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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jayavarman II
| title = Maharajadhiraja
| succession = King of [[Malwa]]
| reign = c. 1255-1274
| predecessor = [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi]]
| successor = [[Arjunavarman II]]
| house = [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]]
}}
'''Jayavarman II''' (ruled c. 1255-1274 CE), also known as '''Jayasimha II''', was a king of the [[Paramara dynasty]] in central India.{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=129}} He ruled in the [[Malwa]] region, succeeding his elder brother [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi]].

The king is mentioned by the names "Jayavarman" or "Jayasimha" in his various inscriptions. In the 1274 CE [[Mandhata]] [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]], he is mentioned as both "Jayavarman" and "Jayasimha". In the past, there was some controversy among historians whether Jayavarman and Jayasimha were two different individuals.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=146}}{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=155}}

Multiple inscriptions of Jayavarman mention that he stayed at Mandapa-Durga (present-day [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]). Jayavarman or his predecessor Jaitugi might have moved from the traditional Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Mandu, which offered a better defensive position, protected by the surrounding hills and the Narmada valley. This may have happened because of attacks of threats of attack from the neighbouring kingdoms. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], the general of the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Delhi]]'s Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasir-ud-din]], had reached the northern frontier of the Paramara territory by this time. Around the same time, the Paramaras also faced attacks from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king Krishna of Deogiri and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Visaladeva of Gujarat.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

Jayavarman was succeeded by [[Arjunavarman II]], a weak ruler.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=445}}

== Inscriptions ==
{{Location map+
|India Madhya Pradesh
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Locations of Jayavarman II's inscriptions (map of [[Madhya Pradesh]])
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.7905479|N |long=78.3984423|E |label=[[Rahatgarh]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=24.8768423|N |long=76.6701475|E |label=[[Atru]] |position=top}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=24.4779998|N |long=75.6382657|E |label=Modi |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=22.2507773|N |long=76.1522879|E |label=[[Mandhata]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.5251102|N |long=77.8081363|E |label=[[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) |position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.9352738|N |long=78.2219806|E |label=[[Pathari]] |position=top}}
}}
Several inscriptions from Jayavarman reign, in [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Nagari script]], have been discovered. These include:{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=155}}{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=146}}

* 1256 CE ([[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] 1312) [[Rahatgarh]] stone inscription (as Jayasimha-deva)
* 1257 CE (VS 1314) [[Atru]] inscription (as Jayasimha)
* 1258 CE (VS 1314) Modi stone inscription (as Jayavarman)
* 1261 CE (VS 1317) [[Mandhata]] copper-plate inscription (as Jayavarma-deva)
* 1263 CE (VS 1320) [[Vidisha|Bhilsa]] stone inscription (as Jayasimha-deva)
* 1269 CE (VS [[Pathari]] inscription (as Jayasingha)
* 1274 CE (VS 1331) Mandhata copper-plate inscription (as Jayavarman and Jayasimha-deva)

=== 1256 Rahatgarh inscription ===

The [[Rahatgarh]] inscription, dated 28 August 1256 CE (VS 1312), was discovered on a stone slab by [[Alexander Cunningham]] during the 1870s. The 14-line inscription is written in Sanskrit prose.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=190}}

The inscription drafts a royal document of ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' ("great king") of [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]]. As the inscription is partially damaged, different scholars have read the name of the king as "Jayasimhadeva" or "Jayavarmadeva".{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=191}}

It is possible that Jayavarman captured the Rahatgarh area from the [[Chandela]]s.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=191}}

=== 1257 Atru inscription ===

The 1257 CE Atru inscription was discovered by [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] on the pillar of the [[Gadgach]] temple in [[Atru]]. The 6-line inscription records the grant of the Mhaisada village to a ''kavichakravartin'' ("emperor of poets") Thakara Narayana. It ends with a curse to anyone who revokes the grant.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=192}}

The inscription names the donor ''Maharajadhiraja'' (great king) Jayasimha, although it does not mention his royal house. Historians have identified him as the Paramara king Jayavarman. Inscriptions of the earlier Paramara king [[Udayaditya]] have been found at [[Jhalrapatan]] at Shergadh in present-day Rajasthan. It appears that Jayavarman extended the Paramara territories further in the north, resulting in a conflict with the [[Chahamana]] rulers of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=193}}

The 1288 CE Balvan inscription of the Chahamana king [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] suggests that his father Jaitrasimha (died 1283 CE) defeated the Jayasimha of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]]. It states that he defeated the brave warriors of Jayasimha at Jhampaighatta, and imprisoned them at the Ranthambore fort.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=193}}

=== 1258 Modi inscription ===

This fragmented stone inscription was found near the ruins of a temple complex, in Modi village near [[Bhanpura]]. Some broken parts of this inscription are now lost.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=194}} Besides a ''prashasti'' (eulogy) of the Paramara dynasty, the objective of the inscription was to record the donations towards the construction of a temple complex. It can be inferred that it was originally set up in a newly constructed temple.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=195}} According to the inscription, Modi (IAST: Mauḍī) was originally the headquarters of a ''mandala'' (subdivision). The site of the temples is now submerged under the [[Gandhi Sagar Dam|Chambal dam]] reservoir.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=197}}

