Jagir - Revision history

Dr. Editor at 05:05, 10 May 2026

2026-05-10T05:05:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 10 May 2026
Line 6:		Line 6:
	A '''jagir''' ({{langx\|fa\|{{script/Nastaliq\|جاگیر}}\|translit=Jāgir}}, [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr'', [[Marathi language\|Marathi]]: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book\|first1=H. H. \|last1=Davies \|first2=W. \|last2=Blyth\|title=Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District \|trans-title=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29\|year=1873\|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press\|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] [[land grant]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015">{{cite book\|first=Kaushik \|last=Roy \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 \|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 57–59], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 pp. 61–62]}}</ref>{{rp\|57–59}} It developed during the Islamic era of the [[Indian subcontinent]], starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book\|first=Mohammad \|last=Qadeer\|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C \|date=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4\|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}} The land grant, called {{Transliteration\|ar\|[[iqta']]a}}, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|first=Claude \|last=Markovits\|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567\| date=2004\|publisher =Anthem Press\|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2\|page=567}}</ref>		A '''jagir''' ({{langx\|fa\|{{script/Nastaliq\|جاگیر}}\|translit=Jāgir}}, [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr'', [[Marathi language\|Marathi]]: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book\|first1=H. H. \|last1=Davies \|first2=W. \|last2=Blyth\|title=Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District \|trans-title=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29\|year=1873\|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press\|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] [[land grant]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015">{{cite book\|first=Kaushik \|last=Roy \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 \|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 57–59], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 pp. 61–62]}}</ref>{{rp\|57–59}} It developed during the Islamic era of the [[Indian subcontinent]], starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book\|first=Mohammad \|last=Qadeer\|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C \|date=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4\|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}} The land grant, called {{Transliteration\|ar\|[[iqta']]a}}, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|first=Claude \|last=Markovits\|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567\| date=2004\|publisher =Anthem Press\|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2\|page=567}}</ref>

	The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book\|first=Jamal \|last=Malik\|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491\|year=2008\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=978-90-04-16859-6\|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book\|first1=Catherine B. \|last1=Asher \|first2=Cynthia \|last2=Talbot \|title=India Before Europe\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC \|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7\|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse and takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by [[Ahir\|Ahirs]],[[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]], [[Charans]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Rajpurohit]]s, [[Jat]]s, and [[Jat Sikh\|Sikh jat]] kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}}<ref>{{cite book\|first=Madanjit \|last=Kaur\|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31\|year=2008\|publisher=Unistar\|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7\|pages=31–40}}</ref>		The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book\|first=Jamal \|last=Malik\|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491\|year=2008\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=978-90-04-16859-6\|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book\|first1=Catherine B. \|last1=Asher \|first2=Cynthia \|last2=Talbot \|title=India Before Europe\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC \|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7\|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse and takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by [[Ahir\|Ahirs]], [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]], [[Charans]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Rajpurohit]]s, [[Jat]]s, and [[Jat Sikh\|Sikh jat]] kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}}<ref>{{cite book\|first=Madanjit \|last=Kaur\|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31\|year=2008\|publisher=Unistar\|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7\|pages=31–40}}</ref>

	== Definition ==		== Definition ==

Dr. Editor at 05:04, 10 May 2026

2026-05-10T05:04:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 10 May 2026
Line 6:		Line 6:
	A '''jagir''' ({{langx\|fa\|{{script/Nastaliq\|جاگیر}}\|translit=Jāgir}}, [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr'', [[Marathi language\|Marathi]]: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book\|first1=H. H. \|last1=Davies \|first2=W. \|last2=Blyth\|title=Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District \|trans-title=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29\|year=1873\|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press\|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] [[land grant]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015">{{cite book\|first=Kaushik \|last=Roy \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 \|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 57–59], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 pp. 61–62]}}</ref>{{rp\|57–59}} It developed during the Islamic era of the [[Indian subcontinent]], starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book\|first=Mohammad \|last=Qadeer\|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C \|date=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4\|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}} The land grant, called {{Transliteration\|ar\|[[iqta']]a}}, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|first=Claude \|last=Markovits\|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567\| date=2004\|publisher =Anthem Press\|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2\|page=567}}</ref>		A '''jagir''' ({{langx\|fa\|{{script/Nastaliq\|جاگیر}}\|translit=Jāgir}}, [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr'', [[Marathi language\|Marathi]]: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book\|first1=H. H. \|last1=Davies \|first2=W. \|last2=Blyth\|title=Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District \|trans-title=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29\|year=1873\|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press\|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] [[land grant]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015">{{cite book\|first=Kaushik \|last=Roy \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 \|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 57–59], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 pp. 61–62]}}</ref>{{rp\|57–59}} It developed during the Islamic era of the [[Indian subcontinent]], starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book\|first=Mohammad \|last=Qadeer\|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C \|date=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4\|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}} The land grant, called {{Transliteration\|ar\|[[iqta']]a}}, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|first=Claude \|last=Markovits\|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567\| date=2004\|publisher =Anthem Press\|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2\|page=567}}</ref>

