Jagdish Bhagwati - Revision history

MichaleFlint91: typo fix

2025-12-08T09:50:25Z

typo fix

->MAHosieAPS: /* Awards, honors and commentary */ Added citation to American Academy of Arts and Sciences membership. Noted membership to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society and added citations.

2021-12-20T16:11:26Z

Awards, honors and commentary: Added citation to American Academy of Arts and Sciences membership. Noted membership to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society and added citations.

>Patelurology2: /* Early years and personal life */

2021-06-13T14:06:37Z

Early years and personal life

New page

{{Short description|India-born naturalized American economist}}
{{Infobox economist
| school_tradition = [[Neoclassical economics]]
| image = Jagdish N. Bhagwati Professor Jagdish pa Columbia University talar vid invigningen av Nordiskt globaliseringsforum i Riksgransen 2008-04-02.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| name = Jagdish Bhagwati
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1934|7|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[University of Mumbai]] (B.A.) [[St John's College, Cambridge]] (B.A.) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] (Ph.D.) }}
| citizenship = United States<ref name="LevyBarfield2011"/><ref name=fortune-mag/><ref name=nytimes-review/>
| institution = [[Columbia University]] [[Indian Statistical Institute]] [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[MIT]] [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]]
| field = [[International economics]], [[globalization]], [[free trade]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Charles P. Kindleberger]]<ref>{{cite document|title=Essays in international economics|first=Jagdish N.|last=Bhagwati|date=11 May 1967|hdl = 1721.1/61807}}</ref>
| doctoral_students = [[Gene Grossman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.mit.edu/F/K213STDDRFEF7HXGRHSXVPYFID8SABYR1JJPTM35VK7YBFENGP-21980?func=full-set-set&set_number=017172&set_entry=000010&format=999|title=PDS login|website=library.mit.edu}}</ref>
| influences = [[Robert Solow]]
| influenced =
| contributions =
| spouse = [[Padma Desai]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]]
}}
'''Jagdish Natwarlal Bhagwati''' (born July 26, 1934) is an India-born [[naturalization|naturalized]] American economist<ref name="LevyBarfield2011">{{citation|last1=Levy|first1=Philip I.|last2=Barfield|first2=Claude|title=Swap: How Trade Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twuSKIboZXAC&pg=PA111|date=16 October 2011|publisher=American Enterprise Institute Press|isbn=978-0-8447-7207-3|page=111|quote="For a thorough assessment of the challenges presented by trade and the environment by an author brought up in India but now a U.S. citizen, see Jagdish Bhagwati, ''In Defense of Globalization'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)"}}</ref><ref name=fortune-mag>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/08/01/377372/index.htm|last=Heilemann|first=John|date=August 1, 2004|title=Gearing Ourselves for Globalization Free trade isn't the cause of the world's ills, says Columbia professor Jagdish Bhagwati. It's the best cure we have for them--if only we can stomach it.|publisher=Fortune Magazine|access-date=18 March 2017|quote="His name may not be immediately familiar, but anyone interested in understanding globalization ought to be acquainted with Jagdish Bhagwati. Born in India, schooled in Britain, and now an American citizen, Bhagwati is an international economist and one of only 10 scholars who hold the title of University Professor at Columbia."}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-review>{{cite web|last=Drezner|first=Daniel W.|title=Review of "In Defense of Globalization" by Jagdish Bhagwati, New York: Oxford University Press|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/books/globalization-without-riots.html|date=August 18, 2004|quote="If anyone can rise to this challenge, it should be Jagdish Bhagwati. An esteemed international economist, Bhagwati is a university professor at Columbia and a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He has advised the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. Born in India, educated in Britain and now an American citizen, he can claim to understand all points of view."}}</ref>
and [[University Professor (Columbia)|University Professor]] of economics and law at [[Columbia University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2010/November2010/Bhagwati-Trade-Panel|title=Professor Jagdish Bhagwati Called Upon by World Leaders to Find Ways to Boost Global Trade|publisher=Law.columbia.edu|access-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> Bhagwati's research includes international trade and he is an advocate of [[free trade]].

==Early years and personal life==
Bhagwati was born in 1934, into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family in the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj, and received a BCom from [[Sydenham College]], [[Mumbai]]. He then traveled to England to study at [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], receiving a second BA at Cambridge (in economics) in 1956. Between 1957 and 1959 he studied at [[Nuffield College, Oxford]]. He received a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1961 for a thesis titled "Essays in International Economics", supervised by [[Charles P. Kindleberger]].

