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{{short description|Political party in Jammu and kashmir}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
|abbreviation = JKNC
|logo =JKNC-flag.svg
|flag = JKNC-flag.svg
|colorcode = {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}
|chairman = [[Farooq Abdullah]] (1981–2002 & 2009-till present)
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1932|10|15}}{{sfn|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004|loc=Chapter 5}}
|merger = [[All Jammu and Kashmir Plebiscite Front]]
|headquarters = Nawa-e-sueb [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
|eci = State Party<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
|alliance =
*[[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] (2019-present) (State Level) 
*[[United Progressive Alliance]] (2004-2014, 2019-Present) (National Level)
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|543|hex={{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}}}
|no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}}}
|state2_seats_name = [[District Development Council]]
|state2_seats =
{{Composition bar|67|280|hex=Red}}
|ideology = [[Kashmiriyat]] [[Autonomy of Jammu & kashmir]] Pro-[[India]] [[Secularism]]
|publication =
|youth = Youth National Conference
|students = [[National Conference Students' Union]]
|website = [http://www.jknc.in www.jknc.in]
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Plough.png|160px]]
|state_seats={{Composition bar|0|90|hex={{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}}}|state_seats_name=[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]}}
The '''Jammu & Kashmir National Conference''' ('''JKNC''') is a regional political party in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territories]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]. Founded as the ''All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference'' by [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]] in 1932 in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], the organisation renamed itself to "National Conference" in 1939 in order to represent all the people of the state. It supported the accession of the princely state to India in 1947. Prior to that, in 1941, a group led by Ghulam Abbas broke off from the National Conference and revived the old Muslim Conference. The revived Muslim Conference supported the accession of the princely state to Pakistan and led the movement for [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaku |first1=Arjan Nath |last2=Chaku |first2=Inder K |title=The Kashmir story : through the ages |year=2016 |publisher=Vitasta Publishing Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789382711759}}</ref>

Since 1947, the National Conference was in power in Jammu and Kashmir in one form or another till 2002, and again between 2009 and 2015. It implemented land reforms in the state, ensured the state's autonomy under the [[Article 370]] of the Indian Constitution, and formulated a separate [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1957. Sheikh Abdullah's son [[Farooq Abdullah]] (1981–2002, 2009–present) and grandson [[Omar Abdullah]] (2002–2009) have led the party after Sheikh Abdullah's death. The party is a member of the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] electoral alliance.

==History==

===The pre-independence period===
In October 1932, [[Sheikh Abdullah]] founded the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference in collaboration with [[Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah]] and [[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]]. On 11 June 1939 it was renamed as the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference. The National Conference was affiliated to the [[All India States Peoples Conference]]. Sheikh Abdullah was elected its president in 1947. In 1946, the National Conference launched an intensive agitation against the state government. It was directed against the [[Dogra dynasty|Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Hari Singh]]. The slogan of the agitation was "[[Quit Kashmir]]".

===The post-independence period===
In the elections held in September 1951, National Conference won all 75 seats of the [[Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Sheikh Abdullah remained [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|prime minister]] until his dismissal in August 1953 on the grounds of conspiracy against the state of India. [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] became prime minister of the state, and Sheikh Abdullah was arrested on 9 August 1953.

In 1965 the National Conference merged with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and became the Jammu and Kashmir branch of the Indian National Congress. Sheikh Abdullah was again arrested in 1965 until 1968 for conspiracy against the state. Sheikh Abdullah's splinter [[Plebiscite Front]] faction later appropriated the name of the original party when Abdullah was allowed to return to power in February 1975 after striking a deal with the central government. In 1977, the National Conference he led won the state assembly elections, and Sheikh Abdullah became chief minister. His son [[Farooq Abdullah]] succeeded him as the chief minister on his death on 8 September 1982. In June 1983 elections, the JKNC, led by Farooq Abdullah, again won a comfortable majority.

In July 1984 Farooq's brother-in-law [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]] split the party. Acting on the behest of the central government, the Governor dismissed Farooq as chief minister and replaced him with [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]]. His government was dismissed in March 1986 and Presidential rule was imposed. In the contested state assembly elections of 1987, the JKNC formed an alliance with the INC, and was declared to have won a majority. Farooq Abdullah again became chief minister and on Abdullah's watch an insurgency against the State government and India began. Abdullah was dismissed again in 1990 by the Union Government and Presidential rule was imposed in the state.<ref>Chandra, Bipan & others (2000). ''India after Independence 1947–2000'', New Delhi:Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-027825-7}}, pp.320–2</ref> In 1991 the state elections were cancelled due to a revolt by the people.

