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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

[[File:Digamber Jain Temple, Sarnath.jpg|thumb|[[Sarnath#Jainism|Sarnath Jain temple]], the birthplace of [[Shreyanasanatha]]. ]]
{{Jainism}}
[[Uttar Pradesh]], a state in north India has a long association with Jainism. Today the state is home to a number of Jain monuments, such as [[Jain Temples]] and [[Jain Tirths]]. There are around 213,267 Jains in Uttar Pradesh according to [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=C-1 Population By Religious Community|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|last=Office of registrar general and census commissioner|date=2011}}</ref>

==History==
[[Parshvanatha]], the twenty-third [[tirthankara]], was born in ''Benaras'' (now [[Varanasi]]){{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=195}} in 872 BCE.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=183}} According to Jain tradition, Kashi (now ''Varanasi'') is the birthplace of three more tithankaras, namely [[Suparshvanatha]], [[Chandraprabha]] and [[Shreyansanatha]].<ref>{{citation|title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/4-Jain-Tirthankaras-born-in-Varanasi/articleshow/48664869.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

According to Jain tradition, five ''[[tirthankara]]s'' were born at [[Ayodhya]], including [[Rishabhanatha]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/rsabha.html|title=Birth of Adinath in Ayodhya}}</ref>
[[Ajitanatha]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ajita.html|title=Birth of Ajitnath in Ayodhya}}</ref> [[Abhinandananatha]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/abhinandana.html|title=Birth of Abhinandanath in Ayodhya}}</ref> [[Sumatinatha]]<ref>{{citation |url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/sumati.html|title=Birth of Sumatinath in Ayodhya}}</ref> and [[Anantanatha]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ananta.html|title=Birth of Anantnath in Ayodhya}}</ref>

The famous naked male torso found at Lohanipur, whether [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] or, more likely [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]], is generally taken as indicative evidence of ascetic tradition in north India. Inscriptions from the many ''ayagapatas'' of the Mathura region make clear that ''puja'' to the ''tirthankaras'' with lay and ascetic involvement was an important dimension to this.{{sfn|Patrick Olivelle|2006|p=399}}

The earliest archeological evidence is in the form of a naked headless torso discovered in 1937 near Patna (Bihar), which is called the "Lohanipur Torso". This has been dated by modern scholarship to about 2nd-century BCE. It is a highly polished stone artwork of precise human form, but it is unclear if it belongs to Jainism, Ajivikas or some other Indian religious ascetic tradition.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|pp=32-37}} While it is not Buddhist, and is naked like the Jinas, it may also not be a Jain statue because it lacks the Jain iconography, and because similar high quality Jain artworks are missing for many centuries and Jain artworks that have been found from the same period in north India show quite different forms and symbols. It may belong to Ajivikas or another ancient Indian naked ascetic tradition.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn| Balcerowicz|2015|pp=286-287}} Ancient naked terracotta statues discovered in 1970s near [[Ayodhya]] are similar to the Lohanipur Torso, but terracotta arts are also missing in Jaina tradition and the Ayodhya terracotta statues too lack Jain iconography.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn| Balcerowicz|2015|pp=286-287}}

==Bundelkhand==
{{main |Jainism in Bundelkhand}}
It is one of the few regions in India where Jainism has a strong presence and influence. There are many ancient tirthas in Bundelkhand. Many of the modern scholars of Jainism are from this region.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Deogarh==
{{Main|Shantinath Temple, Deogarh}}
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = Images of tirthankaras in Deogarh fort temple
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| caption2 = [[Pārśva]] & [[Supārśva]]
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The fort temples are dominated by the Jain temples in the eastern part of the hill fort; the images here are mostly of the "iconographic and the stylistic variety".<ref name="Titze p.103">Titze p.103</ref> The Jain complex was built during 8th to the 17th century and consist of 31 Jain temples housing around 2,000 sculptures which is the largest such collection in the world.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-jhansi---deogarh/jain-temple|publisher=uptourism.gov.in|title=Jain Temple Complex|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> The Jain temples have a large number of panels depicting scenes from Jain mythology, [[tirthankara]] images and [[Jain art#Ayagapata|votive tablets]]. The pillars are carved with a thousand figures.<ref name=city>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/uttar-pradesh/deogarh.php|title= Deogarh|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref> Worship at some of the Jain temples are still held regularly. The most famous of the Jain temples in the fort is the Shantinath temple, which was built before 862 AD. It is testament that a prosperous Jain community lived in this region.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Titze|first1=Kurt| first2=Klaus|last2=Bruhn| title= Jainism: a Pictorial guide to the religion of non-violence|work=Deogarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1998|isbn=81-208-1534-3|page=105}}</ref> Jain temple complex in Deogarh is protected by the Department of Archaeology of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name='asi'>{{Citation|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_lucknow.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Lucknow Circle, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> ASI maintain an archaeological museum at the Deogarh site, which is noted for its treasured archaeological sculptures.<ref name="asian">{{Cite book|title=Studies in south Asian culture, Part 3|work=Deogarh|pages=1–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ|author=Universiteit van Amsterdam and Institute of South Asian Archaeology|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1958}}</ref>

