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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Trinidad and Tobago}}~~
	* [[Chutney music]]		* [[Chutney music]]
	* [[Chutney soca]]		* [[Chutney soca]]

UpdateBot at 17:36, 30 June 2022

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>Arimaboss: /* Politics */

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Politics

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{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
| flag = {{flagicon|India}} {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| image = East Indian Coolies in Trinidad - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg
| caption = Painting of Indians in Trinidad during the late 19th century.
| regions = {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}{{nbsp|2}}470,376<br/>{{small|(plurality of the population)}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter16.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=2008-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227222826/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter16.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop1 = 125,000
| ref1 = <ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7099691/IndoCaribbean-Times-December-2007|title=Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela|website=Scribd|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop2 = 100,000
| ref2 = <ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7099691/IndoCaribbean-Times-December-2007|title=Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela|website=Scribd|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop3 = 25,000
| ref3 = <ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7099691/IndoCaribbean-Times-December-2007|title=Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela|website=Scribd|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
| population = '''670,376'''
| popplace =
| rels = Majority: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]<br/>Minority: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]{{·}}[[File:AP Icon.svg|18px]] [[Christianity]]{{·}}Others
| langs = [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]]{{·}}[[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]]{{·}}[[Hinglish]]
| related = [[Indo-Caribbeans]]{{·}}[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]{{·}}[[British Indo-Caribbean people]]{{·}}[[Indo-Guyanese]]{{·}}[[Indo-Surinamese]]{{·}}[[Indo-Jamaicans]]{{·}}[[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indo-Mauritians]]{{·}}[[Indo-Fijians]]{{·}}[[Indians in South Africa]]{{·}}[[Indian people]]{{·}}The [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]
}}

'''Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians''' or ''' Indian-Trinidadians and Tobagonians''', are people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]] who are nationals of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] whose ancestors came from [[India]] and the wider [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] beginning in 1845.

Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians are a subgroup of [[Indo-Caribbeans]], which are a subgroups of the wider [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]. Generally, most Indians in Trinidad and Tobago can trace their ancestors back to [[northern India]], especially the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] and [[Awadh]] region of the [[Hindi Belt]], which lies in the Gangetic plains, a plain that is located between the [[Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers and faces the mountain ranges of the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Vindhyas]] in Northern India. However, some Indians may trace their ancestry to other parts of South Asia, notably [[South India|southern India]].

==History==
[[File:East Indian Women, Men and Children (13227675614).jpg|thumb|300px|Early Indian indentured laborers.]]
In his book ''Perspectives on the Caribbean: A Reader In Culture, History, and Representation'', Philip W. Scher cites figures by Steven Vertovec, Professor of Anthropology; Of 94,135 Indian immigrants to Trinidad, between 1874–1917, 50.7 percent were from the [[North-Western Provinces|NW]]/United Provinces (an area, which today, is largely encompassed by [[Uttar Pradesh]]), 24.4 percent hailed from the historic region of Oudh ([[Awadh]]), 13.5 percent were from [[Bihar]] and lesser numbers from various other states and regions of the Indian Subcontinent, such as [[Punjab]], [[Bengal]] and [[ Madras Presidency]] (as cited in Vertovec, 1992). Out of 134,118 indentured labourers from India, 5,000 distinguished themselves as "Madrasi" from the port of [[Madras]] and the immigrants from [[Bengal]] as "Kalkatiyas", from the city [[Kolkata]].

Indo–Trinidadian and Tobagonians has now become interchangeable with [[Indian people|Indians]] or East Indians. These were people who were escaping [[poverty in India]] and seeking employment offered by the British for jobs either as indentured labourers, workers or educated servicemen, primarily, between 1845–1917.<ref>Under colonial rule, India's population provided the British Empire with a ready source of cheap and mobile labourers. Many Indians agreed to become indentured labourers to escape the widespread poverty and famine in the 19th century. Some travelled alone; others brought their families to settle in the colonies they worked in.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm|title=Indian indentured labourers - The National Archives|website=Nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>

The demand for Indian indentured labourers increased dramatically after the abolition of slavery in 1834. They were sent, sometimes in large numbers, to plantation colonies producing high-value crops such as sugar in Africa and the Caribbean. In his book ''Finding a Place'', author, journalist, editor, and academic Kris Rampersad challenges and rejects the notion of East Indians to describe people in Indian heritage in the Caribbean and traces their migration and adaptation from hyphenated isolation inherent in the description Indo-Trinidadian or Indo-Caribbean for the unhyphenated integration into their societies as IndoTrinidadian and Indocaribbean that embraces both their ancestral and their national identities.

