Jainism in Goa - Revision history

Jeep Safari: added references

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← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 18 November 2025
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January ~~2016~~}}		{{Short description\|none}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January ~~2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}}
	[[File:~~Bhagwan Mahavira Vardhamana Jainism~~, Goa ~~India~~.jpg\|thumb\|~~Statue of [[Mahavira]] inside Campi gardens, [[Panaji]]~~ ]]		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2024}}
			[[File:Jain Temple, Cudnem, Goa.jpg\|thumb\|Cudnem Jain temple]]

	{{Jainism}}		{{Jainism}}
	[[Jainism]] flourished in [[Goa]] during the rule of [[Kadamba dynasty]].<ref>{{citation\|title=History of Goa\|url=http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php\|publisher=Department of Information and Publicity, [[Government of Goa]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063009/http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php#\|archive-date=4 March 2016\|url-status=live~~\|df=dmy-all~~}}</ref> Broken sculptures of the Jain [[Tirthankara]] [[Suparshvanatha]], belonging to the period of the Goan Kadamba ruler Shivachitta Permadi Dev, were discovered in an old Jain temple in Jainkot, Naroa.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		[[Jainism]] flourished in [[Goa]] during the rule of [[Kadamba dynasty]] of Karnataka.<ref>{{citation\|title=History of Goa\|url=http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php\|publisher=Department of Information and Publicity, [[Government of Goa]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063009/http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php\|archive-date=4 March 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> Broken sculptures of the Jain [[Tirthankara]] [[Suparshvanatha]], belonging to the period of the Goan Kadamba ruler Shivachitta Permadi Dev, were discovered in an old Jain temple in Jainkot, Naroa.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}

	Muni [[Pranamsagar]] ji ([[Digambara]] [[Jain monasticism\|Jain ascetic]]) visited Goa in 2015 and gained 150 new followers. It was the first time for a Jain ascetic to set foot in the state in a thousand years.<ref>{{citation\|last=TNN\|title=Non-familiarity to Jain monks led to nude sadhu issue\|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Non-familiarity-to-Jain-monks-led-to-nude-sadhu-issue/articleshow/47570070.cms\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|date=7 June 2015\|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation\|last=Navhind Times\|title=Jain Mandal says awareness needs to be created on Digambar sect seers\|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/jain-mandal-says-awareness-needs-to-be-created-on-digambar-sect-seers\|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]\|date=7 June 2015\|location=[[Panaji]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223081103/http://www.navhindtimes.in/jain-mandal-says-awareness-needs-to-be-created-on-digambar-sect-seers/#\|archive-date=23 December 2015\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The state then became the place for his [[Chaturmas]] of the year 2015.<ref>{{citation\|last=TNN\|title=Netas' comments on nude monk hurt Jain community\|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Netas-comments-on-nude-monk-hurt-Jain-community/articleshow/46856451.cms\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|date=9 April 2015\|location=Margoa}}</ref>

	==Demographics==		==Demographics==
	There were 864 Jains in Goa according to the 2001 census: 456 male and 408 female.<ref>{{citation\|last=Census of India\|title=Population by religious communities\|date=2001\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm\|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701214405/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm#\|archive-date=1 July 2010\|url-status=live~~\|df=dmy-all~~}}</ref> The number increased to 1,109 in 2011 census.<ref>{{citation\|last=Census of India\|date=2011\|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html\|title=Goa Population - Census India 2011\|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]\|access-date=20 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140627/https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html#\|archive-date=29 January 2018\|url-status=live~~\|df=dmy-all~~}}</ref>		There were 864 Jains in Goa according to the 2001 census: 456 male and 408 female.<ref>{{citation\|last=Census of India\|title=Population by religious communities\|date=2001\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm\|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701214405/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm\|archive-date=1 July 2010\|url-status=live}}</ref> The number increased to 1,109 in 2011 census.<ref>{{citation\|last=Census of India\|date=2011\|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html\|title=Goa Population - Census India 2011\|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]\|access-date=20 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140627/https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html\|archive-date=29 January 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	Though Goa has a ~~very modest~~ population of Jains today, it was once a hub for ~~the religious sect~~. The rich cultural heritage of this religion is slowly on its way to oblivion since the government has failed to make any planned efforts to protect it after Liberation.		[[File:Bhagwan Mahavira Vardhamana Jainism, Goa India.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Statue of [[Mahavira]] inside Campi gardens, [[Panaji]] ]]
	Korgao, Cudnem, Bandivade, Chandor, Cothambi, Naroa are places related ~~with~~ Jainism. All these villages are on river banks.
	Since ancient times, Goa has been one of the important centres of trade and commerce. During the Kadamba period, rulers rarely opposed other religions and cults and due to this, Jainism flourished.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		Though present-day Goa has a minuscule population of Jains today (almost all immigrants from other states of India), it was once a hub for Jainism. The rich cultural heritage of this religion is slowly on its way to oblivion, since the government has failed to make any planned efforts to protect it after Liberation.
			Korgao, Cudnem, Bandivade, Chandor, Cothambi, and Naroa are places related to Jainism. All these villages are on river banks.
			Since ancient times, Goa has been one of the important centres of trade and commerce. During the Kadamba period, the rulers rarely opposed other religions and cults, and due to this, Jainism flourished.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}

