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Adding first details nd citations...

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{{Short description|British-born geodesist and surveyor (1881–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
'''James de Graaff-Hunter''' {{Postnom|country=GBR|CIE|FRS}}{{Efn|His name has also been misspelled in published sources as '''De Graff-Hunter''' or '''De Graaf-Hunter'''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Emrick |first=Harry William |title=COMPUTATION TECHNIQUES FOR VARIOUS GRAVITY ANOMALY CORRECTION TERMS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON DEFLECTION OF THE VERTICAL COMPUTATIONS FOR MOUNTAINOUS AREAS |date=1973 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |id={{ProQuest|302760533}}}}</ref>{{Rp|page=ix}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Saunders |first=David Warren |title=DE GRAAF-HUNTER'S MODEL EARTH ANOMALIES |date=1963 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |id={{DTIC|AD0417783}}}}</ref>}} (11 September 1881 – 3 February 1967) was a British [[geodesist]] who served as director of [[Survey of India]]'s Geodetic Branch from 1928 to 1932,<ref name="QJRAS">{{Cite journal |last=Bomford |first=G. |author-link=Guy Bomford |date=1 September 1967 |title=James de Graaff-Hunter (obituary) |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=8 |pages=292–293 |bibcode=1967QJRAS...8..292. |postscript=none}}; also published in ''[[Survey Review]]''. ''' 19''' (144): 50–51. {{doi|10.1179/sre.1967.19.144.50}}.</ref> and as President of the [[International Association of Geodesy]] from 1954 to 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Officers (Presidents and General Secretaries) of the IAG |url=https://www.iag-aig.org/iag-history/137 |access-date=1 February 2024 |publisher=[[International Association of Geodesy]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
James de Graaff-Hunter was born in [[Chester]] as the youngest of three sons on 11 September 1881. His father was James G. M. Hunter, who was a seed merchant, and his mother, Sarah J. {{Nee|Pierrepont}}, was a pianist. De Graaff-Hunter was christened after his [[Godparent|godfather]], Herr de Graaff, a bulb grower and friend of his father. Throughout his life, he stylized his name as both ''J. de Graaff Hunter'' and ''J. de Graaff-Hunter'' (with a [[Hyphenated surname|hyphen]]).<ref name="BMFRS" />

He was educated at [[King's School, Chester]], and later matriculated at [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]] in 1900 with an {{Sterling|80}} entrance scholarship to study [[mathematics]].<ref name="BMFRS">{{Cite journal |last=Bomford |first=G. |author-link=Guy Bomford |date=November 1967 |title=James de Graaff-Hunter, 1881–1967 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1967.0004 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |language=en |volume=13 |pages=78–88 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1967.0004 |doi-access=free|jstor=769373}}</ref> From Cambridge he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1903, an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in 1907, and a [[Doctor of Science|Sc.D.]] in 1920.<ref name="ACAD">{{Cite web |title=Hunter, James De Graaff. |url=http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HNTR900JD&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=5 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=A Cambridge Alumni Database}}</ref>

==Career==
After leaving Cambridge, de Graaff-Hunter worked as a mathematics master at the [[Harrow School]] for two months in 1904,<ref name="BMFRS"/> before working as an advisor to [[Lord Kelvin]] in 1905 and 1905.<ref name="ACAD"/> He worked for the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] from 1905 until he was appointed to the [[Survey of India]] in 1907.

While working for the Survey of India's [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]], in 1908, de Graff-Hunter accompanied [[G. P. Lenox-Conyngham]] on a [[pendulum]]-swinging tour in [[South India]] to observe the intensity of [[gravity]] in different locations. In 1910, de Graaff-Hunter replaced [[John Eccles (geodesist)|John Eccles]] as the mathematician in charge of the Great Trigonometrical Survey computing office. After assuming office, he completed his first major scientific work in India—''Professional Paper'' 14 (1913) described the connection of [[atmospheric refraction]] to observing the height of mountains. He later returned to southern India in 1916 and 1917 for field studies in [[Triangulation (surveying)|secondary triangulation]] using observing towers he had designed and made. Subsequent work, including ''Professional Paper'' 16 (1918) was also on the topic of triangulation—the paper dealt with how to adapt the results of triangulation computations to a new [[spheroid]] without completely recalculating, and also listed rules on common triangulation errors.<ref name="BMFRS" />

