Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty) - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 18 December 2025
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=February 2016}}
			{{Short description\| Western Chalukya Emperor from 1015 to 1043}}
	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| image = Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 957 (c.1035 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Jayasimha II.JPG		\| image = Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 957 (c.1035 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Jayasimha II.JPG
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	\| succession = Western Chalukya King		\| succession = Western Chalukya King
	\| reign = 1015-1043 CE (28 years)		\| reign = 1015-1043 CE (28 years)
			\| predecessor = [[Vikramaditya V]]
			\| successor = [[Someshvara I]]
			\| death_date =
			\| father = Dashavarman
			\| spouse =
			\| issue = [[Someshvara I]]
			\| house = [[Chalukya dynasty]]
	}}		}}
	{{Chalukyas\|Kalyani}}		{{Chalukyas\|Kalyani}}
	'''Jayasimha II''' (r.1015 – 1043 CE)<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=52–53}}</ref> (also known as Jagadhekamalla I and Mallikamoda) succeeded his brother [[Vikramaditya V]] on the [[Western Chalukya]] throne. He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the [[Paramara dynasty]] in the north, to protect his kingdom.<ref name="front">Sastri (1955), p.166</ref><ref name="cont">Kamath (1980), p.103</ref> His rule however was an important period of development of [[Kannada literature]]. The Brahmin Kannada writers [[Durgasimha]] (who was also his minister and wrote the ''Panchatantra'', "The five stratagems", 1031), Chavundaraya II (encyclopaedia, ''Lokopakara'', c. 1025) and Kavitavilasa were in his patronage. Chandraraja, a Brahmin writer on erotics (''Madanatilaka'', "Forehead ornament of passion", the earliest Kannada work in the genre of erotica, c. 1025) was in the court of Machiraja, a vassal of Jayasimha II. The [[Jain]] [[Sanskrit]] scholar Vadiraja was in Jayasimha II's court and wrote two epics, on logic, and a commentary on an earlier Jain text. His queen Suggaladevi was a disciple of the Kannada saint-poet Devara Dasimayya (one of the earliest [[Veerashaiva]] poets).<ref name="saint">Kamath (1980), p.102, p.114</ref><ref name="mavhi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.19</ref><ref name="divine">Sastri (1955), p.359</ref><ref name="sah">''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature'' - vol2, pp.1164-1165, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN\|81-260-1194-7}}</ref>		'''Jayasimha II''' (r. 1015 – 1043),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=52–53}}</ref> also known as '''Jagadhekamalla I''' and '''Mallikamoda''', succeeded his brother [[Vikramaditya V]] on the [[Western Chalukya]] throne. He had to fight on many fronts, against the [[Cholas of Tanjore]] in the south and the [[Paramara dynasty]] in the north, to protect his kingdom.<ref name="front">Sastri (1955), p.166</ref><ref name="cont">Kamath (1980), p.103</ref> His rule however was an important period of development of [[Kannada literature]]. The Brahmin Kannada writers [[Durgasimha]] (who was also his minister and wrote the ''Panchatantra'', "The five stratagems", 1031), Chavundaraya II (encyclopaedia, ''Lokopakara'', c. 1025) and Kavitavilasa were in his patronage. Chandraraja, a Brahmin writer on erotics (''Madanatilaka'', "Forehead ornament of passion", the earliest Kannada work in the genre of erotica, c. 1025) was in the court of Machiraja, a vassal of Jayasimha II. The [[Jain]] [[Sanskrit]] scholar Vadiraja was in Jayasimha II's court and wrote two epics, on logic, and a commentary on an earlier Jain text. His queen Suggaladevi was a disciple of the Kannada saint-poet Devara Dasimayya (one of the earliest [[Veerashaiva]] poets).<ref name="saint">Kamath (1980), p.102, p.114</ref><ref name="mavhi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.19</ref><ref name="divine">Sastri (1955), p.359</ref><ref name="sah">''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature'' - vol2, pp.1164-1165, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN\|81-260-1194-7}}</ref>

