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{{Short description|Extinct genus of primates}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Almost humans exhibit at ICP in Sabadell (37-2).JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''Indopithecus'' jaw at the [[Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont]] in [[Sabadell]], [[Catalonia]]
| extinct = yes
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Miocene}}
| genus = Indopithecus
| species = giganteus
| parent_authority = von Koenigswald, 1950
| authority = (Pilgrim, 1915)
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Indopithecus giganteus''''' is an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[species]] of large [[ape]] that lived in the late [[Miocene]] of the [[Siwalik Hills]] in northern [[India]]. Although frequently assigned to the more well-known genus ''[[Gigantopithecus]]'', recent authors consider it to be a distinct genus in its own right.

==Fossils and description==
''Indopithecus'' is known only from teeth and jawbones found in the late Miocene of the Siwalik Hills, India. Based on the slim [[fossil]] finds, it was a large, ground-dwelling [[herbivore]] that ate primarily [[bamboo]] and foliage. Despite the specific name, it was approximately half the length of its Chinese relative, ''[[Gigantopithecus blacki]]''.

''Indopithecus giganteus'' was originally named as a species of the European ape ''[[Dryopithecus]]'', ''D. giganteus'', by [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim]] in 1915, based on a large lower third molar, [[holotype]] '''GSI-D175'''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pilgrim, G. E. |date=1915 |title= New Siwalik Primates and their bearing on the question of the evolution of man and the Anthropoidea|journal= Records of the Geological Survey of India |volume=45|pages= 1–74}}</ref> However, George Edward Lewis in 1937 decided that Pilgrim's taxon was not congeneric with ''Dryopithecus'' and instead referred the molar to the co-eval ape ''[[Sivapithecus]] indicus''.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Lewis, G. E.|date= 1937|title= Taxonomic syllabus of Siwalik fossil anthropoids|journal= Am. J. Sci.|volume= 34|issue= 200|pages= 139–147 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s5-34.200.139 |bibcode= 1937AmJS...34..139L}}</ref> [[Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald]] in 1950 recognized ''D. giganteus'' as being distinct from ''Dryopithecus'' and ''Sivapithecus'' and erected a new genus for it, ''Indopithecus'' ("ape from India").<ref>{{cite journal |author=Koenigswald, G. Von |date=1950|title= Bemerkungen zu Dryopithecus giganteus Pilgrim|journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae|volume= 42|pages= 515–519 }}</ref> Szalay and Delson (1979) found similarities of the ''Indopithecus'' material to ''Gigantopithecus'' and synonymized the two genera, treating ''I. giganteus'' as a referred species, ''G. giganteus''.<ref>{{cite book |authors=Szalay, F. S. & Delson, E. |date=1979|title= Evolutionary history of the primates|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryhist00szalrich |url-access=registration |publisher= Academic Press, New York|isbn=9781483289250 }}</ref> However, recent authors, including David Cameron (2001, 2003), Pickford (2010), Patnaik (2014), Begun (2015), and Welker et al. (2019), have argued that ''Indopithecus'' should be treated as generically distinct in its own right.<ref name=cameron01>{{cite journal|author=Cameron, D. |date=2001|title= The taxonomic status of the Siwalik late Miocene hominid Indopithecus (= Gigantopithecus)|journal= Himalayan Geology|volume= 22|pages= 29–34 }}</ref><ref name=cameron03>{{cite journal |author=Cameron, D. |date=2003|title= A functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the late Miocene Siwalik hominid Indopithecus and the Chinese Pleistocene hominid Gigantopithecus|journal= Himalayan Geology |volume=24|pages= 19–28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Martin Pickford|title= Additions to the Dehm collection of Siwalik hominoids, Pakistan: descriptions and interpretations|journal= Zitteliana|pages= 111–125|location= Munich|date= 2010|url= https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12172582.pdf|access-date= 2019-11-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171112012036/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12172582.pdf|archive-date= 2017-11-12|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors= Patnaik, R., Cerling, T., Uno, K., & Fleagle, J. |date=2014|title= Diet and habitat of Siwalik primates Indopithecus, Sivaladapis and Theropithecus|journal= Annales Zoologici Fennici|volume= 51|issue=1/2|pages= 123–142|jstor=23737197 |doi=10.5735/086.051.0214|s2cid=84696321}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authors=David R. Begun|date= 2015|title= The Real Planet of the Apes: A New Story of Human Origins |publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691182803 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Welker, F.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Kuhlwilm, M.|display-authors=etal |date=2019|title=Enamel proteome shows that Gigantopithecus was an early diverging pongine|journal= Nature|volume=576 |issue=7786 |pages=262–265 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1728-8|pmid=31723270 |pmc=6908745 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..262W }}</ref>

''Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis'' was erected by [[Elwyn L. Simons|Elwyn LaVerne Simons]] and Chopra (1969) for paired lower jaw bones and teeth from deposits in the Siwalk Hills of [[India]] dating to approximately 6 to 9 million years ago in the [[Miocene]], specimen Chandigarh-Yale Project No. 359/68, in April 1968 found by G.E. Meyer. The specific name refers to [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur]].<ref>Simons, E. L. & ChoPra, S. R. K. (1969): Gigantopithecus (Pongidae, Hominoidea): A new species from Northern India. ''Postilla'' 138: 1–8.</ref> Szalay and Delson (1979) recognized ''G. bilaspurensis'' as indistinguishable from known remains of ''Gigantopithecus giganteus'', and synonymized the two taxa.<ref>Szalay, F. S. & Delson, E. 1979. ''Evolutionary history of the primates.'' Academic Press, New York.</ref> Although ''giganteus'' is clearly related to ''G. blacki'', Kelly (2002) and Cameron (2001, 2003) agreed with Szalay and Delson (1979) that ''bilaspurensis'' is a junior synonym of ''giganteus''.<ref>Kelley J., 2002. The hominoid radiation in Asia. pp. 369-384. In: Hartwig W.C, editor. ''The primate fossil record.'' Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: 2002.. [Google Scholar]
</ref><ref name=cameron01/><ref name=cameron03/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q79135052|from2=Q79133587}}

[[Category:Prehistoric apes]]
[[Category:Miocene primates of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1915]]

{{paleo-primate-stub}}

Indopithecus - Revision history

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