Indigenous religion - Revision history

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	[[File:Khagdaev1.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A [[Buryats\|Buryat]] religious specialist in [[Olkhon]]. Because they have undergone Russian colonialism, the Buryat's belief system is labeled an "indigenous religion".]]		[[File:Khagdaev1.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A [[Buryats\|Buryat]] religious specialist in [[Olkhon]]. Because they have undergone Russian colonialism, the Buryat's belief system is labeled an "indigenous religion".]]

	'''Indigenous ~~religions~~''' is a category used in the [[Religious studies\|study of religion]] to demarcate the [[religion\|religious]] belief systems of communities described as being "[[indigenous people\|indigenous]]". This category is often juxtaposed against others such as the "[[world religions]]" and "[[new religious movements]]". The term is commonly applied to a range of different belief systems across the Americas, Australasia, Asia, Africa, and ~~Northern~~ Europe~~, particularly to those practiced by communities living under the impact of [[colonialism]]~~.		'''Indigenous religion''' or '''native religion''' is a category used in the [[Religious studies\|study of religion]] to demarcate the [[religion\|religious]] belief systems of communities described as being "[[indigenous people\|indigenous]]". This category is often juxtaposed against others such as the "[[world religions]]" and "[[new religious movements]]". The term is commonly applied to a range of different belief systems across the Americas, Australasia, Asia, Africa, and Europe.

	The term "indigenous religions" is usually applied to the localised belief systems of small-scale societies. These belief systems do not typically engage in [[proselytization]], thus distinguishing them from movements like [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and [[Buddhism]] that all seek converts and which are typically classified as "world religions"~~; unlike [[Judaism]], even though it is often referred to as a “world religion”~~. They are also often characterised as being distinct from the "world religions" because they are orally transmitted, intertwined with [[tradition]]al lifestyles, and [[Religious pluralism\|pluralist]]. Numerically, ~~the majority~~ of the world's religions could be classed as "indigenous", although the number of "indigenous religionists" is significantly smaller than the number of individuals who practice one of the "world religions".		The term "indigenous religions" is usually applied to the localised belief systems of small-scale societies. These belief systems do not typically engage in proselytization, thus distinguishing them from movements like [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Buddhism]] that all seek converts and which are typically classified as "world religions". They are also often characterised as being distinct from the "world religions" because they are orally transmitted, intertwined with [[tradition]]al lifestyles, and [[Religious pluralism\|pluralist]]. Numerically, most of the world's religions could be classed as "indigenous", although the number of "indigenous religionists" is significantly smaller than the number of individuals who practice one of the "world religions".

	Within the study of religion there has been much debate as to what the scope of the category should be, largely arising from debates over what the term "indigenous" should best encompass. For instance, the Japanese religion of [[Shinto]] is often referred to as an "indigenous religion" although,~~{{sfnm\|1a1=Nelson\|1y=1996\|1p=7}}~~ because the Japanese ~~are~~ not a colonised ~~society~~ but have colonised neighbouring societies like that of the [[Ainu people\|Ainu]], there is debate as to whether they meet the definition of "indigenous". In some cases, practitioners of new religions like [[Heathenry (new religious movement)\|Heathenry]] have sought to present theirs as "indigenous religions" although have faced scepticism from scholars of religion.		Within the study of religion there has been much debate as to what the scope of the category should be, largely arising from debates over what the term "indigenous" should best encompass. For instance, the Japanese religion of [[Shinto]] is often referred to as an "indigenous religion" although, because the Japanese were not colonised but have colonised neighbouring societies like that of the [[Ainu people\|Ainu]], there is debate as to whether they meet the definition of "indigenous". In some cases, practitioners of new religions like [[Heathenry (new religious movement)\|Heathenry]] have sought to present theirs as "indigenous religions" although have faced scepticism from some scholars of religion.

