in [[Bombay]] and Chic Chocolate		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127061628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16740486 BBC audio slideshow] about the jazz age in [[Bombay]] and Chic Chocolate

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	* Bradley Shope. ''American Popular Music in Britain's Raj''. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016 {{ISBN\|9781580465489}}.		* Bradley Shope. ''American Popular Music in Britain's Raj''. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016 {{ISBN\|9781580465489}}.

	[[Category:~~Indian music~~]]		{{Jazz}}

			[[Category:Music of India]]
	[[Category:Indian styles of music]]		[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
	[[Category:Indian jazz]]		[[Category:Indian jazz]]

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{{Indian music|expanded=Genres}}
'''Jazz music in India''' originated in the 1920s in [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay) and in [[Kolkata]] (formerly known as Calcutta), where African-American jazz musicians performed.<ref>http://www.kahajaun.com/delhi/events/172/8th-international-jazz-festival-delhi/</ref> They inspired Goan musicians who then imbibed jazz into the sounds of India’s Hindi film music industry. There has been much interaction between Indian music and jazz music. An active jazz scene exists today in cities like [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay), [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Goa]], and Kolkata.

==History==
In India, [[jazz]] was probably first performed regularly in the metropoles [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]] in the early or middle 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sahar Adil |url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0809/jazz-music-and-india-by-madhav-chari-.html |title=Jazz Music and India, By Madhav Chari |publisher=Mybangalore.com |date=2009-08-10 |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=American Popular Music in Britain's Raj|last=Shope|first=Bradley|publisher=University of Rochester Press|year=2016|isbn=9781580465489|location=Rochester, NY|pages=63}}</ref> The era from the 1930s to the 1950s is often called as the golden age of jazz in India. It began with jazz musicians like [[Leon Abbey]], Crickett Smith, Creighton Thompson, Ken Mac, Roy Butler, [[Teddy Weatherford]] (who recorded with [[Louis Armstrong]]), and Rudy Jackson who toured India to avoid the racial discrimination they faced in the United States.<ref>Taj Mahal Foxtrot: The Story of Bombay's Jazz Age, Naresh Fernandes, 2012, {{ISBN|9788174367594}}</ref> In the winter of 1935, Leon Abbey, a violinist from [[Minnesota]] brought the first 8-piece band to Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708094023/http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ |archive-date=2013-07-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 1930s, India’s freedom struggle against the British had reached a crucial stage. Bombay was a rising metropolis. There was also a great sense of political freedom, which was being transmitted into the arts. The ballrooms of five-star hotels and in the nightclubs of major Indian cities were jazz centres. As nationalism swept the country, these venues became the refuge of the European and Indian elite, the aristocrats, the moneyed and the public servants. During this period, musicians such as [[Chic Chocolate]], [[Frank Fernand]], [[Micky Correa]], Rudy Cotton, Hal and Henry Green, Josic Menzie, Pamela McCarthy, and [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] were at the forefront of the burgeoning jazz scene in [[Bombay]], the nerve center of which was at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal hotel]] ballroom, which became the node of essential transmission of cultural messages between East and West. These musicians often played at five-star hotels, but they were regulars at the second level, at the Ambassador Starlight Roof Gardens, the Bristol Grill, the Dadar Catholic Institute, the Greens Hotel, the Ritz Roof Garden, the West End Hotel Roof Garden and the YMCA. Many of these musicians were [[Goa]]ns, because Goans learnt western music under [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule. Most of the Goan jazz musicians also [[Goans in Hindi film music composition|worked in the Bollywood film industry]] and were responsible for the introduction of genres like jazz and swing to Hindi film music. Although jazz in India began as an entertainment for the elite, it made its way to the working class and into Hindi films. Frank Fernand and [[Anthony Gonsalves]] not only infused the sound of western music into Bollywood, but were also filled with India's new-found nationalism and developed an authentic foundation to link the world of jazz with that of Indian classical music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm |title=The Indian jazz age |publisher=Frontlineonnet.com |date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2012-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411020314/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm |archive-date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The jazz fraternity was also a melting pot of people of different communities because there were Goans, [[Anglo-Indians]] and people from other communities like Rudy Cotton who was a [[Parsi]].

==Indo jazz==
{{see also|Indo jazz|Sitar in jazz}}

Jazz and [[Indian classical music]] share some similarities, one of them being that they both involve improvisation. Musicians realised this and collaborations between Indian classical musicians and [[Western world|Western jazz]] musicians which had commenced in the 1940s led to the development of a new genre of music called [[Indo jazz]] consisting of jazz, classical and Indian influences. [[Ravi Shankar]], [[John Coltrane]], [[John Mayer (composer)|John Mayer]] and [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] were some of the pioneers of the fusion of jazz and Indian music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congosquarejazz.com/Indian_Music___Jazz.pdf |title=Indian Music and Jazz: Reflections of Form |author=Satyajit Roychaudhury |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-26/news-and-interviews/28070107_1_jazz-isham-jones-charlie-parker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-26/news-and-interviews/28070107_1_jazz-isham-jones-charlie-parker |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-05 |title=All about 'Jazz' |date=2009-09-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> Conversely, Indian classical music has also had a significant impact on a subgenre of jazz music known as [[free jazz]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rossi |first=Marc |url=http://raincomputers.com/pro/music-education/the-influence-of-indian-music-on-jazz/ |title=The Influence of Indian Music on Jazz | The Current |publisher=Rain Computers |date=2003-03-29 |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/feature/redd_india.html |title=Jazz and the Subcontinent |publisher=Rootsworld.com |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16740486 BBC audio slideshow] about the jazz age in [[Bombay]] and Chic Chocolate

== Further reading ==
* Bradley Shope. ''American Popular Music in Britain's Raj''. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016 {{ISBN|9781580465489}}.

[[Category:Indian music]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Indian jazz]]