	Chandrakant Bhoje Patil from Ponda says, “Once Goa had Jain settlements. The sculptures, temples, inscriptions found in various parts tell us how Jainism flourished here. Most of the vestiges of the Jain heritage are lying neglected now. We have submitted a memorandum recently (as noted in year 2014) to chief minister Manohar Parrikar to take steps for the protection and conservation of these assets of our history.”{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		Chandrakant Bhoje Patil from Ponda says, “Once Goa had Jain settlements. The sculptures, temples, inscriptions found in various parts tell us how Jainism flourished here. Most of the vestiges of the Jain heritage are lying neglected now. We have submitted a memorandum recently (as noted in year 2014) to chief minister Manohar Parrikar to take steps for the protection and conservation of these assets of our history.”{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}

	The ancient Jain temple of ''Cudnem village'' dedicated to ~~Lord~~ [[Rishabhanatha]] was constructed by [[Gurjara]] community in tenth century.<ref>{{citation\|title=Goa - Early recorded history (The Aryan conquest)\|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history\|publisher=Department of Tourism, [[Government of Goa]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910131422/http://goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history#\|archive-date=10 September 2015\|url-status=live~~\|df=dmy-all~~}}</ref>{{sfn\|de Souza\|1989\|p=12}} It went to ruins in fifteenth century. Broken idols of [[Tirthankara]] were discovered during an excavation in 1986 by the directorate of ~~archeology~~ and archives.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		The ancient Jain temple of ''Cudnem village'' dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha]] was constructed by [[Gurjaradesa\|Gurjara]] community in tenth century.<ref>{{citation\|title=Goa - Early recorded history (The Aryan conquest)\|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history\|publisher=Department of Tourism, [[Government of Goa]]\|access-date=14 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910131422/http://goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history\|archive-date=10 September 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn\|de Souza\|1989\|p=12}} It went to ruins in fifteenth century. Broken idols of [[Tirthankara]] were discovered during an excavation in 1986 by the directorate of archaeology and archives.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}

	~~Gurjara community~~ also constructed the Jain temple at Narve, [[Bicholim]] in 1150 AD.{{sfn\|de Souza\|1989\|p=12}} The sculpture of [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] was discovered in Hindolewada, Narve.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		Gurjaras also constructed the Jain temple at Narve, [[Bicholim]] in 1150 AD.{{sfn\|de Souza\|1989\|p=12}} The sculpture of [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] was discovered in Hindolewada, Narve.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}

	Another ancient [[Jain temple]] of twenty-second [[Tirthankara]] [[Neminatha]] in [[Bandora, Goa]] built by King Sripala.<ref>{{citation\|title=Singular pre-Portuguese monument crumbling from neglect Paul Fernandes finds that the Jain basti at Bandora requires conservation\|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO/2008/11/24&ID=Ar00200\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|date=24 November 2008\|location=[[Goa]]\|last=TNN\|access-date=20 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013551/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO%2F2008%2F11%2F24&ID=Ar00200#\|archive-date=5 March 2016\|url-status=~~live\|df=dmy-all~~}}</ref><ref>{{citation\|last=Shenoy\|first=Balaji\|title=Ruins of Neminath Jain Basti at Bandora\|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora\|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]\|date=11 February 2015\|access-date=18 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034429/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora/#\|archive-date=8 March 2016\|url-status=live~~\|df=dmy-all~~}}</ref>The Kannada inscription discovered in Bandivade of Ponda mentions that king Sripala established this village and built the Jain temple of Neminath which is presently in ruins.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		Another ancient [[Jain temple]] of twenty-second [[Tirthankara]] [[Neminatha]] in [[Bandora, Goa]] built by King Sripala.<ref>{{citation\|title=Singular pre-Portuguese monument crumbling from neglect Paul Fernandes finds that the Jain basti at Bandora requires conservation\|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO/2008/11/24&ID=Ar00200\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|date=24 November 2008\|location=[[Goa]]\|last=TNN\|access-date=20 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013551/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO%2F2008%2F11%2F24&ID=Ar00200\|archive-date=5 March 2016\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation\|last=Shenoy\|first=Balaji\|title=Ruins of Neminath Jain Basti at Bandora\|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora\|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]\|date=11 February 2015\|access-date=18 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034429/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora/\|archive-date=8 March 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kannada inscription discovered in Bandivade of Ponda mentions that king Sripala established this village and built the Jain temple of Neminath which is presently in ruins.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}

