Ittar - Revision history

Vikidge: expanded content

2023-07-22T17:17:47Z

expanded content

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-{{for|attar of roses|rose oil}}
+#REDIRECT [[Attar]]
-[[File:Camel skin Perfume Bottles from Kannauj.jpg|thumb|Camel skin perfume bottles from [[Kannauj]]. The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)]]
+{{Redirect category shell|
-'''Ittar''', also known as '''attar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical or other natural sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The Persian physician
+{{R from move}}
-[[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&q=attar+perfume+muslim&pg=PA70|title=Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance|last1=Essa|first1=Ahmed|last2=Ali|first2=Othman|date=2010|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)|isbn=9781565643505|language=en|page=70}}</ref> Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as ittars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged. The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. Technically ittars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still ({{transl|hi|deg}}) and receiving vessel ({{transl|hi|bhapka}}). These techniques are still in use today at [[Kannauj]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/pix-how-mumbais-oldest-ittar-market-is-keeping-its-business-alive/20150511.htm |title=How Mumbai's oldest Ittar market is keeping its business alive |website=rediff.com |author=Mansuri, Shaheen |date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scentandspice.nl/kannauj-eng |title=Kannauj - a story in images |website=scentandspice.nl |date=29 June 2020}}</ref>
+}}

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2022-02-02T03:46:54Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 2 February 2022
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	[[File:Camel skin Perfume Bottles from Kannauj.jpg\|thumb\|Camel skin perfume bottles from [[Kannauj]]. The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)]]		[[File:Camel skin Perfume Bottles from Kannauj.jpg\|thumb\|Camel skin perfume bottles from [[Kannauj]]. The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)]]
	'''Ittar''', also known as '''attar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The Persian physician		'''Ittar''', also known as '''attar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical or other natural sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The Persian physician
	[[Avicenna\|Ibn Sina]] was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&~~pg=PA70&dq~~=attar+perfume+muslim~~#v=onepage~~&q=~~attar%20perfume%20muslim&f=false~~\|title=Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance\|~~last~~=Essa\|~~first~~=Ahmed\|last2=Ali\|first2=Othman\|date=2010\|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)\|isbn=9781565643505\|language=en\|page=70}}</ref> Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as ittars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged. The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. Technically ittars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still (''deg'') and receiving vessel (''bhapka''). These techniques are still in use today at [[Kannauj]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/pix-how-mumbais-oldest-ittar-market-is-keeping-its-business-alive/20150511.htm \|title=How Mumbai's oldest Ittar market is keeping its business alive \|website=rediff.com \|author=Mansuri, Shaheen \|date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.scentandspice.nl/kannauj-eng \|title=Kannauj - a story in images \|website=scentandspice.nl \|date=29 June 2020}}</ref>		[[Avicenna\|Ibn Sina]] was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&q=attar+perfume+muslim&pg=PA70\|title=Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance\|last1=Essa\|first1=Ahmed\|last2=Ali\|first2=Othman\|date=2010\|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)\|isbn=9781565643505\|language=en\|page=70}}</ref> Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as ittars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged. The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. Technically ittars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still ({{transl\|hi\|deg}}) and receiving vessel ({{transl\|hi\|bhapka}}). These techniques are still in use today at [[Kannauj]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/pix-how-mumbais-oldest-ittar-market-is-keeping-its-business-alive/20150511.htm \|title=How Mumbai's oldest Ittar market is keeping its business alive \|website=rediff.com \|author=Mansuri, Shaheen \|date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.scentandspice.nl/kannauj-eng \|title=Kannauj - a story in images \|website=scentandspice.nl \|date=29 June 2020}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	The word 'attar', 'ittar' or 'itra' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word ''itir'', meaning 'perfume',<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Singh\|first1=Nagendra Kr\|last2=Mabud Khan\|first2=Abdul\|title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Volume 1\|date=2001\|publisher=Global Vision Pub House\|page=89}}</ref> which is in turn derived from the [[Arabic]] word ~~''<nowiki/>~~'itr'' (عطر).<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Supriya Kumar \|first1=Bhattacharjee \|title=The complete book of roses \|date=2010 \|publisher=aavishkar publishers distributors \|page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|title=Aramco World \|journal=Aramco \|date=1997 \|volume=48-49 \|page=47}}</ref>		The word 'attar', 'ittar' or 'itra' is believed to have been derived from the [[Persian language\|Persian]] word {{transl\|fa\|itir}}, meaning 'perfume',<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Singh\|first1=Nagendra Kr\|last2=Mabud Khan\|first2=Abdul\|title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Volume 1\|date=2001\|publisher=Global Vision Pub House\|page=89}}</ref> which is in turn derived from the [[Arabic]] word {{transl\|ar\|'itr}} ({{lang\|ar\|عطر}}).<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Supriya Kumar \|first1=Bhattacharjee \|title=The complete book of roses \|date=2010 \|publisher=aavishkar publishers distributors \|page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|title=Aramco World \|journal=Aramco \|date=1997 \|volume=48-49 \|page=47}}</ref>

