Rxsolution: improved article

2026-01-24T08:22:29Z

improved article

Show changes

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-04-27T02:53:10Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

Show changes

>Kku at 13:48, 17 June 2021

2021-06-17T13:48:45Z

New page

{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}

[[File:Jatropha curcas5 henning.jpg|thumb|Seeds from the [[Jatropha curcas]] plant are used for the production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of India's plan to attain energy sustainability.|alt=]][[Biofuel]] development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of [[Jatropha]] plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political. Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation fuel used in the country); minimising the expenditure of India's foreign-currency reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign currency reserves (which can be better spent on capital expenditures for industrial inputs and production). And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve the country's carbon emissions profile. Finally, since no food producing farmland is required for producing this biofuel (unlike [[corn ethanol|corn]] or [[sugar cane ethanol]], or [[palm oil diesel]]), it is considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among India's current biofuel options; it has no known negative impact on the production of the massive amounts grains and other vital agriculture goods India produces to meet the food requirements of its massive population (circa 1.1 Billion people as of 2008). Other biofuels which displace food crops from viable agricultural land such as corn ethanol or palm biodiesel have caused serious price increases for basic food grains and edible oils in other countries.

India's total biodiesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 million tonnes in 2011–12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile industry. Analysis from [[Frost & Sullivan]], ''Strategic Analysis of the Indian Biofuels Industry'', reveals that the market is an emerging one and has a long way to go before it catches up with global competitors.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com">http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp</ref>

The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from the transport sector, biofuels can be assured of a significant market in India. On 12 September 2008, the Indian Government announced its 'National Biofuel Policy'. It aims to meet 20% of India's diesel demand with fuel derived from plants. That will mean setting aside 140,000 square kilometres of land. Presently fuel yielding plants cover less than 5,000 square kilometres.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com"/>

==Jatropha incentives in India==
{{further|Jatropha biodiesel}}

'''Jatropha incentives in India''' is a part of [[India]]'s goal to achieve energy independence by the year 2018. [[Jatropha oil]] is produced from the seeds of the [[Jatropha curcas]], a plant that can grow in [[:wikt:wasteland|wasteland]]s across India, and the oil is considered to be an excellent source of [[bio-diesel]]. India is keen on reducing its dependence on coal and petroleum to meet its increasing energy demand and encouraging Jatropha cultivation is a crucial component of its [[Energy policy of India|energy policy]]. However, in recent times the bio-fuel policy has come under critical review, on the way it has been promoted.<ref>Satyendra Nath Mishra. 2014. Design of Resource Use: case of jatropha based biodisel in India. Journal of Rural Development. 33(1). 1–13. Online link {{cite web|url=http://www.nird.org.in/NIRD_Docs/jan-mar-2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407051826/http://www.nird.org.in/NIRD_Docs/jan-mar-2014.pdf |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Large plots of waste land have been selected for Jatropha cultivation and will provide much needed employment to the rural poor of India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jatrophaworld.org/
|title=Centre For Jatropha Promotion – Promoting farming for future fuel – Growing Diesel Fuel Plant
|accessdate=15 November 2006
}}</ref> Businesses are also seeing the planting of Jatropha as a good business opportunity.<ref>{{cite web
|date=2 September 2005
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/09/02/stories/2005090202950100.htm
|title=India Inc eyes jatropha farming in a big way
|work=Business Line
|accessdate=15 November 2006
}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has identified 400,000 square kilometres (98 million acres) of land where [[Jatropha]] can be grown, hoping it will replace 20% of [[India]]'s [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] consumption by 2011.<ref name="Jatropha cultivation: gov aims and stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.asiafuel11jun11,0,3054070.story?coll=bal-nationworld-headlines |title=Asia turns to plants for fuel:Governments seek crops to cut oil dependence |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |accessdate=8 July 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618043014/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.asiafuel11jun11%2C0%2C3054070.story?coll=bal-nationworld-headlines |archivedate=18 June 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Life-cycle assessment|Life-cycle analysis]] studies have shown favourable energy balance for production of jatropha-based biodiesel in India and also a potential GHG emission saving of 33-42% compared to fossil-based diesel.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118 | pmid=24140355 | volume=150 | title=Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India | journal=Bioresource Technology | pages=429–437| year=2013 | last1=Ajayebi | first1=Atta | last2=Gnansounou | first2=Edgard | last3=Kenthorai Raman | first3=Jegannathan }}</ref>

==Implementation==
[[File:A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005.jpg|thumb|A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005]]
The Ex-[[President of India]], Dr. [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], was one of the strong advocaters of jatropha cultivation for production of [[bio-diesel]].<ref name="Kalam supports Jatropha cultivation">{{cite web |url=http://indiaenews.com/2006-06/10698-kalam-attend-jatropha-planters-convention.htm|title=Kalam to attend jatropha planters' convention|publisher= India eNews Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> In his recent speech, the Former President said that out of the 600,000 km² of wasteland that is available in India over 300,000 km² are suitable for Jatropha cultivation. Once this plant is grown the plant has a useful lifespan of several decades. During its life, Jatropha requires very little water when compared to other cash crops.

