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	Beside it is the extremely tall [[Qutb Minar]], a [[minaret]] or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick [[Minaret of Jam]] in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower.<ref>Also two huge minarets at [[Ghazni]].</ref> The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is [[fluting (architecture)\|fluted]] with "superb [[stalactite]] bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage.<ref>Yale, 164; Harle, 424 (quoted); Blair & Bloom, 149</ref> In general [[minaret]]s were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.<ref>Harle, 429</ref>		Beside it is the extremely tall [[Qutb Minar]], a [[minaret]] or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick [[Minaret of Jam]] in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower.<ref>Also two huge minarets at [[Ghazni]].</ref> The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is [[fluting (architecture)\|fluted]] with "superb [[stalactite]] bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage.<ref>Yale, 164; Harle, 424 (quoted); Blair & Bloom, 149</ref> In general [[minaret]]s were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.<ref>Harle, 429</ref>
			[[File:Tomb of Altamash.jpg\|thumb\|Mausoleum of [[Iltutmish]], Delhi, by 1236, with [[corbel arch]]es]]

	The Tomb of [[Iltutmish]] was added by 1236; its dome, the [[squinch]]es again corbelled, is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition.<ref>Yale, 164 (quoted); Harle, 425</ref> Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries.		The Tomb of [[Iltutmish]] was added by 1236; its dome, the [[squinch]]es again corbelled, is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition.<ref>Yale, 164 (quoted); Harle, 425</ref> Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries.
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	<gallery widths="200" heights="200">		<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
	File:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (literally "shed of 2½ days").jpg\|Screen of the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque, [[Ajmer]], c. 1229; [[Corbel arch]]es, some cusped.		File:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (literally "shed of 2½ days").jpg\|Screen of the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque, [[Ajmer]], c. 1229; [[Corbel arch]]es, some cusped.
	~~File:Tomb of Altamash.jpg\|Mausoleum of [[Iltutmish]], Delhi, by 1236, with [[corbel arch]]es~~
	File:Balban Khan's Tomb 029.jpg\|Possibly the first "true" arches in India; [[Tomb of Balban]] (d. 1287) in Delhi		File:Balban Khan's Tomb 029.jpg\|Possibly the first "true" arches in India; [[Tomb of Balban]] (d. 1287) in Delhi
	File:The tomb of Ferozshah ii ag61.jpg\|Pavilions in the [[Hauz Khas Complex]], Delhi		File:The tomb of Ferozshah ii ag61.jpg\|Pavilions in the [[Hauz Khas Complex]], Delhi
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	=== Indo-Islamic architecture of Gujarat ===		=== Indo-Islamic architecture of Gujarat ===
			[[File:Champaner, Kevada Masjid (9840302206).jpg\|thumb\|[[Kevada Mosque]], [[Champaner]]]]
	The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier [[Māru-Gurjara architecture\|Maru-Gurjara architecture]] and employed them in [[mihrab]], roofs, doors, minarets and facades.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=LAMBOURN\|first=ELIZABETH A.\|date=2010\|title=A SELF-CONSCIOUS ART? SEEING MICRO-ARCHITECTURE IN SULTANATE SOUTH ASIA\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25769695\|journal=Muqarnas\|volume=27\|pages=121–156\|issn=0732-2992}}</ref> In the 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of [[Minaret\|minarets]]. They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at the [[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad]],<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00003000.html "The Shaking Minarets at Ahmedabad, drawn in 1809"], [[British Library]]</ref> which fell down in [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake\|an earthquake in 1819]]. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles.<ref>Harle, 429-430</ref>		The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier [[Māru-Gurjara architecture\|Maru-Gurjara architecture]] and employed them in [[mihrab]], roofs, doors, minarets and facades.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=LAMBOURN\|first=ELIZABETH A.\|date=2010\|title=A SELF-CONSCIOUS ART? SEEING MICRO-ARCHITECTURE IN SULTANATE SOUTH ASIA\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25769695\|journal=Muqarnas\|volume=27\|pages=121–156\|issn=0732-2992}}</ref> In the 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of [[Minaret\|minarets]]. They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at the [[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad]],<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00003000.html "The Shaking Minarets at Ahmedabad, drawn in 1809"], [[British Library]]</ref> which fell down in [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake\|an earthquake in 1819]]. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles.<ref>Harle, 429-430</ref>

