Acharyak182: typo fix

2026-02-11T02:05:52Z

typo fix

->Sawtzy at 16:20, 15 October 2021

2021-10-15T16:20:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 15 October 2021
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	'''Järawa''' or '''Jarwa''' is one of the [[Ongan languages]]. It is spoken by the [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa people]] inhabiting the interior and south central [[Rutland Island]], central interior, and south interior [[South Andaman Island]], and the west coast of [[Middle Andaman Island]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf\|title=Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa\|last=Kumar\|first=Pramod\|date=2012\|access-date=2017-02-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080745/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf\|archive-date=2017-02-11\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		'''Järawa''' or '''Jarwa''' is one of the [[Ongan languages]]. It is spoken by the [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa people]] inhabiting the interior and south central [[Rutland Island]], central interior, and south interior [[South Andaman Island]], and the west coast of [[Middle Andaman Island]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf\|title=Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa\|last=Kumar\|first=Pramod\|date=2012\|access-date=2017-02-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080745/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf\|archive-date=2017-02-11\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	''Järawa'' means "foreigners" in [[Aka-Bea language\|Aka-Bea]], the language of their traditional enemies. Like many peoples, they call themselves ''aong,'' ~~"people".~~		''Järawa'' means "foreigners" in [[Aka-Bea language\|Aka-Bea]], the language of their traditional enemies. Like many peoples of the world, they call themselves "people" in their language, ''aong.''

	The Jarawa language of the Andaman Islands is considered vulnerable.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3845\|title=Endangered Languages Project: Jarawa}}</ref>		The Jarawa language of the Andaman Islands is considered vulnerable.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3845\|title=Endangered Languages Project: Jarawa}}</ref>

92.35.224.131: /* Vowels */

2021-07-06T12:25:08Z

Vowels

New page

{{distinguish|Jarawa language (Nigeria)}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Jarawa
| nativename = Aong ॳङ्
| pronunciation = {{ipa|[əŋ]|}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; interior and south central Rutland island, central interior and south interior of South Andaman island, Middle Andaman island, west coast, 70 square km reserve.
| ethnicity = [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
| speakers = 266, 70% of ethnic population
| date = 2001–2002
| ref = <ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chittaranjan Kumar Paty|Forest, government, and tribe|2007|p=102}}</ref>
| speakers2 = Literacy rate in [[first language|L1]]: Below 1%.
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Ongan languages|Ongan]]
| dialects = None known
| script = Unwritten
| iso3 = anq
| notice = IPA
| glotto = jara1245
| glottorefname = Jarawa (India)
| map = Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png
}}

'''Järawa''' or '''Jarwa''' is one of the [[Ongan languages]]. It is spoken by the [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa people]] inhabiting the interior and south central [[Rutland Island]], central interior, and south interior [[South Andaman Island]], and the west coast of [[Middle Andaman Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf|title=Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa|last=Kumar|first=Pramod|date=2012|access-date=2017-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080745/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Järawa'' means "foreigners" in [[Aka-Bea language|Aka-Bea]], the language of their traditional enemies. Like many peoples, they call themselves ''aong,'' "people".

The Jarawa language of the Andaman Islands is considered vulnerable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3845|title=Endangered Languages Project: Jarawa}}</ref>

== History ==
Jarawa is a language used mainly by hunter-gatherer communities who would live along the western coast of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref name=":0" />

The Jarawas are the only remaining Negrito remnants of the Andaman Islands out of four. Other than having a history as traditional hunter-forager-fishermen, they also had reputations as warriors and uncompromising defenders of their territory. The Jarawas managed to survive as a tribal entity despite suffering massive population loss from outside [[infectious diseases]] to which they had no immunity.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|jstor=40467418|title=Palaeolithic Cognitive Inheritance in Aesthetic Behavior of the Jarawas of the Andaman Islands|last1=Sreenathan|first1=M.|last2=Rao|first2=V. R.|last3=Bednarik|first3=R. G.|journal=Anthropos|year=2008|volume=103|issue=2|pages=367–392|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2008-2-367}}</ref>

Jarawas currently have a population of 270 remaining. Their primary threat is a highway, Andaman Trunk Road, running through their territory and reserve of 1,028 square kilometers of dense evergreen forests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf|title=Jarawa History}}</ref>

The ancestors of the Jarawa are thought to have been part of the first successful human migrations out of Africa. Today, the Andaman Islands remain diverse, and several hundred thousand Indian settlers now reside on the islands. <ref name=":1" />

== Geographic distribution ==

=== Official status ===
Jarawa is an official language in India, specifically the Andaman Islands.