	==Definition==		==Definition==
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	In the nineteenth century, the dominant ways to refer to these religions were "primitive religion" or "non-literate religion", as they were seen as offering insight into how religion was practiced by the earliest humans.{{sfn\|Cox\|2007\|p=9}}{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|pp=7–9}} Another term, "primal religion", was coined by [[Andrew Walls]] in the University of Aberdeen in the 1970s to provide a focus on non-Western forms of religion as found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.{{sfn\|Cox\|Sutcliffe\|2006\|p=8}} However, according to the scholar of religion [[Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)\|Graham Harvey]], such approaches preference Western industrialized people and the course of Protestant Enlightenment culture.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|pp=8–9}} Likewise, James Cox, Walls's student, argues that terms such as "primal religion", "primitive religion", and "tribal religion" suggest an undeveloped religion which can be seen as a preparation for conversion to [[Christianity]].{{sfn\|Cox\|2007\|p=27}}		In the nineteenth century, the dominant ways to refer to these religions were "primitive religion" or "non-literate religion", as they were seen as offering insight into how religion was practiced by the earliest humans.{{sfn\|Cox\|2007\|p=9}}{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|pp=7–9}} Another term, "primal religion", was coined by [[Andrew Walls]] in the University of Aberdeen in the 1970s to provide a focus on non-Western forms of religion as found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.{{sfn\|Cox\|Sutcliffe\|2006\|p=8}} However, according to the scholar of religion [[Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)\|Graham Harvey]], such approaches preference Western industrialized people and the course of Protestant Enlightenment culture.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|pp=8–9}} Likewise, James Cox, Walls's student, argues that terms such as "primal religion", "primitive religion", and "tribal religion" suggest an undeveloped religion which can be seen as a preparation for conversion to [[Christianity]].{{sfn\|Cox\|2007\|p=27}}

	Graham Harvey states that indigenous religions constitute ~~the majority~~ of the world's religions.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=3}} At the same time, he noted that "indigenous religionists" do not numerically make up the majority of religious people.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=3}}		Graham Harvey states that indigenous religions constitute most of the world's religions.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=3}} At the same time, he noted that "indigenous religionists" do not numerically make up the majority of religious people.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=3}}

	Some indigenous religions have gained as much global visibility as some of the "world religions".{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=4}} For instance, musicians influenced by the belief systems of the [[Māori people\|Maori]], Indigenous Australian, and Canadian First Nations peoples have had their work exposed to an international audience.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=4}}		Some religions considered "indigenous religions" have gained as much global visibility as some of the "world religions".{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=4}} For instance, musicians influenced by the belief systems of the [[Māori people\|Maori]], Indigenous Australian, and Canadian First Nations peoples have had their work exposed to an international audience.{{sfn\|Harvey\|2000\|p=4}}

	==~~Examples~~==		==Contested areas==
	[[File:Head miko in Inari shrine, Tanabe 179738668 4dc16b0c21 o.jpg\|thumb~~\|right~~\|A Shinto rite. Shinto is often called an "indigenous religion", ~~although~~ the reasons for this classification have been debated.{{sfn\|Nelson\|1996\|p=7}}]]		[[File:Head miko in Inari shrine, Tanabe 179738668 4dc16b0c21 o.jpg\|thumb\|A Shinto rite; Shinto is often called an "indigenous religion", though the reasons for this classification have been debated among scholars.{{sfn\|Nelson\|1996\|p=7}}]]
			The Japanese religion [[Shinto]] is often described as an "indigenous religion", although some scholars, like [[Asian studies]] scholar John K. Nelson notes that it is often "unclear" what is meant by the term "indigenous" in this context.{{sfn\|Nelson\|1996\|p=7}} He noted, for example, that there remain debates as to when the ancestors of the Japanese arrived in the islands that now make up Japan and that there were other communities, such as the [[Ainu people\|Ainu]], who lived on some of these islands before them.{{sfn\|Nelson\|1996\|p=7}} It is however a [[native religion]], being the religion of the ethnicity who arrived in the islands that now make up Japan.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Hardacre \|first=Helen \|title=Shinto: A History \|location=Oxford \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2017 \|isbn=978-0-19-062171-1 \|page=4}}</ref>

