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			{{short description\|1889 novel by O. Chandu Menon}}
	{{about\|a [[social novel]] in [[Malayalam]]\|other uses\|Indulekha (disambiguation)}}		{{about\|a [[social novel]] in [[Malayalam]]\|other uses\|Indulekha (disambiguation)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
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	\| native_external_host = [[Internet Archive]]		\| native_external_host = [[Internet Archive]]
	}}		}}
	'''''Indulekha''''' is a [[Malayalam]] novel written by [[Oyyarathu Chandu Menon\|O. Chandu Menon]]. Published in 1889, it was the first major novel in Malayalam language. It was a landmark in the history of [[Malayalam literature]] and initiated novel as a new flourishing genre.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700011403.htm "Voice of rebellion"]</ref> The novel is about a beautiful, well educated lady of a [[Nair]] [[tharavad]].		'''''Indulekha''''' is a [[Malayalam]] novel written by [[Oyyarathu Chandu Menon\|O. Chandu Menon]]. Published in 1889, it was the first major novel in the Malayalam language. It was a landmark in the history of [[Malayalam literature]] and initiated the novel as a new flourishing genre.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700011403.htm "Voice of rebellion"]</ref> The novel is about a beautiful, well-educated lady of a [[Nair]] [[tharavad]].

	==Background==		==Background==
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	==2014 research findings==		==2014 research findings==
	[[File:CiXIV270.pdf\|thumb\|border\|right\|middle\|240px\|link=\|alt=\|page=5\|lang=Langtag\|Title page of second edition (1890)]]		[[File:CiXIV270.pdf\|thumb\|border\|right\|middle\|240px\|link=\|alt=\|page=5\|lang=Langtag\|Title page of second edition (1890)]]
	In 2014 April, literary critics Dr. [[P. K. Rajasekharan]] and Dr. P. Venugopalan, published a well accepted research finding in ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'', according to which the available version of the novel is a revised and edited version of the original one. According to the findings, the original novel which made a strong advocacy for [[women's empowerment]] was mercilessly edited and those who published the book in later years chopped off many such portions. The last chapter (chapter 20) was the most edited one. Ravi Deecee, publisher, [[D C Books]], after corresponding with the British Library in London for over two years and browsing through the rare collections for days have sourced the particular edition to the library, which was made available to the respective critics.<ref>http://www.dcbooks.com/corrected-version-of-indulekha-released.html</ref><ref name=PKRajasekharan/><ref>{{cite web \| url=http://ml.sayahna.org/index.php/Revised_Indulekha \| title=Revised Indulekha \| publisher=Sayahna.org \| date=14 April 2014}}</ref>		In 2014 April, literary critics Dr. [[P. K. Rajasekharan]] and Dr. P. Venugopalan, published a well accepted research finding in ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'', according to which the available version of the novel is a revised and edited version of the original one. According to the findings, the original novel which made a strong advocacy for [[women's empowerment]] was mercilessly edited and those who published the book in later years chopped off many such portions. The last chapter (chapter 20) was the most edited one. Ravi Deecee, publisher, [[D C Books]], after corresponding with the British Library in London for over two years and browsing through the rare collections for days have sourced the particular edition to the library, which was made available to the respective critics.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/corrected-version-of-indulekha-released.html \|title=Corrected Version of Indulekha Released \|website=www.dcbooks.com \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617183552/http://www.dcbooks.com/corrected-version-of-indulekha-released.html \|archive-date=2014-06-17}} </ref><ref name=PKRajasekharan/><ref>{{cite web \| url=http://ml.sayahna.org/index.php/Revised_Indulekha \| title=Revised Indulekha \| publisher=Sayahna.org \| date=14 April 2014}}</ref>

	==Publication history==		==Publication history==

>Harithvh: Image Update of second edition

2021-02-05T22:38:32Z

Image Update of second edition

New page

{{about|a [[social novel]] in [[Malayalam]]|other uses|Indulekha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = <nowiki>Indulekha</nowiki>
| title_orig = ഇന്ദുലെഖാ
| image = Indulekha 1889.jpg
| alt = The title page of 1889 edition of Indulekha
| image_size = 250
| caption = The title page of first edition.
| author = [[Oyyarathu Chandu Menon|O. Chandu Menon]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| orig_lang_code = ml
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = Author {{smaller|(1889)}}
| publisher2 = {{smaller|Educational & General Book Depot. Kozhikode (1890)}}
| release_date = 9 December 1889
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 498
| native_external_url = https://archive.org/details/1889IndulekhaEdition1
| native_external_host = [[Internet Archive]]
}}
'''''Indulekha''''' is a [[Malayalam]] novel written by [[Oyyarathu Chandu Menon|O. Chandu Menon]]. Published in 1889, it was the first major novel in Malayalam language. It was a landmark in the history of [[Malayalam literature]] and initiated novel as a new flourishing genre.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700011403.htm "Voice of rebellion"]</ref> The novel is about a beautiful, well educated lady of a [[Nair]] [[tharavad]].