Recently, the [[State Bank of India]] provided a boost to the cultivation of Jatropha in India by signing a Memorandum of Understanding with D1 Mohan, a joint venture of D1 Oils plc, to give loans to the tune of 1.3 billion rupees to local farmers in India. Farmers will also be able to pay back the loan with the money that D1 Mohan pays for the Jatropha seeds.

===Indian Railways===

The [[Indian Railways]] has started to use the oil (blended with diesel fuel in various ratios) from the Jatropha plant to power its diesel engines with great success. Currently the diesel locomotives that run from Thanjavur to Nagore section and Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi, Dindigul and Karur sections in [[Tamil Nadu]] run on a blend of Jatropha and diesel oil.<ref name="Railways to plant Jatropha">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/20/stories/2005102002021100.htm|title=Rlys to plant jatropha for captive use |publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=17 September 2006}}</ref>

===Andhra Pradesh===
{{outdated section|date=December 2016}}
[[Andhra Pradesh]] has entered into a formal agreement with [[Reliance Industries]] for Jatropha planting. The company has selected {{convert|200|acre|km²}} of land at [[Kakinada]] to grow jatropha for high quality [[bio-diesel]] fuel.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://autofeed.msn.co.in/pandorav3/output/Business/05550e54-7612-43a4-8ab6-d08686d38cf9.aspx
|title=RIL enters bio-diesel farming
|publisher=zeeu
|accessdate=15 November 2006
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209035542/http://autofeed.msn.co.in/pandorav3/output/Business/05550e54-7612-43a4-8ab6-d08686d38cf9.aspx
|archivedate= 9 December 2006
}}</ref>
[[Kerala]] is planning a massive Jatropha planting campaign.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/04/indian_state_to.html
|title=Indian State to Plant 160 Million Jatropha Plants in Quest for Biofuel Self-Sufficiency
|accessdate=4 December 2006
}}</ref>

===Chhattisgarh===

[[Chhattisgarh]] has decided to plant 160 million saplings of jatropha in all its 16 districts during 2006 with the aim of becoming a bio-fuel self-reliant state by 2015.<ref name="Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings">{{cite web |url=http://indiaenews.com/2006-04/3049-chhattisgarh-160-mn-jatropha-saplings.htm|title=Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings|publisher= India eNews Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=23 April 2006}}</ref> Chhattisgarh plans to earn Rs. 40 billion annually by selling seeds after 2010. The central government has provided Rs. 135 million to Chhattisgarh in '''''2013''''' for developing jatropha nursery facilities.

In May 2005, Chief Minister Raman Singh became the first head of a state government to use jatropha diesel for his official vehicle. Chhattisgarh plans to replace with jatropha fuel all state-owned vehicles using diesel and petrol '''by 2007''' . Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority now oversees the production of the Jatropha curcas seed as a rich source of bio-diesel.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cbdacg.com
|title=Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority
|accessdate=26 March 2007
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219224117/http://www.cbdacg.com/
|archivedate=19 February 2007
}}</ref>
Chhattisgarh government tie up with public sector company Indian oil to produce biodiesel and maintain jatropha plantation in Chhattisgarh name of this company Indian oil CREDA Biofules Ltd. this company is established on 2009 at sankar nagar raipur this company covered all district of Chhattisgarh to plantation of jatropha curcas.

===Karnataka===

Farmers in semi-arid regions of Karnataka are planting Jatropha as it is well suited to those conditions.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=24 August 2007|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118788662080906716|title=Jatropha Plant Gains Steam in Global Race for Biofuels|accessdate=1 April 2008|quote=Until recently, B.K. Nagendrappa didn't care much at all about jatropha, an ugly wild green shrub that thrives in India. Now, the coconut grower hopes to plant as many as {{convert|12|acre|ha}} of the stuff on his land near Bangalore. | first=Patrick | last=Barta}}</ref>

Labland Biodiesel is a Mysore-based Private Limited Company. Since the year 2002, the Company is active in Biodiesel and Jatropha curcas-based Research and Development activities headed by its chairman and managing director, Dr. Sudheer Shetty. Jatropha seeds are used in ksrtc, bmtc, government buses
<ref>http://www.lablandbiodiesel.com Labland Biodiesel. Retrieved 21 June 2008</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===

[[Tamil Nadu]] is aggressively promoting the plantation of Jatropha to help farmers over come the loss due to irregular rains during the past few years. The government has contracted the development of Jatropha in Tamil Nadu in a large scale to four entrepreneurs. Namely M/s Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Limited. M/s Shiva Distilleries Limited, M/s Dharani Sugars and Chemicals Limited and M/s Riverway Agro Products Private Ltd.
Currently the firms have cultivated the plant in about 3 square kilometres as against the goal of 50 km². The government of Tamil Nadu has also abolished purchase tax on Jatropha.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}, but presently government has announced to reduce the 7.5% tolgate charges to 2.5%