	According to the historians Chopra et al., this period saw Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South.<ref name="chopra">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.138</ref> However the historian Sen asserts that despite this reversal, this period saw the consolidation of the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan that would become a stepping stone towards the growth of the empire under the rule of Someshvara I, the successor of Jayasimha II.<ref name="suc">Sen (1999) p.383</ref>		According to the historians Chopra et al., this period saw Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South.<ref name="chopra">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.138</ref> However the historian Sen asserts that despite this reversal, this period saw the consolidation of the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan that would become a stepping stone towards the growth of the empire under the rule of Someshvara I, the successor of Jayasimha II.<ref name="suc">Sen (1999) p.383</ref>
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	==Wars with Cholas==		==Wars with Cholas==
	During this period, [[Rajendra Chola]] was not only exerting control over the [[Vengi]] kingdom of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]], he was also constantly trying to expand their kingdom northwards into the Western Chalukya territory. For a while the Cholas were preoccupied with their invasion of [[Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka) and with their territorial issues with the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] of [[Madurai]], and the rulers of Kerala. Taking advantage of this confusion and with an intent of reducing Chola power in Vengi, Jayasimha II interfered in Vengi after the death of its incumbent King Vimaladitya and ~~installed~~ Vimaladitya's son of his choice, Vijayaditya II on the throne. Vijayaditya initially did well with this support ~~by occupying Bezwada~~.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi"/><ref name="maski"/> This was against the plans of the Rajendra Chola who wanted Rajaraja Narendra, a prince born to Vimaladitya's queen from the Chola clan. To further strengthen himself, Jayasimha II had marched south of the [[Tungabhadra ~~river~~]] and occupied [[Bellary]], the [[Raichur]] [[Doab]] and perhaps part of Gangavadi (modern south-east Karnataka) as well. Rajendra Chola employed a two-pronged attack. One army going into the Vengi kingdom to successfully assist Rajaraja Narendra over his claims over the Vengi throne, and the other into the Western ~~Chalukaya~~ kingdom itself~~. In the west, Jayasimha II was defeated in the battle of Masangi ([[Maski]] in modern [[Raichur district]]) in c.1021~~. But the Chola army could not proceed any further and the Tungabhadra ~~river~~ remained the tacit border between the two empires.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi">Sastri (1955), p. 166</ref><ref name="maski">Kamath (1980), p. 102</ref>		During this period, [[Rajendra Chola]] was not only exerting control over the [[Vengi]] kingdom of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]], he was also constantly trying to expand their kingdom northwards into the Western Chalukya territory. For a while the Cholas were preoccupied with their invasion of [[Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka) and with their territorial issues with the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] of [[Madurai]], and the rulers of Kerala. Taking advantage of this confusion and with an intent of reducing Chola power in Vengi, Jayasimha II interfered in Vengi after the death of its incumbent King Vimaladitya and decided to install Vimaladitya's son of his choice, Vijayaditya II on the throne. Jayasimha II conquered Vijayawada Fort after defeating Cholas in the Battle of Vijayawada (1037 AD). He conquered Vengi in 1037 AD and placed Vijayaditya on Vengi throne.<ref>{{cite book\|author= Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ\|title=The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris\|publisher=Prasaranga, Karnatak University \|year=1981 \|language=en\|pages=134–135\|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Vijayaditya initially did well with this support.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi"/><ref name="maski"/> This was against the plans of the Rajendra Chola who wanted Rajaraja Narendra, a prince born to Vimaladitya's queen from the Chola clan. To further strengthen himself, Jayasimha II had marched south of the [[Tungabhadra River]] and occupied [[Bellary]], the [[Raichur]] [[Doab]] and perhaps part of Gangavadi (modern south-east Karnataka) as well. Jayasimha II reconquered Gangawadi and Raichur from Cholas after the Battle of Maski.<ref>{{cite book\| author=Krishna Murari\| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeK1AAAAIAAJ\|title= The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇi, from Circa 973 A.D. to 1200 A.D.\|publisher= Concept Publishing Company\|year=1988\|language=en\|page=60\|accessdate=18 February 2025}}</ref> Rajendra Chola employed a two-pronged attack. One army going into the Vengi kingdom to successfully assist Rajaraja Narendra over his claims over the Vengi throne, and the other into the Western Chalukya kingdom itself. But the Chola army could not proceed any further and the Tungabhadra River remained the tacit border between the two empires.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi">Sastri (1955), p. 166</ref><ref name="maski">Kamath (1980), p. 102</ref> Chola inscriptions which say Jayasimha II was defeated in the battle of Masangi ([[Maski]] in modern [[Raichur district]]) in c.1021 were identified to be exaggerated.<ref>{{cite book\| author=\| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132\|title= A History Of Karnataka (1970)ac 5024\|publisher= Digital Library Of India, Cdac Noida \|year=1970\|language=en\|page=162\|accessdate=18 February 2025}}</ref> As per Kulenur inscription dated 1028 AD, Kalachuri king Gangadeva, Paramara king Bhoja and Rajendra Chola combined their forces to attack Jayasimha II from all three sides. The battle was fought on the banks of Godavari (Gautama Ganga). Jayasimha II beset and put to flight this confedaracy and with the help of Bachiraja, an officer under him, Jayasimha II defeated the allies.<ref>{{cite book\|author= Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ\|title=
			The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris\|publisher=Prasaranga, Karnatak University \|year=1981 \|language=en\|page=123\|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>