In Trinidad some [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Chinese men]] had [[Chindian|Chindian children]] with dark skinned Indian women of [[Tamils|Madrasee (Tamil) origin]] and it was reported that "A few children are to be met with born of Madras and Creole parents and some also of Madras and Chinese parents - the Madrasee being the mother", by the missionary John Morton in 1876, Morton noted that it seemed strange since there were more Indian men than Indian women and that Indian women would marry Chinese men, but claimed it was most likely because the Chinese could provide amenities to the women since the Chinese owned shops and they were enticed by these.<ref>{{cite book|page=14|year=2014|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|editor1=Julitta Rydlewska |editor2=Barbara Braid|title=Unity in Diversity |volume=1: Cultural Paradigm and Personal Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBVQBwAAQBAJ&q=some+also+of+madras+and+chinese+parents+the+madrasee+being+the+mother&pg=PA14|isbn=978-1443867290}} [http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/61376 Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=238|year=1995|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Nycan|author=Dennison Moore|title=Origins and Development of Racial Ideology in Trinidad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTV7AAAAMAAJ&q=being+mother|isbn=978-0968006009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=65–66|year=2014|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=NYU Press|editor1=Rebecca Chiyoko King-O'Riain |editor2=Stephen Small |editor3=Minelle Mahtani|title=Global Mixed Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0bbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|archive-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SszaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80&dq=some+also+of+madras+and+chinese+parents+the+madrasee+being+the+mother&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pRKTVZGPJoG--AGOr6Zo&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=some%20also%20of%20madras%20and%20chinese%20parents%20the%20madrasee%20being%20the%20mother&f=false|archive-date=2014|isbn=978-0814770474}}</ref> Few Chinese women migrated to Trinidad while the majority of Chinese migrants were men. The migration of Chinese to Trinidad resulted in intermarriage between them and others.<ref>{{cite book|page=54|year=2014|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=NYU Press|editor1=Rebecca Chiyoko King-O'Riain |editor2=Stephen Small |editor3=Minelle Mahtani|title=Global Mixed Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0bbAgAAQBAJ&q=chinese+men+married+indian+women+trinidad&pg=PA54|isbn=978-0814770474}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=26|year=1992|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Inprint Caribbean|edition=2|author=Adrian Curtis Bird|title=Trinidad sweet: the people, their culture, their island|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVMYAAAAYAAJ&q=They+intermarried+more+readily+into+other+ethnic+groups+and+produced+many+of+the+most+exotically+glamorous+results.+...+British+Guiana+moved+more+quickly+and+brought+over+20,000+Portuguese+into+their+territory.|isbn=978-0814770474}}</ref> Chinese in Trinidad became relatively open to having marital relations with other races and Indian women began having families with Chinese in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite book|page=95|year=2000|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated|edition=2|editor=Teresita Ang See|others=International Society for the Studies of Chinese Overseas, Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran|title=Intercultural Relations, Cultural Transformation, and Identity: The Ethnic Chinese : Selected Papers Presented at the 1998 ISSCO Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VhwAAAAMAAJ&q=In+comparison+with+the+South+Asian+Indians,+the+Chinese+attitudes+toward+interracial+marriages+or+unions+were+far+less+racially+exclusive+and+devoid+of+many+of+the+caste+taboos+of+the+Indians.+By+the+1+890s,+there+was+already+a+sizeable+mixed+Chinese+community.+As+in+Southeast+Asia,+many+Chinese+started+second+families+overseas+with+local+women,+some+of+whom+were+South+Asian+Indians,+as+well+as+with+Creole+women.|isbn=978-9718857212}}</ref> The situation on Trinidad enabled unprecedented autonomy in the sexual activities of Indian women and freedom.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reddock |first=Rhoda |date= Oct 26, 1985 |title= Freedom Denied: Indian Women and Indentureship in Trinidad and Tobago, 1845-1917 |journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume= 20 |issue= 43 |pages=WS79–WS87 nd |jstor=4374974 }}</ref> Approval of interracial marriage has slowly increased in Trinidad and Tobago and one Chinese man reported that his Indian wife did not encounter any rejection from his parents when asked in a survey. In Trinidad, Europeans and Chinese are seen as acceptable marriage partners by Indians, while marrying black men would lead to rejection of their daughters by Indian families. According to the Douglas' consciousness, there were twice as many Indian men with black women than black men with Indian women, the statistics for Chinese men are not clear since the majority of Indians were from honour killing prevalent states whereas the Tamil labourer families had more open mentalities.
Some Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians can trace their ancestry to indentured labourers who immigrated to [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent]], [[Grenada]], or other islands in the Caribbean. Many are descendants of later immigrants from [[India]].