	The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188–1248), an [[Al-Andalus]]ian (Muslim-controlled Spain) [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book \|first= M.Th. \|last= Houtsma \|title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 \|volume= 4 \|year= 1993 \|publisher= [[Brill Publishers\|Brill]] \|isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 \|pages=1011– }}</ref>		The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188–1248), an [[Al-Andalus]]ian (Muslim-controlled Spain) [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book \|first= M.Th. \|last= Houtsma \|title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 \|volume= 4 \|year= 1993 \|publisher= [[Brill Publishers\|Brill]] \|isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 \|pages=1011– }}</ref>

	The [[Egyptians]] were famous for producing [[perfumes]] throughout the ancient world. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais<ref>		The [[Egyptians]] were famous for producing [[perfumes]] throughout the ancient world. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais,<ref>{{cite web\|title=IBN SINA (AVICENNA)\|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/\|website=muslimphilosophy\|access-date=1 June 2001}}</ref> a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. He was referred to as [[Avicenna\|Abi Ali al Sina]]. He was among the first people to come with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances.<ref name="The life of Ibn Sina">{{cite book

	{{cite web\|title=IBN SINA (AVICENNA)\|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/\|website=muslimphilosophy\|access-date=1 June 2001}}</ref> a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. He was referred to as [[Avicenna\|Abi Ali al Sina]]. He was among the first people to come with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances.<ref name="The life of Ibn Sina">{{cite book
	\|author=William, Gohlman\|title=The life of Ibn Sina\|publisher=Institute of the History of Medicine Books\|location=New York\|year=1974\|pages=163\|isbn=087395226X}}</ref> Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses.<ref name="Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt">{{cite book		\|author=William, Gohlman\|title=The life of Ibn Sina\|publisher=Institute of the History of Medicine Books\|location=New York\|year=1974\|pages=163\|isbn=087395226X}}</ref> Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses.<ref name="Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt">{{cite book
	\|author=EL-SHIMY, Mohamed\|title=Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt\|publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquity Zamalek Cairo Egypt\|location=Cairo\|year=2003\|pages=117\|isbn=978-94-010-0193-9}}</ref>		\|author=EL-SHIMY, Mohamed\|title=Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt\|publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquity Zamalek Cairo Egypt\|location=Cairo\|year=2003\|pages=117\|isbn=978-94-010-0193-9}}</ref>

	In [[Yemen]], a special variety of ~~Attar~~ was introduced by [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]], the Yemeni Queen. This type of Attar was prepared from mountainous [[flowers]] and given as a gift to the monarchs of Arabia.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=SAMER\|first1=TRABOULSI\|title=THE QUEEN WAS ACTUALLY A MAN: ARWË BINT AîMAD AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGION\|date=2003\|citeseerx=10.1.1.605.9419}}</ref>		In [[Yemen]], a special variety of ittar was introduced by [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]], the Yemeni Queen. This type of Attar was prepared from mountainous [[flowers]] and given as a gift to the monarchs of Arabia.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=SAMER\|first1=TRABOULSI\|title=THE QUEEN WAS ACTUALLY A MAN: ARWË BINT AîMAD AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGION\|date=2003\|citeseerx=10.1.1.605.9419}}</ref>