No dialects or varieties are known to have stemmed or derived from the Jarawa language.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jara1245|title=Glottolog: Language: Jarawa (India)}}</ref>

==Sounds and phonology==
There are two varieties of Jarawa languages. One is spoken in the northern Middle Andaman and southern Middle Andaman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfCBAAAAQBAJ&q=jarawa|title=A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study|isbn=9789004246126|last1=Abbi|first1=Anvita|date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

Jarawa contains 41 sounds, 28 consonants and 13 vowels.<ref name=":0"/>

The language descends from a parent language known as Proto-Andamanese. From within this wide range, Little Andamanese also evolved. [[Önge language|Onge]], Jarawa, and presumably [[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]] all branched off Little Andamanese, thus sharing similar characteristics in culture and language.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=604090|title=A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics.|last1=Zide|first1=Norman|last2=Pandya|first2=Vishvajit|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1989|volume=109|issue=4|pages=639–651|doi=10.2307/604090}}</ref>

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| align=center | {{IPA link|i}}
|  
| align=center | {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align=center | {{IPA link|e}}
| align=center | {{IPA link|ɘ}}
| align=center | {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|  
| align=center | {{IPA link|ə}}
|  
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|  
| align=center | {{IPA link|a}}
|  
|}
The Jarawa language uses close (high), mid, and open to distinguish between the height of the vowels. For the tongue position, they characterize vowels as front, central, and back. For the position of lips, vowels are characterized as rounded or unrounded.
Vowels in the language can be classified into three groups:
# Two front vowels - [i] and [e]
# Two back vowels - [u] and [o]
# Three central vowels - [ɘ], [ə], and [a]
There are also 2 mid-low vowels, [ɛ] and [ɔ], but their phonemic status is not deciphered yet. Because their occurrences are very limited, it is unclear how often they are used and their status.

Length is very important in this language as they have short and long vowels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf|title=Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa|last=Kumar|first=Pramod|date=2012|access-date=2017-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080745/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896628/component/escidoc:1896627/jarawa_kumar2012_o.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan=2| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2| [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
|- class=small
!plain
![[labialization|lab.]]
! plain
! [[labialization|lab.]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n̪}} || || || {{IPA link|ɲ}}|| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| || ||
|-
!rowspan=3| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t̪}} || || {{IPA link|ʈ}}|| {{IPA link|c}} || {{IPA link|k}}
| || ||
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d̪}} || || {{IPA link|ɖ}}|| {{IPA link|ɟ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| || ||
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}|| {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || || {{IPA|ʈʰ}}||{{IPA|cʰ}}|| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|{{IPA|kʰʷ}}
| ||
|-
!colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|ɸ}} || || |||| {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||
| || {{IPA link|ħ}} || {{IPA|ħʷ}}
|-
!colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
| || || {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA link|ɽ}}|| ||
| || ||
|-
!colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}} || || {{IPA link|l}} || ({{IPA link|ɭ}})|| {{IPA link|j}} ||
| || ||
|}

===Characteristics===
Among all the 28 consonants, voiced and voiceless plosives are present along with voiceless aspirated plosives. Sounds like nasals, trills, retroflex flap, lateral and retroflex laterals all occur in this language.

There are also two approximants in the Jarawa language, these being labial and palatal, along with a few fricatives like the pharyngeal fricative and the bilabial fricative. Two labialised consonants also exist, such as the pharyngeal fricative and voiceless aspirated velar plosive.<ref name=":0" />

Word-initial contrast between {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/b/}} is disappearing, with {{IPA|/p/}} becoming {{IPA|/b/}} (note that in [[Onge language|Onge]] {{IPA|/p/}} is not phonemically present).<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161">{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161}}</ref>

Jarawa words are at least monosyllabic, and [[content word]]s are at least bimoraic.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161"/> Maximal syllables are CVC.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161">{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161}}</ref>

{{IPA|/c/}} voices intervocalically in derived environments, {{IPA|/ə/}} syncopates when followed by another vowel across a morpheme boundary, {{IPA|/ə/}} becomes {{IPA|[o]}} when the next syllable has a round vowel, and whole syllables may be deleted in fast speech.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161"/>

== Grammar ==

=== Morphology ===
In terms of affixation, Jarawa has simple morphology as it takes prefixes and suffixes. The two kinds of prefixes are:
* One which is pronominal which attaches to verbs, adjectives, and nouns
* One which indicates definiteness or referentiality, and attaches only to verbs.
Suffixes are aimed to convey plurality when attached to nouns or express mood, modality, and evidentiality when attached to verbs. When attaching to adjectives, they may denote either state or evidentiality as well.<ref name=":0" />

In Jarawa, a morpheme can be a free root which exists independently such as in the case of /napo/ meaning 'fish'. It can also be a bounded root which occurs with obligatory prefixes as in /ən-oɖə/ meaning 'hair'. Verbs such as /ən-ətəhə/ meaning 'sit' can be a bound root. In both cases, either the nominal root for 'hair' or verbal root for 'sit', cannot occur independently if they refer to human beings. A bound root must be prefixed with some morpheme.<ref name=":0" />

Jarawa has been discovered to have six kinds of word classes:
* Nouns
* Verbs
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Postposition
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are open classes where nouns and verbs are abundant and adjectives and adverbs are few in number. Postpositions and pronouns are closed classes with a small number of lexemes. The order of number of words in each class in increasing order are as follows: postposition, pronoun, adverb, adjective, verb, and noun.