Bhagwati is married to [[Padma Desai]], also a Columbia economist and Russia-specialist; they have one daughter. He is the brother of [[Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati|P.N. Bhagwati]], former [[Chief Justice of India]] and also of S.N. Bhagwati, an eminent neurosurgeon. Bhagwati and Desai's joint 1970 OECD study ''India: Planning for Industrialization'' was a notable contribution at the time.<ref>[http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064824/http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867|date=November 22, 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his PhD, Bhagwati returned to India in 1961, first to teach briefly at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata, and then as professor of international trade at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] at the [[University of Delhi]], from 1962 to 1968. From 1968 until 1980, Bhagwati was an economics professor at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/bio.php?id=1753] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803094910/http://www.cfr.org/bio.php?id=1753|date=August 3, 2004}}</ref> Bhagwati currently serves on the Academic Advisory Board of [[Human Rights Watch]] (Asia) and on the board of scholars of the [[Centre for Civil Society]]. He is a Senior Fellow of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]. Bhagwati has previously served as an external advisor to the Director General of the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001, as a special policy advisor on globalization to the [[United Nations]] in 2000, and as an economics policy advisor to the Director-General of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]], from 1991 to 1993.

In 2000, Bhagwati was signatory to an amicus briefing, coordinated by the [[American Enterprise Institute]], with the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] to contend that the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] should, contrary to a prior ruling, be allowed to take into account the costs of regulations when setting environmental standards.

In January 2004, Bhagwati published ''In Defense of Globalization,'' a book in which he argues:

<blockquote>... this process [of globalization] has a human face, but we need to make that face more agreeable.
</blockquote>

In May, 2004, Bhagwati was one of the experts who took part in the [[Copenhagen Consensus]] project.

In 2006, Bhagwati was a member of the Panel of Eminent Persons who reviewed the work of the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD). In early 2010, Bhagwati joined the advisory board of the Institute for Migrant Rights, Cianjur – Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imr.or.id|title=The Institute for Migrant Rights|access-date=6 November 2014}}</ref>

At present, he is professor of economics and law at [[Columbia University]].

==Awards, honors and commentary==
* Mahalanobis Memorial Medal of the Indian Econometric Society (1974)
* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1982)<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=June 25, 2011}}</ref>
* Seidman Distinguished Award in International Political Economy (1998)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] Award (2000)
* Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Chamber of Commerce (2004)
* [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star (2006)

Other awards include the Bernhard Harms Prize (Germany), the Kenan Enterprise Award (United States), the Freedom Prize (Switzerland), and the [[John R. Commons]] Award (United States). He has also received [[honorary degrees]] from the [[University of Sussex]] and [[Erasmus University]], as well as others.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306155231/http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf|date=March 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927094801/http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/|date=September 27, 2006}}</ref>

[[Paul Samuelson]], on the occasion of Bhagwati's 70th birthday ''[[festschrift]]'' conference in Gainesville, Florida in January 2005 said:

<blockquote>I measure a scholar's prolific-ness not by the mere number of his publishings. Just as the area of a rectangle equals its width times its depth, the quality of a lifetime accomplishment must weight each article by its novelties and wisdoms. ... Jagdish Bhagwati is more like [[Haydn]]: a composer of more than a hundred symphonies and no one of them other than top notch. ... In the struggle to improve the lot of mankind, whether located in advanced economies or in societies climbing the ladder out of poverty, Jagdish Bhagwati has been a tireless partisan of that globalization which elevates global total-factor – productivities both of richest America and poorest regions of Asia and Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Festschrift%20Samuelson.pdf|title=Jagdish Bhagwati, the wunderkind who became the tireless theorist of international trade|author=Paul A. Samuelson|publisher=Columbia.edu|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626005100/http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Festschrift%20Samuelson.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2010}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Jagdish Bhagwati was the fictional winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in [[The Simpsons]] episode [[Elementary School Musical (The Simpsons)]].