	[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak\|Abul Fazal Faizee]]<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Monideepa\|first1=Chatterjee\|title=Chronicles Of The Chronicler : Abul Fazal And 'His' Akbarnama\|url=https://www.academia.edu/6977377\|date=1983}}</ref> gives another verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. The [[Bark (botany)\|barks]] that were used in Akbar's time according to [[Faizee]] were [[~~Aloe~~]], ~~Sandal~~, and [[~~Cinnamon~~]]. Animal substances such as [[~~Myrrh~~]], ~~Musk~~, and ~~Anbar~~ were used along with roots of special trees and a few other spices. The ruler of Awadh, [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] used to prepare fountains of ~~Attar~~ around his bedroom. These fountains would create a very pleasant fragrant and romantic atmosphere by functioning continuously.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Qazi Dr\|first1=Shaikh Abbas Borhany\|title=The Medicinal uses of attar\|url=http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51311b5d55ca8.pdf\|date=April 1, 2006}}</ref>		[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak\|Abul Fazal Faizee]]<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Monideepa\|first1=Chatterjee\|title=Chronicles Of The Chronicler : Abul Fazal And 'His' Akbarnama\|url=https://www.academia.edu/6977377\|date=1983}}</ref> gives another verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. The [[Bark (botany)\|barks]] that were used in Akbar's time according to [[Faizee]] were [[aloe]], [[sandalwood]], and [[cinnamon]]. Animal substances such as [[myrrh]], musk, and anbar were used along with roots of special trees and a few other spices. The ruler of Awadh, [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] used to prepare fountains of ittar around his bedroom. These fountains would create a very pleasant fragrant and romantic atmosphere by functioning continuously.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Qazi Dr\|first1=Shaikh Abbas Borhany\|title=The Medicinal uses of attar\|url=http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51311b5d55ca8.pdf\|date=April 1, 2006}}</ref>

	==Uses and types==		==Uses and types==
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	===Musk===		===Musk===
	[[Musk]] is a class of aromatic compound produced by "Moschus moschiferus", a rare species of the male deer found in the [[~~Himalaya~~]]. The substance used in creating ~~Musk~~ can only be produced by a mature male Moschus, and the process of acquiring it involves killing the deer. As such, its demand has led to the endangerment of most musk deer species, which in turn has aided the rise of synthetic musk, known as 'white musk'.{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}}		[[Musk]] is a class of aromatic compound produced by ''[[Moschus moschiferus]]'', a rare species of the male deer found in the [[Himalayas]]. The substance used in creating musk can only be produced by a mature male Moschus, and the process of acquiring it involves killing the deer. As such, its demand has led to the endangerment of most musk deer species, which in turn has aided the rise of synthetic musk, known as 'white musk'.{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}}

	Natural musk is commonly mixed with medicines and confectionary. Purported medicinal benefits<ref name="THE USES OF MUSK AND EUROPE ROLE IN ITS TRADE">{{cite book		Natural musk is commonly mixed with medicines and confectionary. Purported medicinal benefits<ref name="THE USES OF MUSK AND EUROPE ROLE IN ITS TRADE">{{cite book
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	===Ambergris===		===Ambergris===
	[[Ambergris]], also known as Anbar, is a waxy substance excreted by the [[sperm whale]] and retrieved from beaches and the sea. It is thought to have been used by humans for at least 1,000 years, and has a musky aroma. Ambrein, an alcohol used as a scent preservative, is extracted from ambergris.<ref>https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-ambergris.html</ref>		[[Ambergris]], also known as Anbar, is a waxy substance excreted by the [[sperm whale]] and retrieved from beaches and the sea. It is thought to have been used by humans for at least 1,000 years, and has a musky aroma. Ambrein, an alcohol used as a scent preservative, is extracted from ambergris.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-ambergris.html\|title = What is ambergris?}}</ref>