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	File:Into the dark, Dada Harir Stepwell, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg\|[[Dada Harir Stepwell]], Ahmedabad		File:Into the dark, Dada Harir Stepwell, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg\|[[Dada Harir Stepwell]], Ahmedabad
	File:Jami Mosque, Khambhat, Gujarat, India.jpg\|Interior of [[Jami Mosque, Khambhat]]		File:Jami Mosque, Khambhat, Gujarat, India.jpg\|Interior of [[Jami Mosque, Khambhat]]
	~~File:Champaner, Kevada Masjid (9840302206).jpg\|[[Kevada Mosque]], [[Champaner]]~~
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	===Kashmir===		===Kashmir===
	By 1339, Shams-ud-din Shah Mir of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] established a sultanate encompassing the [[Kashmir\|region of Kashmir]] (consisting of modern-day [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Aksai Chin]]), allowing for the gradual Islamization of the region and the hybridization of Persianate culture and architecture with the indigenous Buddhist styles of Kashmir. In the capital at [[Srinagar]] in modern Indian-administered Kashmir, [[Sikandar Shah Miri\|Sikandar Shah Mir]] constructed the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar\|Jamia Masjid]], a large wooden congregational mosque that incorporates elements of Buddhist pagoda structure, as well as the wooden [[Khanqah-e-Moula]]h mosque. Also in Srinagar are the [[Aali Mosque\|Aali Masjid]] and the Tomb of Zain-ul-Abidin. Two 14th-century wooden mosques in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] are the [[Chaqchan Mosque]] in [[Khaplu]] (1370) and the [[Amburiq Mosque]] in [[Shigar]]. Both have stone-built cores with elaborately carved wooden exterior galleries, at Amburiq on two levels, in an adaptation of traditional local styles.		[[File:Aali Masjid.jpg\|thumb\|[[Aali Masjid]] in [[Srinagar]], Kashmir.]]
			By 1339, Shams-ud-din Shah Mir of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] established a sultanate encompassing the [[Kashmir\|region of Kashmir]] (consisting of modern-day [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Aksai Chin]]), allowing for the gradual Islamization of the region and the hybridization of Persianate culture and architecture with the indigenous Buddhist styles of Kashmir.

			In the capital at [[Srinagar]] in modern Indian-administered Kashmir, [[Sikandar Shah Miri\|Sikandar Shah Mir]] (died 1413) constructed the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar\|Jamia Masjid]], a large wooden congregational mosque that incorporates elements of Buddhist pagoda structure, as well as the wooden [[Khanqah-e-Moula]]h mosque. Also in Srinagar are the [[Aali Mosque\|Aali Masjid]] and the Tomb of Zain-ul-Abidin. Two 14th-century wooden mosques in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] are the [[Chaqchan Mosque]] in [[Khaplu]] (1370) and the [[Amburiq Mosque]] in [[Shigar]]. Both have stone-built cores with elaborately carved wooden exterior galleries, at Amburiq on two levels, in an adaptation of traditional local styles.
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:JAmia Masjid.jpg\|Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, Kashmir.		File:JAmia Masjid.jpg\|Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, Kashmir.
	File:Jami masjid interiors (6133555683).jpg\|Interior of the Jamia Masjid.		File:Jami masjid interiors (6133555683).jpg\|Interior of the Jamia Masjid.
	~~File:Aali Masjid.jpg\|Aali Masjid in Srinagar, Kashmir.~~
	File:Khanqah Shah Hamdan (6133633921).jpg\|Khanqah-e-Moula in Srinagar, Kashmir		File:Khanqah Shah Hamdan (6133633921).jpg\|Khanqah-e-Moula in Srinagar, Kashmir
	File:Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother.jpg\|Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother in Srinagar, Kashmir.		File:Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother.jpg\|Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother in Srinagar, Kashmir.
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	[[File:Humayun Tomb in Delhi-Front view.JPG\|thumb\|[[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]], the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb, 1569-70]]		[[File:Humayun Tomb in Delhi-Front view.JPG\|thumb\|[[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]], the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb, 1569-70]]