	The idols of [[Tirthankara]] were also found in Chandreshwar temple in Kothambi village, situated on the right bank of the River Mandovi.Kothambi, here the sculptures of Kuber, Yakshi and the broken idol of Tirthankar were lying neglected. The idols of Yakshi and Kuber have been housed at the Goa state museum but the idol of Tirthankar is still (as noted on 2014) left unattended to fight the sunlight and rains.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}		The idols of [[Tirthankara]] were also found in Chandreshwar temple in Kothambi village, situated on the right bank of the River Mandovi.Kothambi, here the sculptures of Kuber, Yakshi and the broken idol of Tirthankar were lying neglected. The idols of Yakshi and Kuber have been housed at the Goa state museum but the idol of Tirthankar is still (as noted on 2014) left unattended to fight the sunlight and rains.{{sfn\|Kerkar\|TNN\|2014}}
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	==References==		==References==
	* {{citation\|last1=Kerkar\|first1=Rajendra\|last2=TNN\|title=Jain heritage dwindles as govt sits pretty\|url=~~http~~://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Jain-heritage-dwindles-as-govt-sits-pretty/articleshow/44987827.cms\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|date=31 October 2014}}		* {{citation\|last1=Kerkar\|first1=Rajendra\|last2=TNN\|title=Jain heritage dwindles as govt sits pretty\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Jain-heritage-dwindles-as-govt-sits-pretty/articleshow/44987827.cms\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|date=31 October 2014}}
	* {{citation\|last=Kakar\|first=Katarina\|title=Moving to Goa\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2lBAgAAQBAJ\|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]\|date=15 December 2013\|isbn=9789351185710}}		* {{citation\|last=Kakar\|first=Katarina\|title=Moving to Goa\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2lBAgAAQBAJ\|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]\|date=15 December 2013\|isbn=9789351185710}}
	* {{citation\|last=de Souza\|first=Teotonio R.\|author-link=Teotónio de Souza\|title=Goa to Me\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|date=1 January 1994\|location=[[New Delhi]]\|isbn=81-7022-504-3}}		* {{citation\|last=de Souza\|first=Teotonio R.\|author-link=Teotónio de Souza\|title=Goa to Me\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|date=1 January 1994\|location=[[New Delhi]]\|isbn=81-7022-504-3}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Bhagwan Mahavira Vardhamana Jainism, Goa India.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Mahavira]] inside Campi gardens, [[Panaji]] ]]
{{Jainism}}
[[Jainism]] flourished in [[Goa]] during the rule of [[Kadamba dynasty]].<ref>{{citation|title=History of Goa|url=http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php|publisher=Department of Information and Publicity, [[Government of Goa]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063009/http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php#|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Broken sculptures of the Jain [[Tirthankara]] [[Suparshvanatha]], belonging to the period of the Goan Kadamba ruler Shivachitta Permadi Dev, were discovered in an old Jain temple in Jainkot, Naroa.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Muni [[Pranamsagar]] ji ([[Digambara]] [[Jain monasticism|Jain ascetic]]) visited Goa in 2015 and gained 150 new followers. It was the first time for a Jain ascetic to set foot in the state in a thousand years.<ref>{{citation|last=TNN|title=Non-familiarity to Jain monks led to nude sadhu issue|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Non-familiarity-to-Jain-monks-led-to-nude-sadhu-issue/articleshow/47570070.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2015|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Navhind Times|title=Jain Mandal says awareness needs to be created on Digambar sect seers|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/jain-mandal-says-awareness-needs-to-be-created-on-digambar-sect-seers|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=7 June 2015|location=[[Panaji]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223081103/http://www.navhindtimes.in/jain-mandal-says-awareness-needs-to-be-created-on-digambar-sect-seers/#|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The state then became the place for his [[Chaturmas]] of the year 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=TNN|title=Netas' comments on nude monk hurt Jain community|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Netas-comments-on-nude-monk-hurt-Jain-community/articleshow/46856451.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 April 2015|location=Margoa}}</ref>