==Religion==
{{See also|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Presbyterian Church in Trinidad and Tobago}}
According to the most recent census (2011) conducted in Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism is the religion followed by a plurality of Indo-Trinidadians. The breakdown of religious affiliation for Indo-Trinidadians is as follows<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-13 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Tn1z5PVj?url=http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> -
# [[Hinduism]] - 49.54%
# [[Islam]] - 11.64%
#[[Pentecostal]]/[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]/[[Full Gospel]] - 9.67%
# [[Roman Catholic]] - 6.48%
# Other - 5.87%
# [[Presbyterians]] - 5.68%
# None and Not Stated - 7.34%
The remaining 3.78% is made up of adherents of [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], the [[Baháʼí Faith]] and the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[Lutheranism]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Methodism|Methodist]], [[Moravian Church|Moravian]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] and [[Baptist]] denominations of [[Protestant]] [[Christianity]].

Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are represented by several sects, organizations and entities the largest of which is the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], a [[Sanātanī]] Hindu organization. Other Hindu organizations and sects include SWAHA International, [[Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Arya Samaj]], [[Chinmaya Mission]], [[Kabir panth]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]], the [[Sathya Sai Baba movement]], [[Shirdi Sai Baba movement]], [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], Seunariani (Sieunarini/Shiv Narayani), [[Aghor Yoga|Aughar (Aghor/Owghur)]], [[Kali|Kali Mai (Madrasi)]], [[Kaumaram|Murugan (Kaumaram)]], [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]], [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)]], [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda|Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement]], [[Divine Life Society]], [[Brahma Kumaris]], [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidas Panth]], and Blue Star.

The major Muslim organisation representing Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association]] (ASJA) led by Yacoob Ali. Other Islamic organizations include the Trinidad Muslim League, Darul Uloom, Ummah T&T, the Muslim Federation, and Tackveeyatul Islamic Association<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.discover-tt.net/arts_and_culture/mosques_masjid_and_muslim_organizations.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721091122/http://www.discover-tt.net/arts_and_culture/mosques_masjid_and_muslim_organizations.html |archive-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>)

==Politics==
Indo-Trinidadians have traditionally given their political support to parties opposed to the [[People's National Movement]] (PNM) which has historically been perceived as a Christian [[Afro–Trinidadian and Tobagonian|African]]-Creole party. Voting patterns amongst Indo-Trinidadians have also been dictated by religion where, for periods of time Muslim Indo-Trinidadians and Christian Indo-Trinidadians supported the PNM, as the prevailing parties for Indo-Trinidadians – the [[Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|DLP]] and [[United Labour Front|ULF]] were felt to be Hindu dominated parties. With the advent of the UNC this polarization by religion has been on the decline however its existence is still felt with the UNC fielding a Muslim candidate in every election for the San Juan/Barataria seat since 1995 owing to the presence of a large Muslim population within this district.
Notable Indo-Trinidadian politicians include:
*[[Basdeo Panday]] - 1st Prime Minister of Indo-Trinidadian descent
*[[Kamla Persad-Bissesar]] - 1st Female Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
*[[Rudranath Capildeo]] - Leader of the Opposition at the time of independence
*[[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]] - Leader of the Parliamentary wing (1958–1960)
*[[Ashford Sinanan]] - Opposition Leader, federal Parliament (1958–1961)
*[[Rudranath Capildeo]] - party leader (1960–1969)
*Stephen Maharaj - Opposition leader (1963–1965)
*[[Simbhoonath Capildeo]] - Opposition leader (1965)
*Vernon Jamadar - Opposition leader (1965–1972); party leader (1969–1972)
*[[Noor Hassanali]] - 1st Muslim Head of State in the Western Hemisphere and the 1st Muslim to hold the office of President of Trinidad and Tobago (1987-1997)