In 1917,<ref name="BMFRS"/> he joined the [[army]] and served for two years as a [[captain]] in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Persia]]. There, he focused on triangulation of the [[Kirkuk]] and [[Kurdistan]] regions. He returned to India in 1919 and studied the [[geoid]] based on his earlier observations.<ref name="QJRAS"/>

In 1928, he was appointed Director of the Geodetic Branch of the Survey of India, a position similar to the former Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey title. He retired in 1932, and received the [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] honor [[1933 Birthday Honours|in 1933]], and was elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1935.<ref name="BMFRS"/> From 1936 to 1838, he continued his geodetic studies from England, supported by a [[Leverhulme Research Fellowship]]

When [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, he offered himself to the Survey of India's war efforts, but was not needed. In 1941, the Government of India accepted his offer and he boarded the [[SS Zamzam|SS ''Zamzam'']] in New York towards [[Cape Town]].<ref name="BMFRS"/> When the ship was attacked, he was put on a supply ship and shipped to a German [[internment camp]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1942 |title=Dr. J. de Graaff Hunter, C. I. E., F. R. S |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/149352b0 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=149 |issue=3778 |pages=352 |doi=10.1038/149352b0 |bibcode=1942Natur.149R.352. |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> He was moved to multiple different [[Stalag|''stalags'']], before being released in 1942. He continued work as a [[surveyor]] in India until 1946.

His "Model Earth" proposed through multiple publications in the late 1950s and into the 1960s was at the time a novel new model,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Uotila |first=Urho Antti Kalevl |title=INVESTIGATIONS ON THE GRAVITY FIELD AND SHAPE OF THE EARTH |date=1959 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |id={{ProQuest|301874374}}}}</ref>{{Rp|page=152}} and it remains an important model in the field of geodesy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=A. R. |date=12 August 1967 |title=Text for Geodesists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/215793a0 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=215 |issue=5102 |pages=793 |doi=10.1038/215793a0|bibcode=1967Natur.215..793R }}</ref> The model moved landmasses around without adding or destroying mass to smooth out the surface of the Earth.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kivioja |first=Lassi Antti |title=THE EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHY AND ITS ISOSTATIC COMPENSATION ON FREE AIR GRAVITY ANOMALIES |date=1963 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |id={{ProQuest|302132509}}}}</ref>{{Rp|page=22}} This work, as well as much of his other studies, builds off the work of [[George Gabriel Stokes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Walter D. |date=1945 |title=The International Gravity Formula |url=https://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1945A/360.pdf |journal=[[American Journal of Science]] |volume=243A |pages=360–392}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharji |first=J. C. |date=December 1965 |title=Modified Form of Earth Model Gravity Anomaly for Use in Stokes's Integral |journal=[[Geophysical Journal International]] |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1965.tb03154.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=1965GeoJ...10..221B }}</ref>

He moved to Australia in 1962,<ref name="QJRAS"/> and, aged 85, he died in his [[Mosman, New South Wales]] home on 3 February 1967.<ref name="BMFRS"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Aurel |title=Innermost Asia |date=1928 |publisher=国立情報学研究所「ディジタル・シルクロード」／東洋文庫 |doi=10.20676/00000187 |author-link=Aurel Stein}}{{Snd}}Appendix by de Graaff-Hunter
* {{Cite journal |date=1933 |title=Dr. DE GRAAF HUNTER'S trestle tower for geodetic triangulation |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ihr/article/view/28278 |journal=The International Hydrographic Review |language=en |issn=0020-6946}}{{Snd}}See also: [[Bilby tower]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:de Graaff-Hunter, James}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Sydney]]
[[Category:People educated at The King's School, Chester]]
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British geodesists]]
[[Category:British surveyors]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

James de Graaff-Hunter - Revision history

KristineCharlton: Adding first details nd citations...