	~~The Japanese religion~~ [[~~Shinto]] is often described as an "indigenous religion"~~, ~~although the scholar~~ of ~~[[Asian studies]] John K. Nelson noted~~ that ~~it is often left "unclear" as to what is meant by~~ the ~~term "indigenous" in this context~~.~~{{sfn~~\|~~Nelson~~\|~~1996\|p=7}} He noted, for example, that there remain debates as to when~~ the ~~ancestors~~ of ~~the Japanese arrived in the islands that now make up Japan and that there were other communities~~, ~~such as the~~ [[~~Ainu people\|Ainu~~]]~~, who lived on some of these islands before them.{{sfn\|Nelson\|1996\|p=7}}~~		[[File:Sigurblót_2009.JPG\|alt=Eight people, all white, stand on heathland. Some of them are dressed in historical clothing akin to that worn in the medieval period.\|thumb\|A 2009 rite performed on the Icelandic hill of [[Öskjuhlíð]], [[Reykjavík]]]]
			Many followers of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)\|Heathenry]], a [[Modern Paganism\|modern Pagan]] religion that scholars recognise as a new religious movement, like to regard their belief system as an "indigenous religion".{{sfnm\|1a1=Snook\|1y=2015\|1p=145\|2a1=Gregorius\|2y=2015\|2p=74}} In claiming a sense of indigeneity, some Heathens—particularly in the United States—attempt to frame themselves as the successors to the pre-Christian belief systems of linguistic Germanic communities in Northern Europe and thus victims of Medieval Christian [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]. The scholars Jenifer Snook, Thad Horrell, and Kirsten Horton argued that in doing so, these Heathens ignore the fact that most of them are considered "[[white people\|white]]", and have thus perpetrated and benefited from colonial and imperial policies against indigenous communities in the Americas and elsewhere.{{sfn\|Snook\|Horrell\|Horton\|2017\|p=58}}
	Many followers of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)\|Heathenry]], a [[Modern Paganism\|modern Pagan]] religion that scholars recognise as a new religious movement, like to regard their belief system as an "indigenous religion".{{sfnm\|1a1=Snook\|1y=2015\|1p=145\|2a1=Gregorius\|2y=2015\|2p=74}} In claiming a sense of indigeneity, some Heathens—particularly in the United States—attempt to frame themselves as the successors to the pre-Christian belief systems of linguistic Germanic communities in Northern Europe and thus victims of Medieval Christian [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]. The scholars Jenifer Snook, Thad Horrell, and Kirsten Horton argued that in doing so, these Heathens ignore the fact that most of them are [[white people\|white]], and thus ~~members of the same ethnic community which has~~ perpetrated and ~~benefitted~~ from colonial and imperial policies against indigenous communities in the Americas and elsewhere.{{sfn\|Snook\|Horrell\|Horton\|2017\|p=58}}

	==See also==		==See also==
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	* {{cite book \|last=Snook \|first=Jennifer \|title=American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement \|publisher=[[Temple University Press]] \|location=Philadelphia \|year=2015 \|isbn=978-1-4399-1097-9 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Snook \|first=Jennifer \|title=American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement \|publisher=[[Temple University Press]] \|location=Philadelphia \|year=2015 \|isbn=978-1-4399-1097-9 }}
	* {{cite contribution \|last1=Snook \|first1=Jennifer \|last2=Horrell \|first2=Thad \|last3=Horton \|first3=Kristen \|year=2017 \|contribution=Heathens in the United States: The Return to "Tribes" in the Construction of a Peoplehood \|title=Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism \|editor-last = Rountree \|editor-first = Kathryn \|pages=43–64 \|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-137-57040-6 }}		* {{cite contribution \|last1=Snook \|first1=Jennifer \|last2=Horrell \|first2=Thad \|last3=Horton \|first3=Kristen \|year=2017 \|contribution=Heathens in the United States: The Return to "Tribes" in the Construction of a Peoplehood \|title=Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism \|editor-last = Rountree \|editor-first = Kathryn \|pages=43–64 \|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-137-57040-6 }}
	* {{cite journal \|last=Stausberg \|first=Michael \|author-link=Michael Stausberg \|date=March 2021 \|title=The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions \|journal=[[Numen (journal)\|Numen]] \|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] \|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] \|volume=68 \|issue=2–3 - ''Special Issue: The Dissolution of Religions'' \|pages=103–131 \|doi=10.1163/15685276-12341617 \|doi-access=free \|issn=1568-5276 \|lccn=58046229}}		* {{cite journal \|last=Stausberg \|first=Michael \|author-link=Michael Stausberg \|date=March 2021 \|title=The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions \|journal=[[Numen (journal)\|Numen]] \|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] \|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] \|volume=68 \|issue=2–3 - ''Special Issue: The Dissolution of Religions'' \|pages=103–131 \|doi=10.1163/15685276-12341617 \|doi-access=free \|issn=1568-5276 \|lccn=58046229\|hdl=11250/2977936 \|hdl-access=free }}
	{{Refend}}		{{Refend}}