===1996 onwards===
In [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state assembly elections in 1996, the JKNC led by Abdullah was awarded the election yet again winning 57 seats out of a total 87. This election like its predecessors has been deemed to be rigged and Abdullah stepped down in 2000. His son, Omar Abdullah then took up the reins of power in the state. But in 2002 state assembly elections, the JKNC won only 28 seats, with the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) emerging in the Kashmir Valley as a contender for power. In the December 2008 state assembly elections, no single party was able to get the majority. The JKNC led by Farooq's son [[Omar Abdullah]] emerged as a single largest party, winning 28 seats. After the elections, on 30 December 2008 the JKNC formed an alliance with the INC which had won 17 seats.<ref name="dna14">{{cite news|title=Congress divorces National Conference after five and half years of marriage|publisher=dna|date=21 July 2014|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-congress-divorces-national-conference-after-five-and-half-years-of-marriage-2003817|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=364fa2c1-4df4-4512-a343-d8f333beadea&&Headline=Omar+to+lead%2c+with+Congress+deputy|title=Omar Abdullah to be next chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Nagi, Saroj|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 December 2008|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> Omar Abdullah became the Chief Minister of this [[coalition government]] on 5 January 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901051606.htm |title=Omar Abdullah takes oath as Chief Minister of J&K |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=5 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221115916/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901051606.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref>

JKNC and INC contested [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] in alliance. INC won all the two seats of Jammu region but lost Ladakh seat to NC rebel who contested as an independent candidate. NC won all the three seats of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in 2009.<ref name="dna14"/>

During this period the JKNC has experienced increasing controversies over the Accession of Kashmir to India. Protests against the government in 2010 when approximately 100 protesters (one as young as 11) were killed as the result of live ammunition being fired by state paramilitary forces.<ref name="Kashmir protests to intensify">{{cite web|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100831-protests-intensify-after-11-year-old-killed |title=Kashmir protests to intensify after 11-year-old killed|date=18 September 2010|publisher=RFI English|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Death toll 100 in Kashmir demonstrations">{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/09/18/Death-toll-100-in-Kashmir-demonstrations/UPI-20921284814518/|title=Death toll 100 in Kashmir demonstrations|date=18 September 2010|agency=United Press International|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> A torture scandal was exposed by the [[WikiLeaks]], revelations which were subsequently aired on [[Channel 4]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/kashmirs-torture-trail|title=Kashmir's Torture Trail|access-date=27 September 2013|publisher=Channel 4|date=11 July 2012}}</ref>

In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], the NC contested the election in an alliance with [[Indian National Congress]] but did not win a single seat. Out of six seats in the state, PDP and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) won three each.<ref name="dna14"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-poor-lok-sabha-performance-national-conference-trying-to-boost-image-ahead-of-assembly-elections/articleshow/36168157.cms|title=After poor Lok Sabha performance, National Conference trying to boost image ahead of assembly elections|date=7 June 2014|first=Masood |last=Hussain|access-date=8 June 2014|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

During [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], INC broke its alliance with JKNC.<ref name="dna14"/> JKNC contested all the assembly seats but won only 15 seats, a decrease of 13 seats. PDP won 28 seats and became the largest party in the assembly followed by BJP winning 25 seats.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |title=2014 Assembly Election Results of Jammu & Kasmir / Jharkhand |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 December 2014 |url=http://eciresults.nic.in |url-status=dead }}</ref> Omar Abdullah resigned as a chief minister on 24 December 2014.<ref name="toil2014">{{cite web|title=Omar Abdullah resigns as J&K CM, says onus of govt formation on PDP, BJP|website=The Times of India|date=24 December 2014|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/Omar-Abdullah-resigns-as-JK-CM-says-onus-of-govt-formation-on-PDP-BJP/articleshow/45627940.cms|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

==Prime Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="11" |Prime Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir
|- align=center
! rowspan=2 scope=col| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan=2 scope=col| Name
! rowspan=2 scope=col| Portrait
! rowspan=2 scope=col| Constituency
! colspan=3 scope=col| Tenure<ref name="list">[http://jkgad.nic.in/PDF/cmarchive.PDF Prime Ministers and Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir since 1947]. General Administration Department, [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Retrieved on 29 April 2014.</ref>
! rowspan=2 scope=col colspan=2| Party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
! rowspan=2| Assembly
! rowspan="2" |Appointer
(Sadr-e-Riyasat)
|-
| rowspan=2|1
| rowspan=2|[[Sheikh Abdullah]]
| rowspan=2|[[File:Sheikh Abdullah 1988 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2|{{dash}}
| 5 March 1948
| 31 October 1951
| {{age in years and days|1948|3|5|1951|10|31}}
|rowspan=6| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
|width="4px" rowspan=6 style="background-color: {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=1|Interim Government
| rowspan="2" |[[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 31 October 1951
| 9 August 1953
| {{age in years and days|1951|10|31|1953|8|9}}
| rowspan=2|1st Assembly
{{small|([[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|1951 election]])}}
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
|- align=center style="height:60px;"
| rowspan=3|3
| rowspan=3|[[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Safa Kadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Safa Kadal]]
| 9 August 1953
| 25 March 1957
| {{age in years and days|1953|8|9|1957|3|25}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Karan Singh|Maharaja Karan Singh]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 25 March 1957
| 18 February 1962
| {{age in years and days|1957|3|25|1962|2|18}}
| 2nd Assembly
{{small|([[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]])}}