	The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book\|first=Jamal \|last=Malik\|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491\|year=2008\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=978-90-04-16859-6\|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book\|first1=Catherine B. \|last1=Asher \|first2=Cynthia \|last2=Talbot \|title=India Before Europe\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC \|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7\|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse and takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]], [[Charans]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Rajpurohit]]s, [[Jat]]s, and [[Jat Sikh\|Sikh jat]] kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}}<ref>{{cite book\|first=Madanjit \|last=Kaur\|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31\|year=2008\|publisher=Unistar\|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7\|pages=31–40}}</ref>		The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book\|first=Jamal \|last=Malik\|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491\|year=2008\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=978-90-04-16859-6\|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book\|first1=Catherine B. \|last1=Asher \|first2=Cynthia \|last2=Talbot \|title=India Before Europe\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC \|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7\|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse and takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by [[Ahir\|Ahirs]],[[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]], [[Charans]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Rajpurohit]]s, [[Jat]]s, and [[Jat Sikh\|Sikh jat]] kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp\|61–62}}<ref>{{cite book\|first=Madanjit \|last=Kaur\|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31\|year=2008\|publisher=Unistar\|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7\|pages=31–40}}</ref>

	== Definition ==		== Definition ==

MavisHelena6948: added info

2025-06-27T17:59:42Z

added info

Show changes

>Johnbod: fmt

2021-09-15T02:03:22Z

fmt

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:33, 15 September 2021
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	A '''jagir''' ([[IAST]]: Jāgīr), also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book\|author1=HH Davies\|author2=W Blyth\|title=Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun isTarun\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29\|year=1873\|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press\|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] land grant in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy2015p57">{{cite book\|author=Kaushik Roy\|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58\| year=2015\|publisher= Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9\|pages=57–59}}</ref> It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book\|author=Mohammad Qadeer\|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C \|year=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4\|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one being conditional and the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy2015p57" /> The land grant was called [[Iqta'\|iqta]], usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|author=Claude Markovits\|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567\| year=2004\|publisher =Anthem Press\|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2\|page=567}}</ref>''		A '''jagir''' ([[IAST]]: Jāgīr), also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book\|author1=HH Davies\|author2=W Blyth\|title=Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun isTarun\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29\|year=1873\|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press\|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] land grant in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy2015p57">{{cite book\|author=Kaushik Roy\|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58\| year=2015\|publisher= Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9\|pages=57–59}}</ref> It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book\|author=Mohammad Qadeer\|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C \|year=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4\|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one being conditional and the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy2015p57" /> The land grant was called [[Iqta'\|iqta]], usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|author=Claude Markovits\|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567\| year=2004\|publisher =Anthem Press\|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2\|page=567}}</ref>''

	''The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jamal Malik\|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491\|year=2008\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=90-04-16859-1\|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Catherine B. Asher\|author2=Cynthia Talbot\|title=India Before Europe\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC \|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7\|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse of Mughal Empire, the system of jagirs was retained by Rajput, Yadav, Jat, Saini and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|author=Kaushik Roy\|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62\| year=2015\| publisher= Routledge\| isbn=978-1-317-32128-6\|pages=61–62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Madanjit Kaur\|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31\|year=2008\|publisher=Unistar\|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7\|pages=31–40}}</ref>''		The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jamal Malik\|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491\|year=2008\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=90-04-16859-1\|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Catherine B. Asher\|author2=Cynthia Talbot\|title=India Before Europe\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC \|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7\|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse of Mughal Empire, the system of jagirs was retained by Rajput, Yadav, Jat, Saini and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book\|author=Kaushik Roy\|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62\| year=2015\| publisher= Routledge\| isbn=978-1-317-32128-6\|pages=61–62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Madanjit Kaur\|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31\|year=2008\|publisher=Unistar\|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7\|pages=31–40}}</ref>''