==Culture==
Indo–Trinidadian and Tobagonians have retained their distinctive heritage and culture, while also function in a multi-racial milieu. The [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]] of their ancestors have largely been lost, although a number of these words have entered the Trinidadian vernacular. [[India]]n movies, Indian music, and Indian cuisine have entered the mainstream culture of Trinidad and Tobago. [[Chutney music]] and [[chutney soca]] rivals [[Calypso music|calypso]] and [[soca music]] during the [[Carnival]] season. [[Diwali|Divali]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], and [[Indian Arrival Day]] are national holidays, and [[Holi|Phagwah]], [[Maha Shivratri]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Navratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Radhastami]], [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Jayanti]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Vivaha Panchami]], [[Guru Purnima]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Kartik Purnima|Kartik Snan]], [[Mesha Sankranti]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Tulsi Vivah]], [[Gita Jayanti]], [[Ramadan]], [[Hosay]] ([[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]), [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Islamic New Year]], and other [[Hindu holidays|Hindu]] and [[Muslim holidays]] are widely celebrated.

===Influence on Trinidad and Tobago===
The Indian–South Asian influence is very much noticeable in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as they are the largest ethnic groups in the country. [[Hindu temple|Mandirs]], [[Mosque|masijids]], jhandis ([[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[prayer flag]]s), Hindu schools, Muslim schools, [[roti]] shops and stalls, puja stores, Indian groceries/markets, clothing stores and expos dot the landscape of the country. Many businesses also bear names of Indian-South Asian origin. Many towns, settlements, villages, avenues, traces, and streets in Trinidad and Tobago are named after Indian cities and people, such as Calcutta Settlement, Madras Settlement, Delhi Settlement, Jai Ramkissoon Housing Settlement, Raghoo Village, Jaraysingh, Hasnalli, Hindustan Village, Patna Village, Gandhi Village, Kandahar Village, Cawnpore (Kanpur) Village, Nepal Village, Abdul Village, Samaroo Village, Basta Hall, Gopaul Lands, Sumadh Gardens, Mohammed Ville, [[Malabar Settlement|Malabar]], Matura (Mathura), Bangladesh, Chandanagore (Chandinagar), [[Divali Nagar]], Golconda, [[Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago|Barrackpore]], and [[Fyzabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmtt.org/index.php/information/print-resources/feature-articles/item/150-legacy-of-our-east-indian-ancestors|title=Legacy of our East Indian Ancestors, Names of Places in Trinidad of East Indian Origin - The Indian Caribbean Museum of Trinidad and Tobago|website=Icmtt.org|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> The holidays of [[Diwali]], [[Eid al-Fitr]], and [[Indian Arrival Day]] are [[Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago|national holidays in Trinidad and Tobago]]. [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]] and [[Languages of South Asia|other South Asian languages]] has had a great influence on the [[Trinidadian English]] ''[[lingua franca]]''. Most people of South Asian descent in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] also speak a unique [[Hinglish]] [[Macaronic language|macaronic dialect]] of [[Trinidadian English]] and [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]] and they incorporate more Hindustani vocabulary into their Trinidadian English dialect than other ethnic groups in the country.

==Notable persons==
{{Main|List of Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians}}

==See also==
* [[Chutney music]]
* [[Chutney soca]]
* [[History of Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Indian Arrival Day]]
* [[Indian indenture system]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean music]]
* [[Indo-Guyanese]]
* [[Indo-Surinamese]]
* [[Pichakaree]]
* [[India–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Indian diaspora in Trinidad and Tobago}}

==External links==

{{NRI-PIO}}
{{Tamil diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Trinidadian And Tobagonian}}
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Trinidad and Tobago| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:India–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean]]

Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

UpdateBot at 17:36, 30 June 2022

>Arimaboss: /* Politics */