==Demographics==
There were 864 Jains in Goa according to the 2001 census: 456 male and 408 female.<ref>{{citation|last=Census of India|title=Population by religious communities|date=2001|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701214405/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm#|archive-date=1 July 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The number increased to 1,109 in 2011 census.<ref>{{citation|last=Census of India|date=2011|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html|title=Goa Population - Census India 2011|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140627/https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html#|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
Though Goa has a very modest population of Jains today, it was once a hub for the religious sect. The rich cultural heritage of this religion is slowly on its way to oblivion since the government has failed to make any planned efforts to protect it after Liberation.
Korgao, Cudnem, Bandivade, Chandor, Cothambi, Naroa are places related with Jainism. All these villages are on river banks.
Since ancient times, Goa has been one of the important centres of trade and commerce. During the Kadamba period, rulers rarely opposed other religions and cults and due to this, Jainism flourished.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Chandrakant Bhoje Patil from Ponda says, “Once Goa had Jain settlements. The sculptures, temples, inscriptions found in various parts tell us how Jainism flourished here. Most of the vestiges of the Jain heritage are lying neglected now. We have submitted a memorandum recently (as noted in year 2014) to chief minister Manohar Parrikar to take steps for the protection and conservation of these assets of our history.”{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

The ancient Jain temple of ''Cudnem village'' dedicated to Lord [[Rishabhanatha]] was constructed by [[Gurjara]] community in tenth century.<ref>{{citation|title=Goa - Early recorded history (The Aryan conquest)|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history|publisher=Department of Tourism, [[Government of Goa]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910131422/http://goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history#|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{sfn|de Souza|1989|p=12}} It went to ruins in fifteenth century. Broken idols of [[Tirthankara]] were discovered during an excavation in 1986 by the directorate of archeology and archives.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Gurjara community also constructed the Jain temple at Narve, [[Bicholim]] in 1150 AD.{{sfn|de Souza|1989|p=12}} The sculpture of [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] was discovered in Hindolewada, Narve.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Another ancient [[Jain temple]] of twenty-second [[Tirthankara]] [[Neminatha]] in [[Bandora, Goa]] built by King Sripala.<ref>{{citation|title=Singular pre-Portuguese monument crumbling from neglect Paul Fernandes finds that the Jain basti at Bandora requires conservation|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO/2008/11/24&ID=Ar00200|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 November 2008|location=[[Goa]]|last=TNN|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013551/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO%2F2008%2F11%2F24&ID=Ar00200#|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shenoy|first=Balaji|title=Ruins of Neminath Jain Basti at Bandora|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=11 February 2015|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034429/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora/#|archive-date=8 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>The Kannada inscription discovered in Bandivade of Ponda mentions that king Sripala established this village and built the Jain temple of Neminath which is presently in ruins.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

The idols of [[Tirthankara]] were also found in Chandreshwar temple in Kothambi village, situated on the right bank of the River Mandovi.Kothambi, here the sculptures of Kuber, Yakshi and the broken idol of Tirthankar were lying neglected. The idols of Yakshi and Kuber have been housed at the Goa state museum but the idol of Tirthankar is still (as noted on 2014) left unattended to fight the sunlight and rains.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

The first Jain sculpture (belonging to the early southern [[Shilahara Dynasty]]) in Salcete, Chandor was discovered by Father [[Henry Heras]] during one of his expeditions.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation|last1=Kerkar|first1=Rajendra|last2=TNN|title=Jain heritage dwindles as govt sits pretty|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Jain-heritage-dwindles-as-govt-sits-pretty/articleshow/44987827.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2014}}
* {{citation|last=Kakar|first=Katarina|title=Moving to Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2lBAgAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]|date=15 December 2013|isbn=9789351185710}}
* {{citation|last=de Souza|first=Teotonio R.|author-link=Teotónio de Souza|title=Goa to Me|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=1 January 1994|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=81-7022-504-3}}
* {{citation|last=de Souza|first=Teotonio R.|author-link=Teotónio de Souza|title=Essays in Goan History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=1 January 1989|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=81-7022-263-X}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jainism in India]]

{{Jainism-stub}}