	==Spirituality ~~& Religion~~==		==Spirituality and religion==
	For ~~thousands~~ of years, ittars were considered in some societies to be something that attracted angels and warded off evil spirits. ~~Saints~~ and spiritual aspirants would adorn themselves with these scents to assist them in their journey towards enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=de Souza\|first1=Marian\|last2=Bone\|first2=Jane\|last3=Watson\|first3=Jacqueline\|title=Spirituality across Disciplines: Research and Practice\|date=2016\|publisher=Springer\|page=36\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OYWQDAAAQBAJ&dq=attar+research\|access-date=2 May 2017\|isbn=9783319313801}}</ref>		For hundreds of years, ittars were considered in some societies,mainly in Islamic cultural folk to be something that attracted angels and warded off evil spirits. Sufi saints and spiritual aspirants would adorn themselves with these scents to assist them in their journey towards enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=de Souza\|first1=Marian\|last2=Bone\|first2=Jane\|last3=Watson\|first3=Jacqueline\|title=Spirituality across Disciplines: Research and Practice\|date=2016\|publisher=Springer\|page=36\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYWQDAAAQBAJ&q=attar+research\|access-date=2 May 2017\|isbn=9783319313801}}</ref>

	The different sects of Hinduism worship deities through household and temple offerings. Ittars are commonly used within the incense and food used as offerings.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Why are puja articles arranged in specific five layers?\|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/article/why-are-puja-articles-arranged-in-specific-five-layers.html\|website=Hindu Jagruti\|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>		The different sects of Hinduism worship deities through household and temple offerings and Sufis in Islamic shrines and sacred khanqah's. Ittars are commonly used within the incense and food used as offerings.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Why are puja articles arranged in specific five layers?\|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/article/why-are-puja-articles-arranged-in-specific-five-layers.html\|website=Hindu Jagruti\|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

117.102.62.94 at 15:41, 9 May 2021

2021-05-09T15:41:46Z

New page

{{for|attar of roses|rose oil}}
{{short description|Types of essential oils}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}

[[File:Camel skin Perfume Bottles from Kannauj.jpg|thumb|Camel skin perfume bottles from [[Kannauj]]. The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)]]
'''Ittar''', also known as '''attar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The Persian physician
[[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&pg=PA70&dq=attar+perfume+muslim#v=onepage&q=attar%20perfume%20muslim&f=false|title=Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance|last=Essa|first=Ahmed|last2=Ali|first2=Othman|date=2010|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)|isbn=9781565643505|language=en|page=70}}</ref> Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as ittars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged. The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. Technically ittars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still (''deg'') and receiving vessel (''bhapka''). These techniques are still in use today at [[Kannauj]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/pix-how-mumbais-oldest-ittar-market-is-keeping-its-business-alive/20150511.htm |title=How Mumbai's oldest Ittar market is keeping its business alive |website=rediff.com |author=Mansuri, Shaheen |date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scentandspice.nl/kannauj-eng |title=Kannauj - a story in images |website=scentandspice.nl |date=29 June 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The word 'attar', 'ittar' or 'itra' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word ''itir'', meaning 'perfume',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Nagendra Kr|last2=Mabud Khan|first2=Abdul|title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|page=89}}</ref> which is in turn derived from the [[Arabic]] word ''<nowiki/>'itr'' (عطر).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Supriya Kumar |first1=Bhattacharjee |title=The complete book of roses |date=2010 |publisher=aavishkar publishers distributors |page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Aramco World |journal=Aramco |date=1997 |volume=48-49 |page=47}}</ref>

The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188–1248), an [[Al-Andalus]]ian (Muslim-controlled Spain) [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book |first= M.Th. |last= Houtsma |title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |volume= 4 |year= 1993 |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 |pages=1011– }}</ref>

The [[Egyptians]] were famous for producing [[perfumes]] throughout the ancient world. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais<ref>

{{cite web|title=IBN SINA (AVICENNA)|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/|website=muslimphilosophy|access-date=1 June 2001}}</ref> a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. He was referred to as [[Avicenna|Abi Ali al Sina]]. He was among the first people to come with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances.<ref name="The life of Ibn Sina">{{cite book
|author=William, Gohlman|title=The life of Ibn Sina|publisher=Institute of the History of Medicine Books|location=New York|year=1974|pages=163|isbn=087395226X}}</ref> Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses.<ref name="Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt">{{cite book
|author=EL-SHIMY, Mohamed|title=Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt|publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquity Zamalek Cairo Egypt|location=Cairo|year=2003|pages=117|isbn=978-94-010-0193-9}}</ref>

