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{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{About|the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu|the history|Kashmir#History}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Short description|Former princely state}}
{{Infobox country
| capital = [[Srinagar]] [[Jammu]]
| conventional_long_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| image_flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg
| flag_type =
| status = [[Princely state|Princely State]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[state religion|state]]), [[Islam]] (majority), [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]]
| empire = [[British Empire]] (till 1947) [[India]] (after 1947)
| government_type = [[Princely state]]
| common_languages = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]], [[Bhaderwahi]], [[Burushaski]], [[Brokskat]], [[Domaaki language|Domaaki]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], [[Bateri language|Bateri]], [[Purgi language|Purgi]], [[Zangskari dialect|Zangskari]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)]], [[Sanskrit]]
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| leader2 = [[Hari Singh]] ''(last)''
| year_leader2 = 23 September 1925 – 17 November 1952
| leader1 = [[Gulab Singh]] ''(first)''
| year_leader1 = 16 March 1846 – 30 June 1857
| title_deputy = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir#Prime Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Dewan]]
| deputy1 = [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] ''(first)''
| year_deputy1 = 15 October 1947 – 5 March 1948
| deputy2 = [[Sheikh Abdullah]] ''(last)''
| year_deputy2 = 5 March 1948 – 17 November 1952
| status_text =
| year_start = 1846
| date_start =
| event_start = [[Princely state]] of the [[Company rule in India]] and later [[British Raj|British India]]
| event1 = Independence from [[British Raj|British India]]
| date_event1 = 15 Aug 1947
| event2 = [[First Kashmir War]] (cession of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]])
| date_event2 = 22 Oct 1947
| event3 = Accession to the [[India|Indian Union]]
| date_event3 = 26–27 Oct 1947
| event4 = Constitutional state of India
| date_event4 = 17 November 1952
| year_end = 1952
| p1 = Sikh Empire
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (state){{!}}Jammu and Kashmir, India
| s2 = Azad Kashmir
| s3 = Gilgit-Baltistan
| flag_p1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
| border_p1 = no
| flag_s1 = Jammu and Kashmir Flag (1952-2019).svg
| flag_s2 = Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg
| flag_s3 = Flag of Gilgit-Baltistan (1947).svg
| image_coat = Kashmir Princely State CoA.png
| symbol =
| symbol_type = Emblem
| image_map = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| today = [[India]] [[Pakistan]] [[China]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jammu and Kashmir''', also known as '''Kashmir and Jammu''',<ref name=igi-kashmir-jammu>{{citation|title = Kashmir and Jammu|journal=Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=15|page=71–|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif|publisher=Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press|year=1908}}</ref> was a [[princely state]] in a [[subsidiary alliance]] under [[Company rule in India|British East India Company rule]] from 1846 to 1858 and under the ''paramountcy'' (or tutelage<ref name=sneddon-paramountcy-tutelage>{{citation|last=Sneddon|first=Christopher|title=Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration|year=2021|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=12–13|quote=Paramountcy was the ‘vague and undefined’ feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India’s princely rulers. ... These ‘loyal collaborators of the Raj’ were ‘afforded [British] protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy’.}}</ref><ref name=ganguly-hagerty-2005-paramountcy>{{citation|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Hagerty|first2=Devin T.| title=Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons|isbn=0-295-98525-9|year=2005|location=Seattle and New Delhi|publisher=University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press|page=22|quote=... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.}}</ref>) of the [[The Crown|British Crown]], from 1858 until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, when it became a [[Kashmir#Kashmir_dispute|disputed territory]], now administered by three countries: [[China]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="britannica-intro">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 July 2016|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|url-status=live}} Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."</ref><ref name=americana>{{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|url-status=live}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|url-status=live}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The princely state was created after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], when the East India Company, which had annexed the [[Kashmir Valley]],{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930||p=111–125}} from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, [[Gulab Singh]], for rupees 75 [[lakh]]s.