			===Battle of Kalidindi===
			Jayasimha II won the battle of Kalidindi against Cholas to place Vijayaditya VII on Vengi throne.<ref>{{cite book\| author=B.R.Gopal\| url=https://archive.org/details/sgw.chalukyasofkalya0000brgo/page/n6/mode/1up\|title= The Chalukyas Of Kalyana And The Kalachuris\|publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University, Dharwad \|year=1981\|language=en\|page=160\|accessdate= 13 April 2025}}</ref>
			Without some powerful external help, Vijayaditya could not have overcome his brother and seized Vengi; and the only power which could have helped him in the enterprise was the Western Chalukya monarch of Kalyani. Therefore, the Karnataka or the Western Chalukya invasion of Vengi may be assigned to A.D. 1031, and the battle of Kalidindi where the Chola army encountered the Western Chalukyas to the succeeding year.<ref>{{cite book\| author=Dr.N. Venkataramanayya\| url=https://archive.org/details/venkataramanayya-n.-the-eastern-calukyas-of-vengi/page/n2/mode/1up\|title= The Eastern Chalukyas Of Vengi\|publisher= Vedam Venkataraya Sastry & Bros.\|year=1950\|language=en\|page=244\|accessdate=13 April 2025}}</ref>
			Western Chalukya general invaded Véngi and captured the city of Bezwada. The Karnataka invasion of Andhra (i.e., Véngi) and the battle described in the present record may have taken place during the same Western Chalukya expedition under Chávanarasa, especially as the distance between Bezwada and Kalidindi is less than 50 miles and victory was not secured by the Chola allies of Rajaraja.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06113/page/n1/mode/1up\|title= Epigraphia Indica Volume 29, Issue No. 1-32\|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India\|year=1987\|language=en\|page=63\|accessdate=13 April 2025}}</ref>

			===Battle of Ededore===

			In battle of Ededore, emperor Jayasimha II defeated the Cholas and won back province from Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I which was lost earlier.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180704/page/n3/mode/1up\|title= Epigraphia Indica Volume 12\|year=1913\|language=en\|page=296\|accessdate=13 April 2025}}</ref>

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	*{{cite book \|last= Sastri\|first= Nilakanta K.A.\|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar\|orig-year=1955\|year=2002\|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press\|location= New Delhi\|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}		*{{cite book \|last= Sastri\|first= Nilakanta K.A.\|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar\|orig-year=1955\|year=2002\|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press\|location= New Delhi\|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
	*{{cite book \|last= Sen\|first= Sailendra Nath \|title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization \|orig-year=1999\|year=1999\|publisher= New Age Publishers\|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}		*{{cite book \|last= Sen\|first= Sailendra Nath \|title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization \|orig-year=1999\|year=1999\|publisher= New Age Publishers\|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}