===Rajasthan===

Jatropha is ideally suited for cultivation in [[Rajasthan]] as it needs very little water which is scarce in Rajasthan. Jatropha plantations have been undertaken in Udaipur, Kota, Sikar, Banswara, Chittor and Churu districts. '''In the Udaipur district, ''Jatropha curcas'' is planted in agroforestry formats with food or cash crops on marginal lands''' (in India often called waste lands). As its leaves are toxic and therefore non-palatable to livestock, they remain intact in their sapling stage, unlike most other tree saplings.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
These Jatropha Seeds are very much favourable for the Germination. Udaipur is the major supplier of the Jatropha Seeds especially for the Germination. Many companies and Govt are taking interest to collect best seeds from Udaipur. Bulk Agro (I) Pvt Ltd is the elite of the suppliers.

===Maharashtra===

In September 2007, the [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) joined hands with the [[Maharashtra]] State Farming Corporation Ltd (MSFCL) for a jatropha seed-based bio-diesel venture. As part of the project, jatropha plants would be grown on 500 acres (2 km²) in [[Nashik]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref name="Details of HPCL and MSFCL plans on jatropha in Maha">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301991900.htm|title=HPCL, Maharashtra tie up for bio-diesel venture|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> In November 2005, the Maharashtra Government aimed to cultivate jatropha on 600 km² in the state, with half the land going to the public sector and the other half to the private sector.<ref name="Land allocation by Maha gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/11/16/stories/2005111601871300.htm|title=Maharashtra to offer 300 km² to private sector for jatropha cultivation|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> On 1 July 2006, [[Pune]] Municipal Corporation took the lead among Indian cities in using bio-diesel from jatropha in over 100 public buses.<ref name="Pune takes lead, and stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |title=Pune take the lead in using bio-diesel for running 105 buses |publisher=Indiadaily.com |accessdate=8 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323115409/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |archivedate=23 March 2007 }}</ref>

===Ahmednagar===

Gulabrao Kale studied the prospects of plantation in the [[Ahmednagar district]] in Maharashtra and under his guidance, Govind Gramin Vikas Pratishthan (GOGVIP), decided to plan under DPAP program of government. Initially, it was a very difficult task to make farmers ready for the Jatropha plantation. When 20–25 farmers were offered the plan, only 2–3 farmers were convinced to plant jatropha. Lack of literacy was a big hindrance in convincing the farmers. It was hard to convince them about the future benefits of the plant and its potential to produce bio-diesel, an equivalent of diesel. But after untiring and continuous efforts more than 1000 farmers are working with the GOGVIP for the Jatropha planting program now.
For this task, under the watershed development program, GOGVIP took an area of 10.92 square kilometres for making CCT'S. To date, more than 2 million Jatropha plants have been planted in the target area of the five villages of Vankute, Dhoki, Dhotre, Dhavalpuri and Gajdipoor in the project. The villages are in the remote locations and that made connecting them with GOGVIP a difficult task.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gogvip.org/about.html
|title=The Govind Gram Vikas Pratishthan (GOGVIP)
|publisher=GOGVIP
|accessdate=23 August 2007
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008030300/http://www.gogvip.org/about.html
|archivedate= 8 October 2007
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/10/stories/2006011001251900.htm
|title= Ahmednagar NGO set to launch biodiesel project
|work=Business Line
|accessdate=23 August 2007
}}
</ref>

===Eastern India===

D1 Williamson Magor Bio Fuel Limited was a joint venture company between D1 Oils plc, UK and Williamson Magor group. This biodiesel initiative was incorporated in July 2006. Advocating the creation of energy from renewable resources, the company had promoted Jatropha Plantations on the wasteland possessed by the farmers in the North Eastern States, Orissa and Jharkhand. The Company had a comprehensive network to manufacture bio-diesel from the oilseeds harvested by the farmers.

Biodiesel initiative hoped to benefit local communities through commercial plantation of Jatropha. NGOs and self-help groups were also involved.

===Practices===
The Project on Development of Agronomic practices for Jatropha curcas is being implemented, with the financial assistance of DBT, New Delhi. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, India has Planted Jatropha on 3 square kilometres, with the financial assistance of National Oilseeds and Vegetable oils development Board.

==See also==

* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Wind power in India]]
* [[Hydroelectric power in India]]
* [[Biofuels by region]]
* [[Food vs. fuel]]
* [[List of renewable energy topics by country|Renewable energy by country]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book
|last1 = Altenburg
|first1 = Tilman
|title = Biodiesel in India : value chain organisation and policy options for rural development
|publisher = [[German Development Institute]]
|year = 2009
|isbn = 978-1-59869-872-5
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/greenjobsguideto00llew_0
}}
{{World topic|Biofuel in|title=Biofuel by country|noredlinks=yes}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biofuel In India}}
[[Category:Biofuel in India| ]]

Jatropha biodiesel in India - Revision history

Rxsolution: improved article

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

>Kku at 13:48, 17 June 2021