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'''Ines G. Županov''' (born 1955) is a [[Croats|Croatian]] [[historian]] and [[Indology|Indologist]]. She is a director of the ''Centre d’études de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud'' and a research fellow at the [[CNRS]], Paris.

She is known for her investigation of [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious interactions in [[South Asia]]. In particular, she has researched the Jesuit missions in [[Portuguese India]], their efforts to translate religious texts into local languages and the resultant linguistic and social transformations of the Indians.

==Life==
Ines G. Županov was born in [[Zagreb]], [[Yugoslavia]], in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/en/fellows/fellowfinder/detail/2003-zupanov-ines/|title=Ines Zupanov, Ph.D.|publisher=[[Berlin Institute for Advanced Study]]|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> She graduated from the [[University of Zagreb]] with a degree in comparative literature and Indology in 1979. Her master's (1986) and doctoral degrees (1991) were from the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name=bochum>{{cite web|publisher=Centre for Religious Studies, Ruhr University Bochum|url=https://ceres.rub.de/en/people/ines-g-zupanov/|title=Prof. Dr. Ines G. Zupanov|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

==Research==
===Evangelism in India===
Županov has suggested that Portuguese missionaries felt that there was an intrinsic geographical character to India that resisted [[evangelism]] and led to [[paganism]]. This resistance also contaminated European Christians and caused the meanings of the [[gospels]] to be inverted.{{sfn|Aranha|2010|page=83}}

She showed that 16th century [[Jesuit missions]] in India adopted a calibrated approach to the [[Conversion (religion)|conversion]] of Indians to [[Christianity]]. Instead of a complete conversion to "European" Christianity, they first translated, with Indian interpreters, key texts into local languages. They abandoned an insistence on proselytising and sermonising in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], instead encouraging the administration of [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] in Tamil. This established a society of Indian believers who were then able to organise and fund religious charities and practices, thereby indigenising the faith.{{sfn|Mills|Grafton|2003|pages=xii-xiii}} Ironically, the translation of Christian works into Tamil by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] and their interpreters included the rejection of colonial policies. The Jesuits' efforts caused a gradual revolt against the [[Portuguese language]] and, eventually, against Portuguese Christian domination.{{sfn|Mills|Grafton|2003|pages=xv}}

One of the "accommodative" Jesuit missions was that of [[Roberto de Nobili]], whose evangelism extended deep into the Tamil country. Among his efforts was the attempt to remove the stigmatic name ''Parangi'' given by the Tamilians to the Europeans and their converts, a word that originated from ''farangi'' (meaning "foreign") but also given to low-caste people for their habit of drinking alcohol.{{sfn|Mills|Grafton|2003|page=134}} While the Jesuits strove to evangelise on the basis of "kinship, friendship, and locality", they did so by hiding [[Hinduism|Hindu]] signs within Christian ones; Nobili went further by pretending that [[Hindu rites]] were secular and thus not a religious threat to a converted Christian. However, this caused consternation in the [[Catholic Church|Catholic church's]] hierarchy in Europe, which feared that the Indian [[Catholicism]] was becoming contaminated.{{sfn|Pillai|2017|page=170}} Initially, such accommodative practices were approved by the Church, but were outlawed on the basis of [[sacrilege]] in 1703.{{sfn|Pillai|2017|page=172}}

===Tamil linguistics===
[[Jesuit missionaries]] began to make close investigations of south Indian languages in the sixteenth century. They determined that Tamil fitted sufficiently into the Latin and Greek linguistic model such that they were able to analyse and teach it using their standard methodology. The ''Cartilha'', published in 1554, compared the syntactic structures of Portuguese and Tamil. The authors found that Tamil was distant enough from the Classical languages that, according to Županov, the Portuguese consigned it and Tamil culture to a "barbarian" (or uncivilised) state, with an impoverished vocabulary. This view has been countered by others, suggesting that "outlandish" or "exotic" might be a better interpretation, as even dialectical differences from the standard were often called "barbarous".{{sfn|James|2010|page=2}}

By 1717, however, the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] evangelist and linguist [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] was to claim Tamil was ''peculiar'', in the sense of ''distinctive'', because its grammatical conjugation and declension was regular, and in terms of vocabulary, on par with [[Latin]]. This corresponds to Županov's assessment of another [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], [[Henrique Henriques]],{{sfn|James|2010|page=4}} who had compiled a Tamil grammar ''Arte da Lingua Malabar'' in 1549. {{sfn|James|2010|page=3}}

==Books==

* {{cite book|title=Catholic Orientalism – Portuguese Empire, Indian Knowledge (16th-18th c.)|author1=Ines G. Županov|author2=Ângela Barreto Xavier|publisher=Oxford University |location=New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=9780199452675}}
* {{cite book|title=Missionary Tropics – The Catholic Frontier in India (16th-17th centuries)|author1=Ines G. Županov|publisher=University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor|year=2005|isbn=9780472114900}}
* {{cite book|title=Disputed Mission – Jesuit Experiments and Brahmanical Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century India|author1=Ines G. Županov|publisher=Oxford University |location=New Delhi|year= 1999|isbn=9780195650532}}

== Citations ==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Aranha|first=Paolo|year=2010|title="Glocal" conflicts: Missionary controversies on the Coromandel Coast between the XVII and XVIII centuries|doi=10.17613/M68P75|encyclopedia=Evangelizzazione e Globalizzazione: Le missioni gesuitiche nellétà moderna tra storia e storiografia|publisher=Humanities Commons|isbn=978-88-534-3423-4|editor1=Michela Catto|editor2= Guido Mongini|editor3=Silvia Mostaccio}}
* {{cite journal|title=The 'classical' construction of Tamil morphology in the eyes of the earliest European missionary grammarians|first=Gregory|last=James|url=https://www.academia.edu/9942817|year=2010}}{{dead link|date=April 2021}}
* {{cite book|author1-first=Kenneth|author1-last= Mills|author2-first=Anthony |author2-last=Grafton|title=Conversion: Old Worlds and New|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RcEgyRj8NoC|year=2003|publisher=University of Rochester|isbn=978-1-58046-123-8}}
* {{cite journal|title=Modern Asian ecclesiastical interconnections: Catholic Tamil Nadu and its diaspora in Malaysia|doi=10.1111/taja.12232|first=Shanthini|last=Pillai|year=2017|journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=165–179}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ineszupanov.com/ Ines G. Županov]

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[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Croatian historians]]
[[Category:University of Zagreb alumni]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:Women historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Zagreb]]

Ines G. Županov - Revision history

>ThurstonMitchell: removed Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni; added Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni using HotCat