|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 18 February 1962
| 12 October 1963
| {{age in years and days|1962|2|18|1963|12|12}}
| rowspan=3|3rd Assembly
{{small|([[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])}}

|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 4
| [[Khwaja Shamsuddin]]
|
| [[Anantnag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]
| 12 October 1963
| 29 February 1964
| {{age in years and days|1963|10|12|1964|2|29}}

|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
|}
== Chief Ministers of the state of Jammu and Kashmir ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="11" |Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
! rowspan="3" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="3" |Name
! rowspan="3" |Portrait
! rowspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Tenure<ref name="list"/>
!
!
! rowspan="3" |Assembly
! rowspan="3" |Appointer
(Governor)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|-}
|-}
| 1
| [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
| [[File:Sheikh Abdullah 1988 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|MLC]]
| 25 February 1975
| 26 March 1977
| {{age in years and days|1975|2|25|1977|3|26}}
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]<ref>{{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |ISBN=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |p=123}}</ref>
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=1| 5th Assembly
|[[Lakshmi Kant Jha]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
| [[File:Sheikh Abdullah 1988 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ganderbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganderbal]]

| 9 July 1977
| 8 September 1982
| {{age in years and days|1977|7|9|1982|9|8}}
| rowspan=3| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
| width="4px" rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=2| 6th Assembly
{{small|([[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])}}
|[[Lakshmi Kant Jha]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan=2|3
| rowspan=2|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Ganderbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganderbal]]
| 8 September 1982
| 24 November 1983
| {{age in years and days|1982|9|8|1983|11|24}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Braj Kumar Nehru|B. K. Nehru]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 24 November 1983
| 2 July 1984
| {{age in years and days|1983|11|24|1984|7|2}}
| rowspan=2| 7th Assembly
{{small|([[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983 election]])}}

|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan=2|4
| rowspan=2|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Ganderbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganderbal]]
| 7 November 1986
| 23 March 1987
| {{age in years and days|1986|11|7|1987|3|23}}
| rowspan=2|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
| width="4px" rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagmohan]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 23 March 1987
| 19 January 1990
| {{age in years and days|1987|3|23|1990|1|19}}
| 8th Assembly
{{small|([[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]])}}

|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 5
| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
|
| [[Ganderbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganderbal]]
| 9 October 1996
| 18 October 2002
| {{age in years and days|1996|10|9|2002|10|18}}
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}" |
| 9th Assembly {{small|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|(1996 election)]]}}
|[[General officer|Gen.]] [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 6
| [[Omar Abdullah]]
| [[File:Omar Abdullah (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Ganderbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganderbal]]
| 5 January 2009
| 8 January 2015
| {{age in years and days|2009|1|5|2015|1|8}}
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{Jammu & Kashmir National Conference/meta/color}}" |
| 11th Assembly {{small|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|(2008 election)]]}}
|[[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
|}

== Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir ==
{| class ="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Political Party
|-
!colspan=6|Deputy Prime Minister of the State of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 1
| [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]
| 5 March 1948
| 9 August 1953
| {{age in years and days|1948|03|05|1953|07|09}}
| bgcolor=#FF0000| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
!colspan=6|Deputy Chief Ministers of the State of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 2
| [[Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg]]
| 1974
| 1977
| {{age in years|1974|1977}}
| bgcolor=#FF0000| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| 3
| [[Devi Das Thakur]]
| 2 July 1984
| 6 March 1986
| {{age in years and days|1984|07|02|1986|03|6}}
| bgcolor=#FF0000| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
|}
==See also==
* [[Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]]
* [[Ikkjutt Jammu]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Parashar |first=Parmanand |title=Kashmir and the Freedom Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0fUEZDsvqoC&pg=PA198 |year=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-514-1 |ref={{sfnref|Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement}}}}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC&pg=PA292 |year=2004 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004}}}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jknc.in/ Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Party Website]
*Chowdhary, Rekha. [http://samaj.revues.org/index2785.html ''"Electoral Politics in the Context of Separatism and Political Divergence: An Analysis of 2009 Parliamentary elections in Jammu & Kashmir"'']. ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'', 3, 2009.

{{Indian political parties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference| ]]
[[Category:State political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1939]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference - Revision history

->Kautilya3: Avoid redirect

>CommonsDelinker: Removing Farooq_Abdullah.jpg; it has been deleted from Commons by Fitindia because: per :c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Images from FilmiTadka|.