In [[Yemen]], a special variety of Attar was introduced by [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]], the Yemeni Queen. This type of Attar was prepared from mountainous [[flowers]] and given as a gift to the monarchs of Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=SAMER|first1=TRABOULSI|title=THE QUEEN WAS ACTUALLY A MAN: ARWË BINT AîMAD AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGION|date=2003|citeseerx=10.1.1.605.9419}}</ref>

[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal Faizee]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Monideepa|first1=Chatterjee|title=Chronicles Of The Chronicler : Abul Fazal And 'His' Akbarnama|url=https://www.academia.edu/6977377|date=1983}}</ref> gives another verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. The [[Bark (botany)|barks]] that were used in Akbar's time according to [[Faizee]] were [[Aloe]], Sandal, and [[Cinnamon]]. Animal substances such as [[Myrrh]], Musk, and Anbar were used along with roots of special trees and a few other spices. The ruler of Awadh, [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] used to prepare fountains of Attar around his bedroom. These fountains would create a very pleasant fragrant and romantic atmosphere by functioning continuously.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Qazi Dr|first1=Shaikh Abbas Borhany|title=The Medicinal uses of attar|url=http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51311b5d55ca8.pdf|date=April 1, 2006}}</ref>

==Uses and types==
Ittars are generally classified based on their perceived effect on the body. 'Warm' ittars such as musk, amber and kesar (saffron) are used in winter, as they are believed to increase body temperature. Likewise, 'cool' ittars such as rose, jasmine, khus, [[kewda]] and mogra are used in summers for their perceived cooling effect on the body.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Umanadh|first1=J B S|title=Adding fragrance to festival|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/272572/adding-fragrance-festival.html|date=Aug 19, 2012}}</ref>

Although ittars are mostly used as a perfume, they are also used for medicinal and aphrodisiacal purposes.<ref name="Attar">{{cite web|url=https://www.agarscentsbazaar.com/blogs/news/short-history-of-attar|title=Short History of Attar|publisher=Agarscents Bazaar|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>{{better source|date=April 2020}}

===Musk===
[[Musk]] is a class of aromatic compound produced by "Moschus moschiferus", a rare species of the male deer found in the [[Himalaya]]. The substance used in creating Musk can only be produced by a mature male Moschus, and the process of acquiring it involves killing the deer. As such, its demand has led to the endangerment of most musk deer species, which in turn has aided the rise of synthetic musk, known as 'white musk'.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Natural musk is commonly mixed with medicines and confectionary. Purported medicinal benefits<ref name="THE USES OF MUSK AND EUROPE ROLE IN ITS TRADE">{{cite book
|author=Traffic, Europ|title=THE USES OF MUSK AND EUROPE ROLE IN ITS TRADE|publisher=WWF–World|location=Brussels|year=1999|pages=56}}</ref> range from working as an antivenom and strengthening organs.<ref name="The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry">{{cite book
|author=Sommer, Cornelia|title=The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry|publisher=The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry|location=Germany|year=2004|pages=150|isbn=978-3-540-47900-0}}</ref>

===Ambergris===
[[Ambergris]], also known as Anbar, is a waxy substance excreted by the [[sperm whale]] and retrieved from beaches and the sea. It is thought to have been used by humans for at least 1,000 years, and has a musky aroma. Ambrein, an alcohol used as a scent preservative, is extracted from ambergris.<ref>https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-ambergris.html</ref>

==Spirituality & Religion==
For thousands of years, ittars were considered in some societies to be something that attracted angels and warded off evil spirits. Saints and spiritual aspirants would adorn themselves with these scents to assist them in their journey towards enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Souza|first1=Marian|last2=Bone|first2=Jane|last3=Watson|first3=Jacqueline|title=Spirituality across Disciplines: Research and Practice|date=2016|publisher=Springer|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OYWQDAAAQBAJ&dq=attar+research|access-date=2 May 2017|isbn=9783319313801}}</ref>

