Bharatwiki Socrates: Created page with "{{Infobox royalty |image = Kashmir region.jpg |image_size = 285px |birth_date = |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |dynasty = Godhara |title = King of Kashmir |predecessor = |successor = Damodara-II |spouse = Isana-devi |issue = |father = Ashoka The Great |mother = |religion = Hinduism }} '''Jalauka''' (also known as '''Jaluka''') was, according to the 12th century Kashmiri chronicle, the [..."

2023-11-29T18:14:17Z

Created page with "{{Infobox royalty |image = Kashmir region.jpg |image_size = 285px |birth_date = |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |dynasty = Godhara |title = King of Kashmir |predecessor = |successor = Damodara-II |spouse = Isana-devi |issue = |father = Ashoka The Great |mother = |religion = Hinduism }} '''Jalauka''' (also known as '''Jaluka''') was, according to the 12th century Kashmiri chronicle, the [..."

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{{Infobox royalty
|image = Kashmir region.jpg
|image_size = 285px
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|dynasty = Godhara
|title = [[King]] of [[Kashmir]]
|predecessor =
|successor = Damodara-II
|spouse = Isana-devi
|issue =
|father = [[Ashoka]] The Great
|mother =
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Jalauka''' (also known as '''Jaluka''') was, according to the 12th century [[Kashmir]]i chronicle, the [[Rajatarangini]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajatarangini {{!}} Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Which of the following Book consist the story of "The R |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-book-consist-the-story-of--5fd7036f56e4708f5a34f430 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Testbook}}</ref> a king of Kashmir, who cleared the valley of oppressing Malechas. Jaluka was reputed to have been an active and vigorous king of Kashmir, who expelled certain intrusive foreigners, and conquered the plains as far as [[Kannauj]]. Jalauka was devoted to the worship of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] and the Divine Mothers, in whose honour he and his queen, Isana-devi, erected many temples in places which can be identified.<ref name="Smith99" />

==Empire==
Ashoka succeeded his son Jalauka as a governor of Kashmir who later declared himself as an independent ruler when his father converted to Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall. John |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35540 |title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India 1915-16 |date=1918}}</ref> Asoka is remembered as the founder of Srinagar, which is still the capital of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arun Kumar Upadhyay |url=http://archive.org/details/chronology-of-ancient-hindu-history-part-1-text |title=Chronology Of Ancient Hindu History Part 1 Text |date=2022-12-02}}</ref> Several ruined buildings are also attributed to the Great Emperor Ashoka by the local historian, who mentions a son of his named Jalauka, as governor of the province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=m kamalakannan |url=http://archive.org/details/annual_reports_of_archaeological_survey_of_india |title=Annual Reports of Archaeological Survey of India |date=1902}}</ref> The fact of the inclusion of Kashmir in the Maurya empire is confirmed by a wild legend related by Hiuen Tsiang, which concludes with the statement that ‘ Ashoka Raja' for the sake of the Arahats, built five hundred monasteries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SMITH |first=VINCENT A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18358 |title=ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF INDIAN RULERS VOL.10 |date=1925 |publisher=COSMO PUBLICATION,NEW DELHI}}</ref>The legend of Krtya and Rajatrangani refers to Jalauka as one who persecuted the Buddhists and destroyed the Viharas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bharistan-i-shahi-a-chronicle-of-medieval-kashmir-k.-n.-pandita |title=Bharistan I Shahi A Chronicle Of Medieval Kashmir K. N. Pandita |language=English}}</ref>

[[File:Jalauka Maurya Empire during his father time.jpg|thumb|Jalauka Maurya Empire during his father time]]

Jalauka declared himself as an independent ruler and broken the relationship with Magadha Central Governance Emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pushkar Nath Nehru |url=http://archive.org/details/ZpzO_satisar-to-kashmir-pushkar-nath-nehru |title=Satisar To Kashmir Pushkar Nath Nehru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. M. D. Sufi |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-kashmir-g.-m.-d.-sufi |title=Kashir - A History of Kashmir (G. M. D. Sufi) |date=1948}}</ref>It was probably in this domain that Antiochus found the Indian princeling (Greecian) Sophagasenas or (Sanskrit) Subhagasena reigning, who the latter was is quite uncertain. It was conjectured at one time that the name Subhagasena is a title of Jalauka, a son of the Great Ashoka. Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.<ref>{{Citation |title=Barnett, George Alfred, (died 20 Feb. 1903), Agent, Great Indian Peninsular Railway, Bombay, retired 1900 |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u183506 |work=Who Was Who |access-date=2023-08-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
[[File:Jalauka Maurya Empire.jpg|thumb|Jalauka Maurya Empire after his father death]]

== Historicity ==
The story of Jalauka, notwithstanding the topographical details, is essentially legendary, and no independent corroboration of the Kashmir tradition has been discovered.<ref name="Smith99">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0EbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180|title=The Early History of India|publisher=Oxford University|year=1908|pages=180|oclc=235958116|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent A.|author-link=Vincent A. Smith}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

''Rajatarangini'' mentions that Jalauka's father and predecessor as [[Ashoka]].