There are three kinds of pronouns: personal pronouns (pronominals), demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. First person form of personal pronouns are 'mi', second person form is 'ŋi ~ ni ~ ən', and third person form is 'ħi ~ əħi'.<ref name=":0" />

=== Syntax ===
Jarawa uses two different types of clausal structures: [[Verbless clause|verbless clauses]] where nominals or adjectives function as head of the predicate and verbal clauses where verbs are the head of the predicate, with core arguments. Both types of clauses have different morphological and syntactic structures.<ref name=":0" />

In yes or no questions, all questions start with ka. The schema is presented as: ka + [subject] + [object] + [verb].

/Onəħə-le/ can either mean 'what is being done' or 'why', /ŋi onəħə-le/ means 'What are you doing?' and /ŋi onəħə-le ɖ-iche/ means 'Why did you do that?'<ref name=":0" />

== Writing system ==
The Jarawas have no system of writing. In observed designs, wavy lines would represent the sea and therefore only drawings or pictures would be drawn to communicate.<ref name=":3" /> But [[CIIL]], [[Mysore]] introduced revised [[Devanagari]] and [[Latin_script|Latin]] scripts for the Jarawa Language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1578 |title= CIIL, Jarawa Handbook}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/jarawa.htm |title= Omniglot, Jarawa Alphabet}}</ref>

== Everyday usage examples<ref name=":0" /> ==
These signify the contrast between vowel /i/ and /u/:
* /ħiɽu/ = 'black'
* /innə-gə cew/ = 'smells good'
* /ħulu/ = 'hot'
* /unnə/ = 'return home'
These signify the contrast between vowel /e/ and /o/:
* /tape/ = 'moon'
* /tapo/ = 'good'
These signify the contrast between /o/ and /a/:
* /topo/ = 'snake'
* /tapo/ = 'good'
These signify the contrast between vowel /a/ and /ə/:
* /ħwawə/ = 'watercourse'
* /ħwəwə/ = 'wild boar'

=== Common phrases ===

/mi bəɘʈhe-jə/ : I/We are going.

/mi omoħə/ : I/We sleep.

/mi ŋ-əjojəba/ : I saw you.

=== Kinship terms ===

Father: /ummə/

Mother: /kaja/

Husband: /a:gi/

Wife: /əŋa:p/

Elder Sister: /a:mi/

Elder Brother: /a:pə/

Son/Daughter: /ajə/

Younger brother/sister: /aikhwaʈə/

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
|last=Blevins |first=Juliette
|year=2007 |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=46
|issue=1 |pages=154–198
|doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015|s2cid=143141296
}}
*Kumar, Pramod (2012), "Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa." ''Jawaharlal Nehru University'' (2012): 1-360. Web.
*"Jarawa." ''Database for Indigenous Cultural Evolution''. 1-8. Web.
*Conant, F. (1961). Jarawa Kin Systems of Reference and Address: A Componential Comparison. ''Anthropological Linguistics,'' ''3''(2), 19-33. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022298
*Sreenathan, M., Rao, V., & Bednarik, R. (2008). Palaeolithic Cognitive Inheritance in Aesthetic Behavior of the Jarawas of the Andaman Islands. ''Anthropos,'' ''103''(2), 367-392. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467418
*Zide, N., & Pandya, V. (1989). A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society,109''(4), 639-651. {{doi|10.2307/604090}}
*Sarkar, S. (1962). The Jarawa of the Andaman Islands. ''Anthropos,'' ''57''(3/6), 670-677. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40455833
*Abbi, A. (2013). ''A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study.''
*Earl, George Windsor. 1853. The Native Races of the Indian Archipelago: The Papuans. (The Ethnographical Library, I.) London: Hippolyte Bailliere. 140pp.
*William Marsden. 1834. On the Polynesian, or East-Insular languages. In Miscellaneous Works, 1-117. London: Parbury, Allen and Co.
*Sreenathan, M. 2001. The Jarawas: Language and Culture. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India. 108pp.
*R. Senkuttuvan. 2000. The Language of the Jarawa (Phonology). Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India. iv+56pp.
*Richard C. Temple. 1903. Languages. In The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 96-138. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Press.
*Nair, V. S. 1979. A note on the language of Jarawas. Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India 28. 17-38.
*R. S. Mann. 1973. Jarawas of Andaman - An analysis of hostility. Man in India 53. 201-220.
*Cipriani, Lidio. 1959. The Jarawa Problem. Bulletin of the Bihar Tribal Research Institute, Ranchi 1. 43-55.
*R. H. Colebrooke. 1795. On the Andaman Islands. Asiatick Researches 4. 385-395.
*P. C. Coomar. 1994. Jarawa. In T. N. Pandit and B. N. Sarkar (eds.), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 81-86. Madras: Anthropological Survey of India.

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_anq_swadesh-1/anq.txt Rosetta Project: Jarawa Swadesh list]

{{Andamanese languages}}

__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jarawa Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Ongan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

Jarawa language (Andaman Islands) - Revision history

Acharyak182: typo fix

->Sawtzy at 16:20, 15 October 2021

92.35.224.131: /* Vowels */