	~~{{S-start}}~~
	~~{{Succession box\|title=[[Western Chalukyas]]\|before=[[Vikramaditya V]]\|after=[[Someshvara I]] \|years=1015–1042}}~~
	~~{{s-end}}~~
	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	[[Category:1042 deaths]]		[[Category:1042 deaths]]
	[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]		[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
	[[Category:Western Chalukya ~~Empire~~]]		[[Category:Western Chalukya kings]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 957 (c.1035 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Jayasimha II.JPG
| alt = Jayasimha
| caption = Old Kannada inscription dated c.1035 AD of Western Chalukya King Jayasimha II
| succession = Western Chalukya King
| reign = 1015-1043 CE (28 years)
}}
{{Chalukyas|Kalyani}}
'''Jayasimha II''' (r.1015 – 1043 CE)<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=52–53}}</ref> (also known as Jagadhekamalla I and Mallikamoda) succeeded his brother [[Vikramaditya V]] on the [[Western Chalukya]] throne. He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the [[Paramara dynasty]] in the north, to protect his kingdom.<ref name="front">Sastri (1955), p.166</ref><ref name="cont">Kamath (1980), p.103</ref> His rule however was an important period of development of [[Kannada literature]]. The Brahmin Kannada writers [[Durgasimha]] (who was also his minister and wrote the ''Panchatantra'', "The five stratagems", 1031), Chavundaraya II (encyclopaedia, ''Lokopakara'', c. 1025) and Kavitavilasa were in his patronage. Chandraraja, a Brahmin writer on erotics (''Madanatilaka'', "Forehead ornament of passion", the earliest Kannada work in the genre of erotica, c. 1025) was in the court of Machiraja, a vassal of Jayasimha II. The [[Jain]] [[Sanskrit]] scholar Vadiraja was in Jayasimha II's court and wrote two epics, on logic, and a commentary on an earlier Jain text. His queen Suggaladevi was a disciple of the Kannada saint-poet Devara Dasimayya (one of the earliest [[Veerashaiva]] poets).<ref name="saint">Kamath (1980), p.102, p.114</ref><ref name="mavhi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.19</ref><ref name="divine">Sastri (1955), p.359</ref><ref name="sah">''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature'' - vol2, pp.1164-1165, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}</ref>

According to the historians Chopra et al., this period saw Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South.<ref name="chopra">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.138</ref> However the historian Sen asserts that despite this reversal, this period saw the consolidation of the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan that would become a stepping stone towards the growth of the empire under the rule of Someshvara I, the successor of Jayasimha II.<ref name="suc">Sen (1999) p.383</ref>

==Malwa invasion==
The [[Paramara dynasty]] King [[Bhoja]] of [[Malwa]] wanted to avenge the defeat of his predecessor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] and invaded the Chalukya kingdom from the north and annexed the northern [[Konkan]] and Lata (in modern Gujarat) for a few years. Bhillama III, a vassal king of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] of Devagiri (modern [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]) rebelled against Jayasimha II, perhaps with support from Bhoja. The historian Sen feels this invasion may have been caused by the confederacy of Bhoja, the Kalachuri ruler [[Gangeyadeva]] and Rajendra Chola. But Jayasimha II dealt successfully with these invasions and rebellion to recover all his northern territories by c.1024. Bhillama III married a daughter of Jayasimha II as an act of peace.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="malwa">Kamath (1980), p.102</ref>

==Wars with Cholas==
During this period, [[Rajendra Chola]] was not only exerting control over the [[Vengi]] kingdom of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]], he was also constantly trying to expand their kingdom northwards into the Western Chalukya territory. For a while the Cholas were preoccupied with their invasion of [[Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka) and with their territorial issues with the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] of [[Madurai]], and the rulers of Kerala. Taking advantage of this confusion and with an intent of reducing Chola power in Vengi, Jayasimha II interfered in Vengi after the death of its incumbent King Vimaladitya and installed Vimaladitya's son of his choice, Vijayaditya II on the throne. Vijayaditya initially did well with this support by occupying Bezwada.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi"/><ref name="maski"/> This was against the plans of the Rajendra Chola who wanted Rajaraja Narendra, a prince born to Vimaladitya's queen from the Chola clan. To further strengthen himself, Jayasimha II had marched south of the [[Tungabhadra river]] and occupied [[Bellary]], the [[Raichur]] [[Doab]] and perhaps part of Gangavadi (modern south-east Karnataka) as well. Rajendra Chola employed a two-pronged attack. One army going into the Vengi kingdom to successfully assist Rajaraja Narendra over his claims over the Vengi throne, and the other into the Western Chalukaya kingdom itself. In the west, Jayasimha II was defeated in the battle of Masangi ([[Maski]] in modern [[Raichur district]]) in c.1021. But the Chola army could not proceed any further and the Tungabhadra river remained the tacit border between the two empires.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi">Sastri (1955), p. 166</ref><ref name="maski">Kamath (1980), p. 102</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}

== References ==
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|orig-year= 1988|year= 1988|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Western Chalukyas]]|before=[[Vikramaditya V]]|after=[[Someshvara I]] |years=1015–1042}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1042 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]