{{quote|text=
अथाऽशोककुलोत्पन्नोयद्वाऽन्याभिजनोद्भवः ।
भूमि दामोदरो नाम जुगोप जगतीपतिः ।।१५३॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.143 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}

''Translation : Jalauka who born in the lineage of Ashok, become the father of a son named Damodara .
.''

According to the dates given in that text, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of a Mauryan Dynasty . Kalhana also states that this king appeased ''Bhutesha'' ([[Shiva]]) to obtain his son Jalauka. Multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]], who had adopted Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofindianrulersvol7 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Indian Rulers |date=2015-04-01}}</ref>{{sfn|Guruge|1994|pp=185-186}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=378-380}} [[Romila Thapar]] equates Jalauka to the Mauryan prince [[Kunala]], arguing that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in [[Brahmi script]].{{sfn|Guruge|1994|p=130}}

==Religion==

*Ashoka
In Rajatrangani Ashoka was a truthful and spotless king, and a follower of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA254&dq=kashmir+jalauka+book&hl=en |title=Students' Britannica India |date=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |language=en}}</ref> He also maintained his Jaina belief . He worshiped Lord Shiva for a son so after his worship Jalauka was born from his Queen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mittal |first=Neha |date=2023-06-08 |title=Nandi-Kshetra: The Ancient Tirtha of Kashmir |url=https://www.indica.today/research/conference/nandi-kshetra-the-ancient-tirtha-of-kashmir/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Indic Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ashoka also built many Stupas and a Shiva temple in Kashmir<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was the son of Ashoka mentioned in an inscription?A) TivaraB) KunalaC) MahindaD) Jalauka |url=https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/son-of-ashoka-mentioned-in-an-inscription-class-8-social-science-cbse-60d55b915bde31476b3de08f |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.vedantu.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCERT Notes: Fall Of The Mauryan Empire [Ancient Indian History For UPSC] |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-decline-of-mauryan-empire/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}</ref>-

{{quote|text=
सभायां विजयेशस्य समीपे च विनिर्ममे । शान्तावसादः प्रासादा अशोकेश्वर संज्ञिती ॥१०६॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.103 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}
''Translation :Near the assembly hall of Vijayeshvara, the king Ashok built two Temples, which were called Ashokeshwara, free from any unrest..''

{{quote|text=
शुष्क लेत्रवितस्तात्रौ तस्वार स्तूपमण्डलैः ॥१०२।।
|title= Rajatarangini 1.102 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}
''Translation : The king [[Ashoka]] adorned the dry and vacant land with stupas and mandalas.''

*Jalauka
The Kalhana's [[Rajatarangini]] mentioned that Jalauka was very orthodox follower of [[Shaivism]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009-11-07 |title=Ashoka - A Retrospective |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/45/perspectives/ashoka-retrospective.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=According to which tradition is Ashoka said to have built the |url=https://www.examveda.com/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.examveda.com |language=en}}</ref>.He was intolerant toward [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dulat |first=A. S. |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kashmir-S-Sinha-Aditya-Dulat/dp/9352640810 |title=Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years |last2=Sinha |first2=Aditya |date=2016-10-20 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-93-5264-081-2 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref> :-

{{quote|text=
तत्कालप्रबलप्रेद्धबौद्धवादिसमूह जित्
अवधूतोऽभवत्सिद्धस्तस्य ज्ञानोपदेशकृत् ॥११२॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.112 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}
''Translation :The teacher of victorious king Jalauka, defeated the powerful and arrogant group of Buddhists, became an accomplished sage, a teacher of knowledge.''

==Origin==
The Kalhana's [[Rajatarangini]] provide information about the clan of Jalauka -

{{quote|text=
महाशाक्यः स नृपतिर्न शक्यो बाधितुं त्वया।
तस्मिन्दृष्टे तु कल्याणि भविता ते तमःक्षयः ॥१४१॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.141 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}

''Translation : The great king Jalauka was not possible to be defeated by you, O Bhadra, the excited monks had thought to send me to your destruction. The Bodhisattvas summoned me. Thus, O Kashyani, '''this king is the great Shakya'''.''

Further Kalhana mentioned that Ashoka ancestry belong to the lineage of Godhara Kshatriya which was branch of Ikshvaku Dynasty Gandhara king [[Sakuni]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA191&dq=jalauka+son+of+ashoka&hl=en |title=The Early History of India |date=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-618-1 |language=en}}</ref> Buddhist text also claim that Mauryan are Shakyas lineage who belong to Ikshvaku Dynasty. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gour |first=Hari Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.23036 |title=The spirit of Buddhism : being an examination-analytical-explanatory and critical |date=1929 |publisher=uzac and Co., London}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |editor=Nuradha Seneviratna |title=King Asoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge |first=Ananda |last=Guruge |chapter=King Aśoka and Buddhism: historical and literary studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |author-link=Nayanjot Lahiri |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674057777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ}}

[[Category:Rulers of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs of Kashmir]]

Jalauka (Ashoka Son) - Revision history