== Kankali Tila ==
{{Main|Kankali Tila}}
[[File:Upper Half of Ayagapatta with Miniature Tirthankara and Other Sacred Symbols - Circa 1st Century CE - Chaubia Pada - ACCN 48-3426 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5984.JPG|thumb|''[[Jain art#Ayagapata|Ayagapatta]]'', excavated from Kankali Tila, [[Mathura Museum]], 1st century CE]]
'''Kankali Tila''' is a [[mound]] located at [[Mathura]]. The name of the mound is derived from a modern temple of Hindu goddess Kankali. The famous Jain [[stupa]] was excavated here in 1890-91 by [[Alois Anton Führer]] (Dr. Führer).{{sfn|Smith|1901|p=Introduction}} The archaeological findings testifies the existence of two [[Jain temple]]s and ''[[stupas]]''. Numerous [[Jain sculpture]]s, ''[[Jain art#Ayagapata|Ayagapattas]]'' (tablet of homage).{{sfn|Das|1980|p=171}}

Most sculptures could be dated from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century CE, thus representing a continuous period of about 14 centuries during which Jainism flourished at Mathura. These sculptures are now housed in the [[State Museum Lucknow|Lucknow State Museum]] and in the [[Mathura Museum]]. The excavations of Kankali Tila are regarded as a testimony great antiquity of Jainism.{{sfn|Thomas|1877|p=80}}

==Prominent Tirthas==
[[File:Shobhnath temple (5703632908).jpg|thumb|Shobhnath temple, [[Shravasti]] ]]
* [[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]] in [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]]
* [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]], [[Hastinapur]], [[Meerut]]
* [[Navagarh Tirth]]
* [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur#Kailash Parvat Rachna|Kailash Parvat Rachna]], Hastinapur, Meerut
* [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur#Ashtapad Teerth|Ashtapad temple]], Hastinapur, Meerut
* [[Jambudweep|Jambu Dweep Rachana]], Hastinapur, Meerut
* [[Ahichchhatra|Ahi Kshetra]]
* [[Vahelna Jain temple]]
* [[Trilok Teerth Dham]], [[Bada Gaon]] in [[Baghpat]]
* [[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi|Parshvanath Jain temple]] in [[Varanasi]]
* [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]] at [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh#Shri Shouripur Digambar Jain Siddha Kshetra|Shri Shouripur Digambar Jain Siddha Kshetra]], [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]
* [[Kampil#Jain Temple|Shri Vimalnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra]] in [[Kampil]], [[Farrukhabad district]]
* [[Bada Gaon temple|Shree Parsvnath Atishey Kshetra Digamber Jain mandir]], [[Bada Gaon]] in [[Baghpat]]
* [[Haridwar#Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir|Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir]], [[Haridwar]]
* [[Khukhundoo]]

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Devgarha2.jpg|[[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
File:Jain Ghat, Varanasi, UP, India.jpg|Jain Ghat, [[Varanasi]], UP, India
File:Ashtapad Hastinapur.jpg|[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Ashtapad]]
File:Kailash Parvat Rachna - 1.jpg|Kailash Parvat Rachna
File:Vishal-singh-dwaar-big.jpg|[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]]
File:Jambudweep_Rachna.tif|[[Jambudweep Rachna]]
File:Bada Gaon - Old Temple.jpg|[[Bada Gaon temple]]
File:Bada_Gaon_-_Trilok_Teerth_Dham.jpg|[[Trilok Teerth Dham]]
File:Jain_Mandir.JPG|[[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi]]
File:Haridwar Jain temple (1).jpg|[[Haridwar#Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir|Shri Chintamani Parshwnath temple, Haridwar]]
File:Shri agarwal digamber jain bada mandir moti katra agra.jpg|Agra Jain temple
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism | year=2015 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ |isbn= 9781317538530 }}
* {{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8}}
* {{citation |editor=Patrick Olivelle |editor-link=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-530532-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]], E.C. 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|title=The Jain stupa and other antiquities of Mathura|year=1901|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140}}
*{{citation|last=Thomas|first=Edward|title=Jainism or The early faith of Asoka|journal=Nature|volume=16|issue=407|pages=329|url=https://archive.org/details/jainism_00thom|year=1877|publisher=London, Trübner & co.|location=London|bibcode= 1877Natur..16..329.|doi=10.1038/016329a0|s2cid=36798109|doi-access=free}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jainism in Uttar Pradesh - Revision history

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