Jainism - Revision history

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Religion}}~~
	* [[Jain law]]		* [[Jain law]]
	* [[Jain cosmology]]		* [[Jain cosmology]]

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	{{Short description\|Religion that originated in the Indian subcontinent}}		{{Short description\|Religion that originated in the Indian subcontinent}}
	~~{{good article}}~~
	{{Redirect\|Jain}}		{{Redirect\|Jain}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2021}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2021}}
	{{Jainism}}		{{Jainism}}
	'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara~~\|Tirthankaras~~]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].		'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara]]s'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].

	The main religious premises of the Jain dharma are ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism\|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[anekāntavāda]]'' (many-sidedness), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) and ''[[asceticism]]'' (abstinence from sensual pleasures). Devout Jains take five main vows: ''[[ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[Achourya\|asteya]]'' (not stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (sexual continence), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. ''[[Parasparopagraho Jīvānām\|Parasparopagraho jīvānām]]'' (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the ''[[Ṇamōkāra mantra]]'' is its most common and basic prayer.		The main religious premises of the Jain dharma are ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism\|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[anekāntavāda]]'' (many-sidedness), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) and ''[[asceticism]]'' (abstinence from sensual pleasures). Devout Jains take five main vows: ''[[ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[Achourya\|asteya]]'' (not stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (sexual continence), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. ''[[Parasparopagraho Jīvānām\|Parasparopagraho jīvānām]]'' (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the ''[[Ṇamōkāra mantra]]'' is its most common and basic prayer.

	Jain dharma is one of the world's oldest continuously-practiced religions. It and has two major ancient sub-traditions, [[Digambara]]s and [[Śvētāmbara]]s, with different views on ascetic practices, gender and which texts can be considered canonical; both have [[mendicant]]s supported by [[layperson]]s (''śrāvakas'' and ''śrāvikas''). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two parts – Mandirvāsī and Sthānakavasī.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}} The religion has between four and five million followers, mostly in [[Jainism in India\|India]]. Outside India, some of the largest communities are in [[Jainism in Canada\|Canada]], [[Jainism in Europe\|Europe]], and the [[Jainism in the United States\|United States]]. Jain Dharma is growing in [[Jainism in Japan\|Japan]], where more than 5,000 ethnic Japanese families have converted to Jainism in the 2010-2020 decade. Major festivals include ''[[Paryushana]]'' and ''Das Lakshana'', ''[[~~Jain_festivals~~#~~Ashtanhika_Parv~~\|Ashtanika]]'', ''[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]'', ''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]'', and ''[[Diwali (Jainism)\|Dipawali]]''.		Jain dharma is one of the world's oldest continuously-practiced religions. It and has two major ancient sub-traditions, [[Digambara]]s and [[Śvētāmbara]]s, with different views on ascetic practices, gender and which texts can be considered canonical; both have [[mendicant]]s supported by [[layperson]]s (''śrāvakas'' and ''śrāvikas''). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two parts – Mandirvāsī and Sthānakavasī.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}} The religion has between four and five million followers, mostly in [[Jainism in India\|India]]. Outside India, some of the largest communities are in [[Jainism in Canada\|Canada]], [[Jainism in Europe\|Europe]], and the [[Jainism in the United States\|United States]]. Jain Dharma is growing in [[Jainism in Japan\|Japan]], where more than 5,000 ethnic Japanese families have converted to Jainism in the 2010-2020 decade. Major festivals include ''[[Paryushana]]'' and ''Das Lakshana'', ''[[Jain festivals#Ashtanhika Parv\|Ashtanika]]'', ''[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]'', ''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]'', and ''[[Diwali (Jainism)\|Dipawali]]''.