	{{Religion topics}}		{{Religion topics}}

	[[Category:~~Religious faiths, traditions, and movements~~]]		[[Category:Ethnic religions\|*]]
	[[Category:Religious studies]]		[[Category:Religious studies]]
	[[Category:Indigenous culture]]		[[Category:Indigenous culture]]

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-27T13:38:09Z

Created a new article

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{{short description|Indigenous religious belief systems}}
[[File:Khagdaev1.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Buryats|Buryat]] religious specialist in [[Olkhon]]. Because they have undergone Russian colonialism, the Buryat's belief system is labeled an "indigenous religion".]]

'''Indigenous religions''' is a category used in the [[Religious studies|study of religion]] to demarcate the [[religion|religious]] belief systems of communities described as being "[[indigenous people|indigenous]]". This category is often juxtaposed against others such as the "[[world religions]]" and "[[new religious movements]]". The term is commonly applied to a range of different belief systems across the Americas, Australasia, Asia, Africa, and Northern Europe, particularly to those practiced by communities living under the impact of [[colonialism]].

The term "indigenous religions" is usually applied to the localised belief systems of small-scale societies. These belief systems do not typically engage in [[proselytization]], thus distinguishing them from movements like [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and [[Buddhism]] that all seek converts and which are typically classified as "world religions"; unlike [[Judaism]], even though it is often referred to as a “world religion”. They are also often characterised as being distinct from the "world religions" because they are orally transmitted, intertwined with [[tradition]]al lifestyles, and [[Religious pluralism|pluralist]]. Numerically, the majority of the world's religions could be classed as "indigenous", although the number of "indigenous religionists" is significantly smaller than the number of individuals who practice one of the "world religions".

Within the study of religion there has been much debate as to what the scope of the category should be, largely arising from debates over what the term "indigenous" should best encompass. For instance, the Japanese religion of [[Shinto]] is often referred to as an "indigenous religion" although,{{sfnm|1a1=Nelson|1y=1996|1p=7}} because the Japanese are not a colonised society but have colonised neighbouring societies like that of the [[Ainu people|Ainu]], there is debate as to whether they meet the definition of "indigenous". In some cases, practitioners of new religions like [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]] have sought to present theirs as "indigenous religions" although have faced scepticism from scholars of religion.

==Definition==

The [[Religious studies|academic study of religions]] has used three concepts through which to categorise different religious groups: "[[world religions]]", "[[new religious movements]]", and "indigenous religions".{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=6}} The scholar of religion Carole M. Cusack noted that "indigenous religions" were rejected from the "world religions" category because they "are typically this-wordly, orally transmitted, non-proselytizing, folk-oriented, expressed in myths and traditional law, and pluralist."{{sfn|Cusack|2016|p=154}}

In the nineteenth century, the dominant ways to refer to these religions were "primitive religion" or "non-literate religion", as they were seen as offering insight into how religion was practiced by the earliest humans.{{sfn|Cox|2007|p=9}}{{sfn|Harvey|2000|pp=7–9}} Another term, "primal religion", was coined by [[Andrew Walls]] in the University of Aberdeen in the 1970s to provide a focus on non-Western forms of religion as found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.{{sfn|Cox|Sutcliffe|2006|p=8}} However, according to the scholar of religion [[Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)|Graham Harvey]], such approaches preference Western industrialized people and the course of Protestant Enlightenment culture.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|pp=8–9}} Likewise, James Cox, Walls's student, argues that terms such as "primal religion", "primitive religion", and "tribal religion" suggest an undeveloped religion which can be seen as a preparation for conversion to [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Cox|2007|p=27}}

Graham Harvey states that indigenous religions constitute the majority of the world's religions.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=3}} At the same time, he noted that "indigenous religionists" do not numerically make up the majority of religious people.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=3}}