	== Definition ==		== Definition ==

imported>TrangaBellam at 19:58, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T19:58:28Z

New page

{{For|the 1984 film|Jagir (film)}}
{{Redirect|Jagirdar|the 1937 film|Jagirdar (film)}}
A '''jagir''' ([[IAST]]: Jāgīr), also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book|author1=HH Davies|author2=W Blyth|title=Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun isTarun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29|year=1873|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] land grant in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy2015p57">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58| year=2015|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32127-9|pages=57–59}}</ref> It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Qadeer|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C |year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one being conditional and the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy2015p57" /> The land grant was called [[Iqta'|iqta]], usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Claude Markovits|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567| year=2004|publisher =Anthem Press|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2|page=567}}</ref>''

''The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jamal Malik|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491|year=2008|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-16859-1|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Catherine B. Asher|author2=Cynthia Talbot|title=India Before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC |year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse of Mughal Empire, the system of jagirs was retained by Rajput, Yadav, Jat, Saini and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62| year=2015| publisher= Routledge| isbn=978-1-317-32128-6|pages=61–62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Madanjit Kaur|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31|year=2008|publisher=Unistar|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7|pages=31–40}}</ref>''

== Definition ==
''Jagir'' ({{lang-fa|{{nq|جاگیر}}}}, [[Devanagari]]: जागीर, {{lang-bn|জায়গীর}}) is a Persian word, and means "holding land".<ref name=britjagir/>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] used the following definition of ''jagir'' ''Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs Act (Rajasthan Act VI of 1952)'' in its ''Thakur Amar Singhji vs State Of Rajasthan (And Other ...)'' in a 15 April 1955 judgement: <br />
{{Quote|''The word 'jagir' connoted originally grants made by [[Rajput]] Rulers to their clansmen for military services rendered or to be rendered. Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed in Article 31-A.''{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}}}

== Succession ==
A jagir was technically a feudal [[life estate]], as the grant reverted to the state upon the jagirdar's death. However, in practice, jagirs became hereditary to the male lineal heir of the jagirdar.<ref>{{cite book|author=John F. Richards|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA292|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|pages=292–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sind. Commissioner's Office|title=History of Alienations in the Province of Sind|url=https://archive.org/details/historyalienati00unkngoog|year=1886|publisher=Karachi: Commissioner's Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyalienati00unkngoog/page/n211 143]}}</ref> The family was thus the ''de facto'' ruler of the territory, earned income from part of the tax revenues and delivered the rest to the treasury of the state during the Islamic rule period, and later in parts of India that came under Afghan, Sikh and Rajput rulers. The ''jagirdar'' did not act alone, but appointed administrative layers for revenue collection. These positions, according to Shakti Kak, were called ''[[patwari]]'', ''tahsildar'', ''amil'', ''fotedar'', ''[[munsif]]'', ''qanungo'', ''[[Chowdhury|chaudhri]]'', ''[[dewan]]'', [[rao (title)|rao]] and others.<ref name="ErnstPati2007p71">{{cite book|author=Shakti Kak|editor1=Waltraud Ernst|editor2=Biswamoy Pati|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA71 |year=2007| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|pages=71–72}}</ref>

== 13th-century origin and successors ==
This [[feudal]] system of land ownership is referred to as the ''jagirdar'' system. The system was introduced by the [[Sultans]] of [[Delhi]] from the 13th century onwards, was later adopted by the [[Mughal Empire]], and continued under the [[British East India Company]].<ref name=britjagir/>

Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] imperial sway, such as the [[nawwab]]s of [[Kurnool]]. Most [[List of princely states of India|princely states of India]] during the colonial [[British Raj]] era were jagirdars such as [[Mohrampur Jagir]]. Shortly following independence from the [[British Crown]] in 1947, the ''jagirdar'' system was abolished by the [[Indian government]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite book | page=834 | author=Staff | title=Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia | publisher=Merriam-Webster | year=2000 | isbn=0-87779-017-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Singh, Kumar Suresh |author2=Lal, Rajendra Behari | page=1350 | title=Gujarat, Part 3 | volume=22 | series=People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India | publisher=Popular Prakashan | year=2003 | isbn=81-7991-106-3 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Desmukh]]
* [[Feudalism]]
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Feudalism in Pakistan]]
* [[Kulkarni]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[Patil (title)|Patil]]
* [[Saranjamdar]]
* [[Sardar]]
* [[prabha single]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats]]
{{col div end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Jagirs|*]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]