==Bibliography==
{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}

===Books===
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya|
title=Why Growth Matters: How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing Countries|
year=2013|
publisher=PublicAffairs|
isbn= 978-1-61-039271-6}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya|
title=India's Tryst with Destiny: Debunking the Myths that Undermine Progress and Addressing New Challenges|
year=2013|
publisher=HarperCollins|
isbn= 978-9350295854}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati|
title=Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade| url=https://archive.org/details/termitesintradin0000bhag| url-access=registration|
year=2008|
publisher=Oxford University Press|
isbn=978-0-19-533165-3}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati|
title=In Defense of Globalization|
year=2007|
publisher=Oxford University Press|
isbn=978-0195330939}}
* {{cite book|
last=Bhagwati|
title=Free Trade Today|
year=2003|
publisher=Princeton University Press|
isbn=978-0691117300|
first=Jagdish|
url-access=registration|
url=https://archive.org/details/freetradetoday00jagd}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati|
title=The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization|
year=2002|
publisher=MIT Press|
isbn=0-262-52327-2|
url-access=registration|
url=https://archive.org/details/windofhundredday0000bhag}}
* {{cite book|
author=James H. Mathis, Jagdish Bhagwati (Foreword)|
title=Regional Trade Agreements in the GATT/WTO: Article XXIV and the Internal Trade Requirement|
year=2002|
publisher=Norwell/TMC Asser Press|
isbn=90-6704-139-4}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish N. Bhagwati (Editor), Robert E. Hudec (Editor)|
title=Fair Trade and Harmonization, Vol. 1: Economic Analysis|
year=1996|
publisher=MIT Press|
isbn=0-262-02401-2}}
* Jagdish N. Bhagwati (editor) (1977) [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7362 ''The New International Economic Order: The North-South Debate'']. {{ISBN|0-262-52042-7}}.
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish N. Bhagwati (Editor)|
title=Economics and World Order from the 1970s to the 1990s|
year=1972|
publisher=MacMillan|
isbn=978-0029034705}}

===Articles===
* {{cite journal |author=Bhagwati, Jagdish |date = March 1964|title=The Pure Theory of International Trade: A Survey|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume= 74|issue=293 |pages=1–84 |doi=10.2307/2228112|jstor = 2228112}}
* {{cite journal |author=Bhagwati, Jagdish |date = November 1993|title=The Case for Free Trade|journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume= 269|issue=5 |pages=18–23|doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42|bibcode = 1993SciAm.269e..42B}}
* {{cite journal |author=Bhagwati, Jagdish |date=Fall 2009 | title=Feeble Critiques: Capitalism's Petty Detractors |journal=[[World Affairs]] |doi=10.3200/WAFS.172.2.36-45 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1= Bhagwati |first1=Jagdish |editor= David R. Henderson |editor-link= David R. Henderson |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Protectionism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Protectionism.html |year=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0865976658 |oclc=237794267}}

==See also==
* [[Globalization]]
* [["Spaghetti Bowl" Effect]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/ Homepage of Professor Jagdish Bhagwati], Columbia University website, accessed March 2004.
* {{C-SPAN|jagdishbhagwati}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n50-10366}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/b/jagdish_bhagwati}}