At the time of the [[partition of India]] and the [[political integration of India]], [[Hari Singh]], the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|uprising in the western districts]] of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring [[Northwest Frontier Province]], supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News|work=BBC News |date=7 July 2010 |publisher=}}</ref> The western and northern districts now known as [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] passed to the control of Pakistan, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |pages=32–37}}</ref>

==Administration==
According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:<ref name=Karim>{{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=29–32 |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=15}}
* '''Jammu province:''' Districts of [[Jammu]], [[Jasrota]] ([[Kathua]]), [[Udhampur]], [[Reasi]] and [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]].
* '''Kashmir province:''' Districts of Kashmir South ([[Anantnag]]), Kashmir North ([[Baramulla]]) and [[Muzaffarabad]].
* '''Frontier districts:''' ''Wazarats'' of [[Ladakh]] and [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]].
* '''Internal jagirs:''' [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], [[Bhaderwah]] and [[Chenani]].
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:<ref name=Karim/>
* '''Ladakh ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of [[Leh district|Leh]], [[Baltistan|Skardu]] and [[Kargil district|Kargil]].
* '''Gilgit ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]] and [[Astore District|Astore]]
* '''Frontier ''illaqas''''': (under the [[Gilgit Agency]]) [[Punial State|Punial]], [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]], [[Yasin Tehsil|Yasin]], [[Ghizer Tehsil|Kuh-Ghizer]], [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]], [[Diamer District|Chilas]].

=== Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir) ===
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
|-
| 1
| Raja Sir Daljit Singh
| 1917
| 1921
|-
|-
| 2
| Raja [[Hari Singh]]
| 1925
| 1927
|-
| 3
| [[Albion Rajkumar Banerjee|Sir Albion Banerjee]]
| January 1927
| March 1929
|-
| 4
| [[G. E. C. Wakefield]]
| 1929
| 1931
|-
| 5
| [[Hari Krishan Kaul]]<ref name=Copland>{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1981 |pages=228–259 |doi=10.2307/2757363 |jstor=2757363}}</ref>
| 1931
| 1932
|-
| 6
| [[Elliot James Dowell Colvin]]<ref name=Copland/>
| 1932
| 1936
|-
| 7
| Sir Barjor J. Dalal
| 1936
| 1936
|-
| 8
| Sir [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]
| 1937
| July 1943
|-
| 9
| [[Kailash Narain Haksar]]
| July 1943
| February 1944
|-
| 10
| Sir [[B. N. Rau]]
| February 1944
| 28 June 1945
|-
| 11
| [[Ram Chandra Kak]]
| 28 June 1945
| 11 August 1947
|-
| 12
| [[Janak Singh]]
| 11 August 1947
| 15 October 1947
|-
| 13
| [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]
| 15 October 1947
| 5 March 1948
|-
| 14
| [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
| 5 March 1948
| 8 August 1953
|}

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
* [[Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Dogra dynasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}} }}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Birdwood |first=Lord |author-link=Christopher Birdwood, 2nd Baron Birdwood |title=Two Nations and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzs-AAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=R. Hale |ref={{sfnref|Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir|1956}} }}
* {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |s2cid=162144034 |url=http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}
* {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119631/2015.119631.Looking-Back#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}} }}
* {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited |publisher=Sterling Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=81-207-1806-2}}
** {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century |publisher=Australian National University |year=1981 |doi=10.25911/5d74e5bedfa9d |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191 |ref={{sfnref|Major, Return to Empire|1981}} }}
* {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |title=Gulab Singh |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}} }}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |pages=101– |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}} }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Bawa Satinder |title=Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=5 |number=1 |year=1971 |pages=35–59 |jstor=311654 |ref={{sfnref|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971}} |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00002845|s2cid=145500298 }}
{{Refend}}

{{IGI}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
[[Category:1846 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Former monarchies]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]

Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article