The text of the inscription comprises [[kāvya]] (verses), composed by the Brahmin Vamana in ''shardulavikridita'' and ''sragdhara'' [[Sanskrit metre|metres]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=195}}

Although several fragments of the inscription are now lost, it appears that its first verse invokes Shiva, and also pays obeisance to [[Heramba]] (Ganesha) and [[Kuvera]]. The next few parts contained auspicious [[shloka]]s, which are now lost. The subsequent verses contain an account of the mythical origin of the Paramara dynasty, in which the sage Vashistha crates a hero called Paramara on Arbuda mountain (Mount Abu). The inscription also describes Jayavarman and his predecessors, but the part containing the description of Jayavarman is now lost.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=196}}

Next, the inscription mentions a [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] sage named Mallikarjuna. Based on the information that can be gathered from the fragments, it appears that the sage was credited with building a temple (or temples), and installing the idols of deities.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=196}} This is followed by a list of donations of money, land and villages towards the construction of the temple complex. The list includes the name of Jayavarman's ''[[pradhana|mahapradhana]]'' (prime minister) Chāduri, who donated a village in name of [[Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga|Vaidyanatha]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=197}}

=== 1261 Mandhata plates ===

This inscription contains two dates of the year [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] 1317, corresponding to 7 November 1260 CE (the date of the grant) and 12 May 1261 (the date of composition).{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=202-203}} It comprises two copper plates discovered in 1904 at Godarpura village on the [[Mandhata]] island.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=200}} It contains an image of a bearded [[Garuda]] (the Paramara emblem) in human form.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=201}}

The inscription records the grant of the Vadauda village by Gangadeva to three Brahmins. The village is divided into 6 shares:{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=201-203}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Shares !! Donee !! [[Gotra]] !! [[Shakha]]
|-
| 4 || [[Agnihotri]] Mādhava-śarman, the son of Pathaka Hāriśarman, grandson of Dviveda Veda || Bhārgava || Mādhyandina
|-
| 1 || Chaturveda Jānardana, the son of Dviveda Līmadeva, grandson of Dviveda Lāshū || Gautama || Āśvalāyana
|-
| 1 || Dviveda Dhāmadeva-śarman, son of Dikshita Divākara, grandson of Dikshita Kekū || Bhārdvāja || Mādhyandina
|}

Gangadeva is described as a devotee of Shiva, and a member of the [[Pratihara]] clan.{{sfn|Lal|1916|p=64}} The inscription is issued by ''Maharajadhiraja'' Jayavarmadeva, on whose orders Gangadeva made the grant. Jayavarman is mentioned as a resident of the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=202}} At its beginning, the inscription contains a genealogy of the Paramara kings from [[Bhoja]] to [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]]. It states that Devapala was succeeded by his son Jaitugi, who held the title ''Bālanārāyana''; Jaitugi was succeeded by Jayavarman.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=202}} It also names two officials: Pandita Mālādhara (the minister of war and treaty) and Ajayadeva (the ''[[pradhana|mahapradhana]]'' or prime minister).{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

The text inscription was composed by Harśadeva, and revised by the grammarian Āmadeva. The inscription was engraved by Kānhaḍa.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

=== 1263 Bhilsa inscription ===

This 10-line inscription, dated 12 April 1263 CE, was discovered by [[D. C. Sircar]]. It features a donkey-and-woman [[motif (visual arts)|motif]]. Written in corrupt Sanskrit, it records the performance of a pious act (donation) by a woman named Sanumati or Bhanumati. The act was performed for the religious merit of Pandita Thakura Madanasimha, who was probably her husband. The name of the donee is not mentioned. Therefore, it appears that the donation was in form of the idol of a deity, near which the stone inscription would have originally been set up.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=206-207}}

The donation was made at Bhailasvamidevapura (Bhilsa or modern [[Vidisha]]), which the inscription states, was in the territory of the king Jayasimha-deva.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=206-207}}

According to the 13th century Muslim historians, the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] captured Bhilsa during 1233-34 CE ([[Hijri year|AH]] 632), and destroyed the Bhailasvamin temple. Jayavarman's 1274 CE plates claim that his father Devapala killed a [[mleccha]] ''adhipa'' (possibly the Muslim governor of the Delhi Sultanate) near the city of Bhailasvamin. Combined with the 1263 inscription, this would indicate that Bhilsa was reconquered by the Paramaras, and was a part of Jayavaraman's territory. This is further corroborated by the fact that the later [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] Sultans of Delhi had to re-capture Bhilsa from Hindus.{{sfn|Sircar|1966|pp=187-188}}