{{Globalization|state=autocollapse}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwati, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American economists]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Trade economists]]
[[Category:University of Delhi faculty]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Writers about globalization]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:41, 20 December 2021
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	\| institution = [[Columbia University]]<br>[[Indian Statistical Institute]]<br>[[Delhi School of Economics]]<br>[[MIT]]<br>[[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics\|Sydenham College]]		\| institution = [[Columbia University]]<br>[[Indian Statistical Institute]]<br>[[Delhi School of Economics]]<br>[[MIT]]<br>[[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics\|Sydenham College]]
	\| field = [[International economics]], [[globalization]], [[free trade]]		\| field = [[International economics]], [[globalization]], [[free trade]]
	\| doctoral_advisor = [[Charles P. Kindleberger]]<ref>{{cite ~~document~~\|title=Essays in international economics\|first=Jagdish N.\|last=Bhagwati\|date=11 May 1967\|hdl = 1721.1/61807}}</ref>		\| doctoral_advisor = [[Charles P. Kindleberger]]<ref>{{cite thesis\|title=Essays in international economics\|first=Jagdish N.\|last=Bhagwati\|date=11 May 1967\|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology\|hdl = 1721.1/61807\|type=Thesis}}</ref>
	\| doctoral_students = [[Gene Grossman]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://library.mit.edu/F/K213STDDRFEF7HXGRHSXVPYFID8SABYR1JJPTM35VK7YBFENGP-21980?func=full-set-set&set_number=017172&set_entry=000010&format=999\|title=PDS login\|website=library.mit.edu}}</ref>		\| doctoral_students = [[Gene Grossman]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://library.mit.edu/F/K213STDDRFEF7HXGRHSXVPYFID8SABYR1JJPTM35VK7YBFENGP-21980?func=full-set-set&set_number=017172&set_entry=000010&format=999\|title=PDS login\|website=library.mit.edu}}</ref>
	\| influences = [[Robert Solow]]		\| influences = [[Robert Solow]]
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	==Early years and personal life==		==Early years and personal life==
	Bhagwati was born in 1934, into a [[Gujarati people\|Gujarati]] family in the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj, and received a BCom from [[Sydenham College]], [[Mumbai]]. He then traveled to England to study at [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], receiving a second BA at Cambridge (in economics) in 1956. Between 1957 and 1959 he studied at [[Nuffield College, Oxford]]. He received a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1961 for a thesis titled "Essays in International Economics", supervised by [[Charles P. Kindleberger]].		Bhagwati was born in 1934, into a [[Gujarati people\|Gujarati]] family in the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj, and received a BCom from [[Sydenham College]], [[Mumbai]]. He then traveled to England to study at [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], receiving a second BA at Cambridge (in economics) in 1956. Between 1957 and 1959 he studied at [[Nuffield College, Oxford]]. He received a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1961 for a thesis titled "Essays in International Economics," supervised by [[Charles P. Kindleberger]].

	Bhagwati is married to [[Padma Desai]], also a Columbia economist and Russia-specialist; they have one daughter. He is the brother of [[Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati\|P.N. Bhagwati]], former [[Chief Justice of India]] and also of S.N. Bhagwati, an eminent neurosurgeon. Bhagwati and Desai's joint 1970 OECD study ''India: Planning for Industrialization'' was a notable contribution at the time.<ref>[http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064824/http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867\|date=November 22, 2010}}</ref>		Bhagwati is married to [[Padma Desai]], also a Columbia economist and Russia-specialist; they have one daughter. He is the brother of [[Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati\|P.N. Bhagwati]], former [[Chief Justice of India]] and also of S.N. Bhagwati, an eminent neurosurgeon. Bhagwati and Desai's joint 1970 OECD study ''India: Planning for Industrialization'' was a notable contribution at the time.<ref>[http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064824/http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867\|date=November 22, 2010}}</ref>
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	* Mahalanobis Memorial Medal of the Indian Econometric Society (1974)		* Mahalanobis Memorial Medal of the Indian Econometric Society (1974)
	* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1982)<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web\|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B\|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf\|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences\|access-date=June 25, 2011}}</ref>		* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1982)<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web\|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B\|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf\|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences\|access-date=June 25, 2011}}</ref>
			*Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1995)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=APS Member History\|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Bhagwati&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced\|access-date=2021-12-20\|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
	* Seidman Distinguished Award in International Political Economy (1998)		* Seidman Distinguished Award in International Political Economy (1998)
	* [[Padma Vibhushan]] Award (2000)		* [[Padma Vibhushan]] Award (2000)
	* Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Chamber of Commerce (2004)		* Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Chamber of Commerce (2004)
	* [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star (2006)		* [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star (2006)
			*Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Jagdish N. Bhagwati\|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3015655.html\|access-date=2021-12-20\|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>

	Other awards include the Bernhard Harms Prize (Germany), the Kenan Enterprise Award (United States), the Freedom Prize (Switzerland), and the [[John R. Commons]] Award (United States). He has also received [[honorary degrees]] from the [[University of Sussex]] and [[Erasmus University]], as well as others.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306155231/http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf\|date=March 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927094801/http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/\|date=September 27, 2006}}</ref>		Other awards include the Bernhard Harms Prize (Germany), the Kenan Enterprise Award (United States), the Freedom Prize (Switzerland), and the [[John R. Commons]] Award (United States). He has also received [[honorary degrees]] from the [[University of Sussex]] and [[Erasmus University]], as well as others.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306155231/http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf\|date=March 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927094801/http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/\|date=September 27, 2006}}</ref>
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	[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]		[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
	[[Category:Indian academics]]		[[Category:Indian academics]]
			[[Category:International economists]]
	[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni]]		[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni]]
	[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]		[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]