	==Beliefs and philosophy==		==Beliefs and philosophy==
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	The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as ''[[Samvatsari]]''. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|pp=164, 284}} Forgiveness is asked by saying "''[[Micchami Dukkadam]]''" or "''Khamat khamna''" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of ''Paryushana'' is "abiding" or "coming together".{{sfn\|Cort\|1995\|p=160}}		The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as ''[[Samvatsari]]''. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|pp=164, 284}} Forgiveness is asked by saying "''[[Micchami Dukkadam]]''" or "''Khamat khamna''" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of ''Paryushana'' is "abiding" or "coming together".{{sfn\|Cort\|1995\|p=160}}

	[[Mahavir Jayanti\|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of [[Chaitra]] in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}}{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=211}} The festivities include visiting Jain temples, pilgrimages to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in [[Bihar]], north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}} [[Diwali (Jainism)\| The next day of Dipawali]] is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of ''[[Moksha (Jainism)\|moksha]]''.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} The Hindu festival of [[Diwali]] is also celebrated on the same date (''Kartika Amavasya''). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and [[Diya (lamp)\|''diyas'']] (small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning, ''Nirvan Ladoo'' is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are [[Akshaya Tritiya]] and [[Raksha Bandhan]], similar to those in the Hindu communities.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=85}}{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=164}}		[[Mahavir Jayanti\|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of [[Chaitra]] in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}}{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=211}} The festivities include visiting Jain temples, pilgrimages to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in [[Bihar]], north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}} [[Diwali (Jainism)\|The next day of Dipawali]] is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of ''[[Moksha (Jainism)\|moksha]]''.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} The Hindu festival of [[Diwali]] is also celebrated on the same date (''Kartika Amavasya''). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and [[Diya (lamp)\|''diyas'']] (small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning, ''Nirvan Ladoo'' is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are [[Akshaya Tritiya]] and [[Raksha Bandhan]], similar to those in the Hindu communities.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=85}}{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=164}}

	==Traditions and sects==		==Traditions and sects==

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	{{Redirect\|Jain}}		{{Redirect\|Jain}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=~~December 2015~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2021}}
	{{Jainism}}		{{Jainism}}
	'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara\|Tirthankaras]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].		'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara\|Tirthankaras]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].

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	{{Short description\|Religion that originated in the Indian subcontinent}}		{{Short description\|Religion that originated in the Indian subcontinent}}
	~~{{good article}}~~
	{{Redirect\|Jain}}		{{Redirect\|Jain}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2021}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2021}}
	{{Jainism}}		{{Jainism}}
	'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara~~\|Tirthankaras~~]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].		'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara]]s'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].

	The main religious premises of the Jain dharma are ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism\|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[anekāntavāda]]'' (many-sidedness), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) and ''[[asceticism]]'' (abstinence from sensual pleasures). Devout Jains take five main vows: ''[[ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[Achourya\|asteya]]'' (not stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (sexual continence), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. ''[[Parasparopagraho Jīvānām\|Parasparopagraho jīvānām]]'' (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the ''[[Ṇamōkāra mantra]]'' is its most common and basic prayer.		The main religious premises of the Jain dharma are ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism\|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[anekāntavāda]]'' (many-sidedness), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) and ''[[asceticism]]'' (abstinence from sensual pleasures). Devout Jains take five main vows: ''[[ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[Achourya\|asteya]]'' (not stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (sexual continence), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. ''[[Parasparopagraho Jīvānām\|Parasparopagraho jīvānām]]'' (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the ''[[Ṇamōkāra mantra]]'' is its most common and basic prayer.

