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{{Short description|Mosque in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jama Mosque, Bijapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = JUMA MASJID BIJAPUR.jpg
| image_upright =
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| map_type =India Karnataka#India
| map_size =
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| coordinates ={{coord|16|49|19.2|N|75|43|44.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
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| country = [[India]]
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| architecture_type = [[Congregational mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = [[Ali Adil Shah I]]
| established =
| groundbreaking =1576
| year_completed =
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| facade_direction =
| capacity =4000
| length =150 m<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jami' Masjid of Bijapur|url=https://archnet.org/sites/3994|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Archnet}}</ref>
| width =80 m<ref name=":0" />
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| site_area =5040 m<sup>2</sup>
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}}

The '''Jama Masjid''' of '''[[Bijapur]]''' (also known as '''Jamiya Masjid''' or '''Jumma Masjid)''' is a [[congregational mosque]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Initiated by [[Ali Adil Shah I]] of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] in the 16th century, the mosque was never completed. It is the largest mosque in Bijapur, and has a capacity of 4000 worshippers.

== History ==
The construction of the Jama Masjid was begun by [[Ali Adil Shah I]] in the year 1576. The project was financed with money looted from the [[Battle of Talikota]], in which an alliance of [[Deccan Sultanates]] had emerged victorious against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Though the majority of the mosque was constructed by 1686, the structure never reached completion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Alfieri|first=Bianca Maria|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44536138|title=Islamic architecture of the Indian subcontinent|date=2000|publisher=Laurence King Pub.|others=F. Borromeo|isbn=81-85822-74-3|location=London, WC|pages=165|oclc=44536138}}</ref> It nonetheless came to serve as the principal mosque of Bijapur, replacing an older, smaller congregational mosque built by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sufis_of_Bijapur_1300_1700/j2F9BgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 : social roles of Sufis in medieval India|date=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=85-86|oclc=706006768}}</ref>

Later rulers made some augmentations to the mosque. The addition of murals near the mosque's central ''[[mihrab]]'' was probably made by [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] added an eastern doorway to the mosque, and made modifications to the prayer hall's flooring.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
The Jama Masjid is the largest mosque in the city of Bijapur, with a capacity of 4000 worshippers.<ref name=":0" /> It is considered one of the finest examples of [[Adil Shahi]] architecture. Bianca Alfieri comments that the mosque draws elements from previous [[Bahmanid Dynasty|Bahmanid]] architecture.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, [[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]] notes that the mosque is emblematic of Iranian influence, and does not incorporate local traditions to the extent of later Bijapuri architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sufis_of_Bijapur_1300_1700/j2F9BgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 : social roles of Sufis in medieval India|date=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=95|oclc=706006768}}</ref> The design and ornamentation of the mosque are quite simple; [[ArchNet]] explains this as a consequence of Ali Adil Shah's [[Shiism]], since followers of the sect typically preferred less decoration in places of worship.<ref name=":0" />

=== Structure ===
The rectangular mosque complex spreads over 5040 m<sup>2</sup>, and is enclosed by perimeter walls. The main entrance to the complex is the eastern gate. Within the complex is a square ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) of side length 50 m, containing fountains and an [[Wudu|ablution]] reservoir.<ref name=":0" />

The main prayer hall, measuring 70 by 36 m, is situated on the west end of the complex. It is topped with a hemispherical dome, bearing a crescent-moon [[finial]] and surrounded by a balustrade at the base.<ref name=":0" /> The facade of the prayer hall features seven arched openings, of which the central one alone is decorated.<ref name=":1" />

Supported by [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], the interior of the prayer hall is divided into five [[Bay (architecture)|bays]], running parallel to the western ''[[qibla]]'' wall. The interior emphasises clean lines over excessive embellishment; only minimal plaster-work is observed. Its floor is divided into 2250 rectangular boxes, resembling a prayer mat, though this was a later addition by Aurangzeb.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Mondini|first=Sara|title=The Jami Masjid Miḥrāb of Bijapur: Inscribing Turkic Identities in a Contested Space|date=2020-08-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004437364_011|work=Turkish History and Culture in India|pages=281|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-43736-4|access-date=2021-06-22}}</ref>

The generally minimal and austere nature of the interior is interrupted by heavy mural ornamentation surrounding the central ''mihrab'', on the ''qibla'' wall. Gilded and decorated in blue, black and gold, the ''mihrab'' features varied imagery, and is dominated by [[Quranic]] epigraphy. The ornamentation is probably a later addition under Muhammad Adil Shah, attested by some [[Persian language|Persian]] inscriptions near the ''mihrab.'' Unlike Ali, Muhammad Adil Shah was a [[Sunni]], and this may be responsible for the stark aesthetic difference between the mosque and its ''mihrab''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mondini|first=Sara|title=The Jami Masjid Miḥrāb of Bijapur: Inscribing Turkic Identities in a Contested Space|date=2020-08-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004437364_011|work=Turkish History and Culture in India|pages=284-293|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-43736-4|access-date=2021-06-22}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Its luxurious decoration has led Michell and Zebrowski to regard it as one of the finest in the Islamic world; they compare it to the ''mihrab'' of the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Mosque–Cathedral in Córdoba]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Michell|first=George|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/268771115|title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Mark Zebrowski|isbn=978-0-511-46884-1|location=Cambridge|pages=88|oclc=268771115}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Mihrab of Jama Masjid, Vijayapur - 1.jpg
| image2 = Mihrab of Jama Masjid, Vijayapur - 2.jpg
| footer = Close-ups of the mihrab's spandrel
| footer_align = center
}}

=== Incomplete features ===
The mosque features corner buttressing on the eastern facade, indicating an unfulfilled intention to construct two minarets there.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, [[merlons]] are absent from the parapets of the galleries surrounding the courtyard.<ref name=":1" />
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File: Bijapur - Jumma Masjid Interior 2.jpg|alt=Mehrab, Jama Masjid Bijapur|Mehrab
File:Bijapur - Jumma Masjid.jpg|Wide view of complete site
File:Jamma masjid, bijapur 03.jpg|Arches, inside the Masjid
File:Arches -2, Jama Masjid, Bijapur, Karnataka.jpg|Arches
File:View from the south-east of the Jami Masjid, Bijapur..jpg|View of the south-east of the mosque in 1880.
File:Jumma Masjid - Quran.JPG|Calligraphy in Mehrab
File:Bijapur - Jumma Masjid Dome.jpg|Dome of the Masjid
File:Bijapur - Jumma Masjid Interior.jpg|Central dome from inside
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Jama Masjid, Bijapur}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:Mosques in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:1578 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1578]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Bijapur]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Jama Mosque, Bijapur - Revision history

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