=== 1269 Pathari inscription ===

This inscription, dated 10 April 1269 (VS 1326), was discovered at [[Pathari]] in Vidisha district. It records the allotment of land for a religious rite by one Ranasimha. The king's name is given as Jayasingha; although his royal house is not mentioned, but the expressions used in the inscription are similar to the ones used in the 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of Jayavarman II. Based on this, Jayasingha can be identified as the Paramara king Jayavarmana II.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=208-209}}

The inscription mentions Vaḍovyapattana, which is identified with the Badoh village near Pathari.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=209}}

=== 1274 Mandhata plates ===

The [[Mandhata]] inscription, dated 10 August 1274 CE comprises four copper-plates held together by copper rings. It was discovered in 1927 while clearing the grounds of the Kashi-Vishveshvara temple at Mandhata. The inscription is written in a mixture of prose and verse. The last plate features [[Garuda]], the Paramara royal emblem.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|pp=139-142}} The charter was authored by Jayavarman's courtier Srikantha, and engraved by the artisan Kanhaka.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=147}} The artisan is probably same as Kanhada, the engraver of the 1261 inscription.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=147}}

The inscription begins with the [[Om]] symbol, and pays obeisance to [[dharma]] (righteousness), which is described as the crown-jewel of the [[purushartha]]s (the four objectives of human life). This is followed by a salutation to the moon deity. The next few stanzas praise [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]] and [[Shiva]]. Next, the text describes the locality ([[Omkareshwar]]-Mandhata), its presiding deity and its rivers ([[Narmada]] and [[Kaveri River (Madhya Pradesh)|Kaveri]]). The next verses seek blessings of [[Varaha]] (an avatar of [[Vishnu]]) and ''Pitamaha'' ([[Brahma]]). It then states that the ''Pitamaha'' created the [[saptarishi|seven sages]] including Vashistha, followed by the legend about the mythical origin of the Paramaras.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=212}}

Next, the inscription lists the eight legendary successors of Paramara, the mythical hero who is said to have founded the dynasty. The eight names are Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, Jagaddeva, Sthirakaya and Voshari. Most of these do not appear to be historical figures.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=212}} These names are followed by historically attested Paramara kings: [[Vairisimha]], [[Vakpati I|Vakpatiraja]], [[Siyaka II|Siya]], [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], [[Sindhuraja]], [[Bhoja|Bhoja-deva]], [[Udayaditya]], [[Naravarman]], [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]], [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Ajayavarman]], [[Vindhyavarman]], [[Subhatavarman]], [[Arjunavarman]], [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]], [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi-deva]] and Jayavarman.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=213}}

The inscription states that Jayavarman's army crossed the [[Vindhyas]], and forced the forces of a southern ("Dakshinatya") king to retreat.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=214}} According to D. C. Sircar, this king was probably Ramachandra, the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava king of Deogiri]], who later defeated Jayavarman's successor Arjunavarman II.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=146}} However, H. V. Trivedi argues that this is unlikely, because during the early part of his reign, Ramachandra was engaged in a conflict with his own brother Amana. The Dakshinatya king referred to here is probably Ramachandra's uncle Mahadeva. The Sangur inscription of the Yadavas refers to Mahadeva's invasion of Malwa.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=215}}

The inscription then claims that Jayavarman erected temples with golden [[shikhara]]s, planted gardens and excavated tanks; he also donated cities, gold and cows to Brahmins. It does not mention the names or locations of the temples, and no temples built by Jayavarman are known today.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=215}}

Finally, the inscription records a grant of land by one Anayasimha-deva to several Brahmins of Mandhata, with the permission of the king. Anayasimha is mentioned as a ''sadhanika'' (commander of the army) from the [[Chahamana]] family, and a resident of the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa Durga]]. The inscription describes the achievements of his ancestors, who were in the service of the previous Paramara kings. It also mentions the construction of temples and tanks, as well as other charitable donations made in the past by Anayasimha.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=215}}

The king, variously named as Jayasimha and Jayavarman, is described as the lord of [[Dhar]]a.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|pp=139-142}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |first=Pratipal |last=Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}
* {{cite book |first=Hira |last=Lal |title=Descriptive lists of inscriptions in the Central provinces and Berar |year=1916 |url=https://archive.org/stream/descriptivelists00hirarich#page/64/mode/2up |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Nagpur }}
* {{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}
* {{cite book |first=D. C. |last=Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=32 |chapter=Mandhata Plates of Paramara Jayasimha-Jayavarman, V. S. 1331 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-32#page/n215/mode/2up |year=1959 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]` }}
* {{cite book |first=D. C. |last=Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=35 |chapter=Bhilsa inscription of the time of Jayasimha, Vikrama 1320 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |ref={{harvid|Trivedi|1991}} }}
{{Paramara dynasty}}

[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty) - Revision history

>Citation bot: Add: chapter-url. Removed or converted URL. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv | via #UCB_Category 1863/2500