Some indigenous religions have gained as much global visibility as some of the "world religions".{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=4}} For instance, musicians influenced by the belief systems of the [[Māori people|Maori]], Indigenous Australian, and Canadian First Nations peoples have had their work exposed to an international audience.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=4}}

==Examples==
[[File:Head miko in Inari shrine, Tanabe 179738668 4dc16b0c21 o.jpg|thumb|right|A Shinto rite. Shinto is often called an "indigenous religion", although the reasons for this classification have been debated.{{sfn|Nelson|1996|p=7}}]]

The Japanese religion [[Shinto]] is often described as an "indigenous religion", although the scholar of [[Asian studies]] John K. Nelson noted that it is often left "unclear" as to what is meant by the term "indigenous" in this context.{{sfn|Nelson|1996|p=7}} He noted, for example, that there remain debates as to when the ancestors of the Japanese arrived in the islands that now make up Japan and that there were other communities, such as the [[Ainu people|Ainu]], who lived on some of these islands before them.{{sfn|Nelson|1996|p=7}}

Many followers of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]], a [[Modern Paganism|modern Pagan]] religion that scholars recognise as a new religious movement, like to regard their belief system as an "indigenous religion".{{sfnm|1a1=Snook|1y=2015|1p=145|2a1=Gregorius|2y=2015|2p=74}} In claiming a sense of indigeneity, some Heathens—particularly in the United States—attempt to frame themselves as the successors to the pre-Christian belief systems of linguistic Germanic communities in Northern Europe and thus victims of Medieval Christian [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]. The scholars Jenifer Snook, Thad Horrell, and Kirsten Horton argued that in doing so, these Heathens ignore the fact that most of them are [[white people|white]], and thus members of the same ethnic community which has perpetrated and benefitted from colonial and imperial policies against indigenous communities in the Americas and elsewhere.{{sfn|Snook|Horrell|Horton|2017|p=58}}

==See also==
* [[Ethnic religion]]
* [[Ethnoreligious group]]

==Sources==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite contribution |last=Cusack |first=Carole M. |author-link=Carole M. Cusack |year=2016 |title=After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies |editor=Christopher R. Cotter |editor2=David G. Robertson |contribution=Archaeology and the World Religions Paradigm: The European Neolithic, Religion and Cultural Imperialism |pages=153–67 |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-91912-9 }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=James L.|last2=Sutcliffe|first2=Steven J.|date=2006|title=Religious studies in Scotland: A persistent tension with divinity|journal=Religion|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1016/j.religion.2005.12.001|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=From Primitive to Indigenous: The Academic Study of Indigenous Religions|last=Cox|first=James L.|publisher=Ashgate|year=2007|isbn=978-0-754-65569-5|location=Aldershot}}
* {{cite contribution |last=Gregorius |first=Fredrik |contribution=Modern Heathenism in Sweden: A Case Study in the Creation of a Traditional Religion |title=Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses |editor-last = Rountree |editor-first = Kathryn |pages=64–85 |location=New York and Oxford |publisher=Berghahn |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78238-646-9 }}
* {{cite contribution |last=Harvey |first=Graham |author-link=Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar) |title=Indigenous Religions: A Companion |contribution=Introduction |location=London and New York |publisher=Cassell |year=2000 |pages=1–19 |editor=Graham Harvey |isbn=978-0304704484 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=John K. |title=A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine |location=Seattle and London |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0295975009 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/yearinlifeofs00nels }}
* {{cite book |last=Snook |first=Jennifer |title=American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |location=Philadelphia |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4399-1097-9 }}
* {{cite contribution |last1=Snook |first1=Jennifer |last2=Horrell |first2=Thad |last3=Horton |first3=Kristen |year=2017 |contribution=Heathens in the United States: The Return to "Tribes" in the Construction of a Peoplehood |title=Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism |editor-last = Rountree |editor-first = Kathryn |pages=43–64 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-57040-6 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Stausberg |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Stausberg |date=March 2021 |title=The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions |journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=68 |issue=2–3 - ''Special Issue: The Dissolution of Religions'' |pages=103–131 |doi=10.1163/15685276-12341617 |doi-access=free |issn=1568-5276 |lccn=58046229}}
{{Refend}}

{{Religion topics}}

[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Religious studies]]
[[Category:Indigenous culture]]