==Background==
The title ''Indulekha'', refers to the prodigy in this novel, a beautiful, well educated Nair lady of 20 or 22 years.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

The novel was written at a time when there was an emerging class of upper caste men (mostly Nairs) who received a Western style education, and were achieving prominent positions in British India. The period was a clash of cultures, as the educated Indians were torn between Western ideals and traditional practices. The Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, traditionally had marital relations with Nair women, known as [[Sambandham]], since only the oldest Nambudiri youth was allowed to marry a Brahmin girl. The younger sons were encouraged to have Sambandham with Nair women, in order to maintain male [[primogeniture]], since the children born from such relations belonged to their mother's family. The matriarchy practiced by the Nairs was also coming under attack during this period. Many of the Nambudiri men, though learned in Vedas and Sanskrit, had little knowledge of English and Western sciences. The novel highlights the lack of willingness of the Nambudiris to adapt to the change of times, as well as the struggle by Nair women to break out of the age-old principle of Sambandham, which had little relevance during the late 19th century.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Chandu Menon has written that he initially meant ''Indulekha'' as a translation of [[Benjamin Disraeli]]'s ''[[Henrietta Temple]]'' (1836), but, having struggled with the subtleties of an alien culture, he abandoned the project in favour of writing one on his own, depicting a similar story.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Plot summary==
Indulekha is a graceful Nair girl with good intelligence, artistic talent. She is a young and educated, knowledgeable woman with education in English and [[Sanskrit]], who is in love with a young man, Madhavan, the hero of the novel, who is also presented in ideal colours, a member of newly educated Nayar class graduated from the [[University of Madras]]. He dressed in western clothes, but at the same time he kept a long tuft of hair, according to the Nair custom. The story details how the matrilineal society of those times, encourages [[Namboothiri]]s to start a relationship with Indulekha. Indulekha promptly snubs the old Nambudiri man, but Madhavan in haste runs away from the household, to [[Bengal]]. There he makes a lot of good friends. In the end, he arrives back and is united with Indulekha. They then leave to Madras, present day [[Chennai]]. The story emphasizes inter-caste marriage.

The old Namboothiri represents the decadence of feudalism and its polygamous practices. Indulekha, the novel's educated heroine, dramatizes the resistance of a progressive Nair woman. She refuses to succumb to the oppression of the Namboothiri and marries Madhavan, who stands up to the social evils of the period.

==Characters==
* Indulekha
* Madhavan
* suri nambuthiri
* Lakshmikutti amma - the mother of Indulekha
* Panju menon

==2014 research findings==
[[File:CiXIV270.pdf|thumb|border|right|middle|240px|link=|alt=|page=5|lang=Langtag|Title page of second edition (1890)]]
In 2014 April, literary critics Dr. [[P. K. Rajasekharan]] and Dr. P. Venugopalan, published a well accepted research finding in ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'', according to which the available version of the novel is a revised and edited version of the original one. According to the findings, the original novel which made a strong advocacy for [[women's empowerment]] was mercilessly edited and those who published the book in later years chopped off many such portions. The last chapter (chapter 20) was the most edited one. Ravi Deecee, publisher, [[D C Books]], after corresponding with the British Library in London for over two years and browsing through the rare collections for days have sourced the particular edition to the library, which was made available to the respective critics.<ref>http://www.dcbooks.com/corrected-version-of-indulekha-released.html</ref><ref name=PKRajasekharan/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ml.sayahna.org/index.php/Revised_Indulekha | title=Revised Indulekha | publisher=Sayahna.org | date=14 April 2014}}</ref>

==Publication history==
The novel was published in 1889 by 'Spectator Achukoodam'. It went out-of-print in March 1890 and the second edition was published by 'Kozhikode Educational and General Book Depot' in June 1890. The 51st edition of the novel was published in 1951 by Vidyavardhini Publishers, Trivandrum. The book entered public domain in the 1950s. The first National Book Stall (NBS) edition of the novel came in 1955. Although the previous editions of the book had variations from the original the first NBS edition was a completely revised and edited one. They went to the extent of removing the whole 18th chapter which according to noted critic [[M. P. Paul]], had badly affected the continuity of the novel. Other NBS editions however replaced the 18th chapter but many other changes they made still persist in all the available versions of the book.<ref name=PKRajasekharan>{{Cite journal |title=നഷ്ടഭാഗങ്ങൾ ചേർത്ത് ഇന്ദുലേഖ വായിക്കൂ |journal=[[Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]] |language=Malayalam |date=13–19 April 2014 |pages=8–35 |author = [[P. K. Rajasekharan|Dr. P. K. Rajasekharan]], Dr. P. Venugopalan}}</ref>

==Translations==
The first English translation was by John Willoughby Francis Dumergue, a friend of O. Chandu Menon who worked as a Malayalam translator to the Madras Government. Another translation of the novel under the title ''Crescent Moon'' by R. Leeladevi was published in 1979. A translation by Anitha Devasia was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 2005 and included in their Oxford India Paperbacks series.<ref name=PKRajasekharan/>

==Adaptations==
The first adaptation of the novel was in 1896; a play under the title ''Indulekha'' was performed by National Club at V. J. T. Hall, [[Trivandrum]]. Further performances were held at [[Madras]] (1905) and [[Calicut]] (1911).<ref name=PKRajasekharan/> In 1967, [[Kalanilayam Drama Vision|Kalanilayam Krishnan Nair]] adapted the novel into a film of the same title. The screenplay was written by [[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]] and the film starred Krishnan Nair's son Rajmohan as Madhavan and Sreekala as Indulekha.<ref name=PKRajasekharan/>

==See also==
* [[Malayalam novel]]
* [[Sarada (novel)]]
* [[Kundalatha]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|ml|ഇന്ദുലേഖ}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070529165839/http://www.mtvasudevannair.com/php/showNews.php?newsid=34&linkid=2 Novel and Short Story to the Present Day - by M T Vasudevan Nair]
* [http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700011403.htm Voice of Rebellion - a review by K. Kunhikrishnan]
* [http://srijithunni.blogspot.com/2006/03/indulekha-lives-reminisces.html A Book Review of Indulekha]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1889 novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Oyyarathu Chandu Menon]]

Indulekha (novel) - Revision history

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