The different sects of Hinduism worship deities through household and temple offerings. Ittars are commonly used within the incense and food used as offerings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why are puja articles arranged in specific five layers?|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/article/why-are-puja-articles-arranged-in-specific-five-layers.html|website=Hindu Jagruti|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Attar of roses]]
*[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]
*[[Charaka Samhita]]
*[[Essential oil]]
*[[Kannauj Perfume]]
*[[List of essential oils]]
*[[Varahamihira]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Chemical Industries in India by ''H. E. Watson'' Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Volume 18, Issue 7, Year 1926, Pages 748 - 752.
*Buchanan's account of the manufacture of rose-water and other perfumes at Patna in A.D. 1811 and its bearing on the history of Indian perfumery industry, by ''P. K. Gode'', New Indian Antiquary 7, 181–185; also in: SICH I (1961), 36–42, Year 1946.
*Studies in the history of Indian cosmetics and perfumery: Notes on the history of the rose, rose-water and attar of roses—Between B.C. 500 and A.D. 1850 by ''P. K. Gode'', New Indian Antiquary 8, 107–119; also in: SICH I (1961), 15–35 Year 1946.
*Studies in Indian Cultural History, by ''P.K.Gode'', Vol. I, Year 1961, Hoshiarpur.
*A useful pathological condition of wood by ''M. Jalaluddin'' Economic Botany, Volume 31, Issue 2, April 1977, Pages 222–224.
*Perfumery in ancient India by ''Krishnamurthy R'' Indian J Hist Sci., Volume 22, Issue 1, Jan 1987, Pages 71–79.
*Attars of India – A Unique Aroma by ''J. N. Kapoor'' Perfumer & Flavorist Jan/Feb 1991, Pages 21–24.
*Indian attars by ''Christopher Mcmohan'' International Journal of Aromatherapy, Volume 7, Issue 4, Year 1996, Pages 10–13.
*India Where Attars Originated by ''Omprakash Yemul'' India Perspectives, March 2004 Page 40.
*Traditional system for the production of kewda essential oil and attar by ''D K Mohapatra & S Sahoo'' Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge, Vol 6(3), July 2007 Pages 399–402.
*Traditional method of Chuli oil extraction in Ladakh by ''Deepa H Dwivedi & Sanjai K Dwivedi'' Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge, Vol 6(3), July 2007, Pages 403–405.
*Ecology and traditional technology of screw pine perfume industry in coastal Orissa by ''Deenabandhu Sahu & Malaya Kumar Misra'' Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge, Vol 6(3), July 2007.
*Kewda Perfume Industry in India 1 by ''P. K. Dutta, H. O. Saxena and M. Brahmam'' Economic Botany, Vol 41(3), July 1987, Pages 403–410.
*Rose cultivation for Attar production in Bulgaria [manufacturing of Scent] by ''Rai B.'' Indian Horticulture (India) Vol 29(4), Mar 1985, Pages 13–18.
*Material that is old and new (No.28). Present and past of perfumeby ''OE HIDEFUSA'' Expected Materials for the Future Volume 3, No 5, Year 2003, Pages 66–71.
*Parisrut the earliest distilled liquor of Vedic times or of about 1500 B.C. by ''Mahdihassan S.'' Indian J Hist Sci. volume 16 Issue 2, Nov 1981, Pages 223–229.
*A brief history of Indian alchemy covering pre-Vedic to Vedic and Ayurvedic period (circa 400 B.C.-800 A.D.). by ''Ali M.'' Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad Volume 23, Issue 2, Jul 1993, Pages 151 - 166.
*Indian Alchemy: its Origin and Ramifications. In Chemistry and Chemical Techniques in India (Ed.) Subbarayappa, B.V., Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations Year 1999.
*History of Chemistry and Alchemy in India from Pre-historic to Pre- Modern Times. In History of Indian Science and Technology an Culture AD 1000–1800 (Ed) A. Rahman. Year 1998. Oxford.
*Preparation and Testing of Perfume as described in Brhatsamhita Sachin A Mandavgane, P P Holey and J Y Deopujari ''Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge'' Vol 8(2), April 2009 Page 275–277.
*Dragoco Report. Dr Paolo Rovesti. Year 1975.

[[Category:Perfumes]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]