	Jain dharma is one of the world's oldest continuously-practiced religions. It and has two major ancient sub-traditions, [[Digambara]]s and [[Śvētāmbara]]s, with different views on ascetic practices, gender and which texts can be considered canonical; both have [[mendicant]]s supported by [[layperson]]s (''śrāvakas'' and ''śrāvikas''). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two parts – Mandirvāsī and Sthānakavasī.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}} The religion has between four and five million followers, mostly in [[Jainism in India\|India]]. Outside India, some of the largest communities are in [[Jainism in Canada\|Canada]], [[Jainism in Europe\|Europe]], and the [[Jainism in the United States\|United States]]. Jain Dharma is growing in [[Jainism in Japan\|Japan]], where more than 5,000 ethnic Japanese families have converted to Jainism in the 2010-2020 decade. Major festivals include ''[[Paryushana]]'' and ''Das Lakshana'', ''[[~~Jain_festivals~~#~~Ashtanhika_Parv~~\|Ashtanika]]'', ''[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]'', ''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]'', and ''[[Diwali (Jainism)\|Dipawali]]''.		Jain dharma is one of the world's oldest continuously-practiced religions. It and has two major ancient sub-traditions, [[Digambara]]s and [[Śvētāmbara]]s, with different views on ascetic practices, gender and which texts can be considered canonical; both have [[mendicant]]s supported by [[layperson]]s (''śrāvakas'' and ''śrāvikas''). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two parts – Mandirvāsī and Sthānakavasī.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}} The religion has between four and five million followers, mostly in [[Jainism in India\|India]]. Outside India, some of the largest communities are in [[Jainism in Canada\|Canada]], [[Jainism in Europe\|Europe]], and the [[Jainism in the United States\|United States]]. Jain Dharma is growing in [[Jainism in Japan\|Japan]], where more than 5,000 ethnic Japanese families have converted to Jainism in the 2010-2020 decade. Major festivals include ''[[Paryushana]]'' and ''Das Lakshana'', ''[[Jain festivals#Ashtanhika Parv\|Ashtanika]]'', ''[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]'', ''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]'', and ''[[Diwali (Jainism)\|Dipawali]]''.

	==Beliefs and philosophy==		==Beliefs and philosophy==
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	The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as ''[[Samvatsari]]''. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|pp=164, 284}} Forgiveness is asked by saying "''[[Micchami Dukkadam]]''" or "''Khamat khamna''" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of ''Paryushana'' is "abiding" or "coming together".{{sfn\|Cort\|1995\|p=160}}		The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as ''[[Samvatsari]]''. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|pp=164, 284}} Forgiveness is asked by saying "''[[Micchami Dukkadam]]''" or "''Khamat khamna''" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of ''Paryushana'' is "abiding" or "coming together".{{sfn\|Cort\|1995\|p=160}}

	[[Mahavir Jayanti\|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of [[Chaitra]] in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}}{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=211}} The festivities include visiting Jain temples, pilgrimages to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in [[Bihar]], north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}} [[Diwali (Jainism)\| The next day of Dipawali]] is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of ''[[Moksha (Jainism)\|moksha]]''.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} The Hindu festival of [[Diwali]] is also celebrated on the same date (''Kartika Amavasya''). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and [[Diya (lamp)\|''diyas'']] (small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning, ''Nirvan Ladoo'' is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are [[Akshaya Tritiya]] and [[Raksha Bandhan]], similar to those in the Hindu communities.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=85}}{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=164}}		[[Mahavir Jayanti\|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of [[Chaitra]] in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}}{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=211}} The festivities include visiting Jain temples, pilgrimages to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in [[Bihar]], north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=220}} [[Diwali (Jainism)\|The next day of Dipawali]] is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of ''[[Moksha (Jainism)\|moksha]]''.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} The Hindu festival of [[Diwali]] is also celebrated on the same date (''Kartika Amavasya''). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and [[Diya (lamp)\|''diyas'']] (small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning, ''Nirvan Ladoo'' is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=86}} Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are [[Akshaya Tritiya]] and [[Raksha Bandhan]], similar to those in the Hindu communities.{{sfn\|Pechilis\|Raj\|2013\|p=85}}{{sfn\|Dalal\|2010a\|p=164}}

	==Traditions and sects==		==Traditions and sects==

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	{{Use Indian English\|date=~~December 2015~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2021}}
	{{Jainism}}		{{Jainism}}
	'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara\|Tirthankaras]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].		'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ɪ\|z\|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Indian religion]] and the method of acquiring [[omniscience\|perfect knowledge]] of [[Jīva (Jainism)\|self]] and [[Jain cosmology\|universe]] and perfect [[joy]] through extrasensory means as [[empiricism\|sensory]] means are inadequate to acquire them. The method is summarized in its religious text [[Pravachanasara]] first published in english by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 1934. It is further elaborated in [[Samayasāra]] and [[Tattvartha Sutra]] from [[Psychophysical parallelism\|parallelist]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)\|interactive]] lenses respectively. [[Dharma (Jainism)\|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara\|Tirthankaras]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra\|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology\|cosmology]].