	The [[Mughal Empire]], an Islamic empire that lasted in India from 1526 to 1857 left a mark on Indian architecture that was a mix of Islamic, Persian~~, Turkish~~, Arabic, Central Asian and native Indian architecture. A major aspect of Mughal architecture is the symmetrical nature of buildings and courtyards. [[Akbar]], who ruled in the 16th century, made major contributions to [[Mughal architecture]]. He systematically designed forts and towns in similar symmetrical styles that blended Indian styles with outside influences. The gate of a fort Akbar designed at [[Agra]] exhibits the [[Assyria]]n gryphon, Indian elephants, and birds.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Lewis\|first=Bernard\|title=The World of Islam\|year=2002\|publisher=Thames and Hudson, Ltd.\|isbn=0-500-27624-2\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofislam00bern/page/306 306]\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofislam00bern/page/306}}</ref>		The [[Mughal Empire]], an Islamic empire that lasted in India from 1526 to 1857 left a mark on Indian architecture that was a mix of Islamic, Persian, Arabic, Central Asian and native Indian architecture. A major aspect of Mughal architecture is the symmetrical nature of buildings and courtyards. [[Akbar]], who ruled in the 16th century, made major contributions to [[Mughal architecture]]. He systematically designed forts and towns in similar symmetrical styles that blended Indian styles with outside influences. The gate of a fort Akbar designed at [[Agra]] exhibits the [[Assyria]]n gryphon, Indian elephants, and birds.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Lewis\|first=Bernard\|title=The World of Islam\|year=2002\|publisher=Thames and Hudson, Ltd.\|isbn=0-500-27624-2\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofislam00bern/page/306 306]\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofislam00bern/page/306}}</ref>
	[[File:Fatehpur Sikri 042.JPG\|thumb\|King's Gate at [[Fatehpur Sikri]], near [[Agra]]]]		[[File:Fatehpur Sikri 042.JPG\|thumb\|King's Gate at [[Fatehpur Sikri]], near [[Agra]]]]

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	File:Ustad's Tomb Nakodar, Punjab.jpg\|One of the [[Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar\|Tombs of Ustad-Shagird]], [[Nakodar]], India.		File:Ustad's Tomb Nakodar, Punjab.jpg\|One of the [[Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar\|Tombs of Ustad-Shagird]], [[Nakodar]], India.
	File:Shalimar Garden Lahore.jpg\|Shalimar Garden in Lahore, Pakistan		File:Shalimar Garden Lahore.jpg\|Shalimar Garden in Lahore, Pakistan
	~~File:Shalimar Bagh 2008.JPG\|Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir~~
	~~File:India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens.jpg\|Nishat Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir.~~
	~~File:A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg\|Pari Mahal in Srinagar, Kashmir.~~
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	===Red Fort===		===Red Fort===
	The [[Red Fort]] in Delhi is also an important example of Mughal Architecture. It was built during the zenith of the Mughal Empire under [[Shah Jahan]]. It was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage ~~site~~]] in 2007. As one of the largest forts in India, it served as the official residence of the [[Mughal emperors\|emperor]] for nearly 200 years.		The [[Red Fort]] in Delhi is also an important example of Mughal Architecture. It was built during the zenith of the Mughal Empire under [[Shah Jahan]]. It was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2007. As one of the largest forts in India, it served as the official residence of the [[Mughal emperors\|emperor]] for nearly 200 years.

	== Post-Mughal Islamic architecture ==		== Post-Mughal Islamic architecture ==
			[[File:Rumi Darwaza Lucknow.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Rumi Darwaza]] in [[Lucknow]], 1784, from the rear, during flooding.]]
	Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire after the Mughal-Maratha Wars, the emergence of the [[Sikh Empire]] and the invasions of [[Nader Shah]], [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the [[British East India Company]], prosperous provinces of the Mughal Empire such as [[Awadh]], Bengal, [[Hyderabad]] and [[Mysore]] emerged as powerful regional states independent of Delhi.		Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire after the Mughal-Maratha Wars, the emergence of the [[Sikh Empire]] and the invasions of [[Nader Shah]], [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the [[British East India Company]], prosperous provinces of the Mughal Empire such as [[Awadh]], Bengal, [[Hyderabad]] and [[Mysore]] emerged as powerful regional states independent of Delhi.

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	{{Islam in India}}		{{Islam in India}}
	{{Islamic studies sidebar}}		{{Islamic studies sidebar}}

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[~~Monuments and Forts~~ of the Deccan ~~Sultanate~~]]		*[[Architecture of the Deccan sultanates]]
	* [[~~Indian architecture~~]]		* [[Architecture of India]]
	* [[Pakistani architecture]]		* [[Pakistani architecture]]
	* [[~~Bangladeshi architecture~~]]		* [[Architecture of Bangladesh]]
	* [[History of domes in ~~the Indian subcontinent~~]]		* [[History of domes in South Asia]]
	* [[Architecture of Bengal]]		* [[Architecture of Bengal]]

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	* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/1_primer/indoislam/indis_eng.htm Islamic Architecture in India] in the Introduction to Islamic Architecture		* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/1_primer/indoislam/indis_eng.htm Islamic Architecture in India] in the Introduction to Islamic Architecture

	{{Islamic art}}{{Architecture of India}}		{{Islamic art}}{{Architecture of India}}{{History of architecture}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Islamic Architecture}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Islamic Architecture}}
	[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture\| ]]		[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture\| ]]

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