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Colonial-era nationalism

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{{Short description|Instance of territorial nationalism}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Flag of India.svg|300px|right|thumb|The [[flag of India]], which is often used as a symbol of Indian nationalism.]]
{{Nationalism sidebar}}

'''Indian nationalism''' developed as a concept during the [[Indian independence movement]] which campaigned for [[independence]] from [[British Raj|British rule]]. Indian nationalism is an instance of [[territorial nationalism]], which is inclusive of all of the people of India, despite their [[Demographics of India|diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds]]. It continues to strongly influence the [[politics of India]] and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of [[Hindu nationalism]] and [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]].<ref name="Lerner2011">{{citation|last=Lerner|first=Hanna|title=Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA120|date=12 May 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50292-4|pages=120–}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA13|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=13–15, 83}}</ref><ref name="PachuauStackhouse2007">{{citation|last1=Pachuau|first1=Lalsangkima|last2=Stackhouse|first2=Max L.|title=News of Boundless Riches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OPJ1BJCLw8C&pg=PA149|year=2007|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-8458-013-6|pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="Leifer2000">{{citation|last=Leifer|first=Michael|title=Asian Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eUlKdFdOvoC&pg=PA112|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-23284-5|pages=112–}}</ref>

==National consciousness in India==
{{Main|History of India}}
[[Image:Maurya empire in 265 BCE.jpg|thumb|250px|The largest extent of the [[Mauryan Empire]] under [[Ashoka]].]]
[[File:Gupta Empire 320 - 600 ad.PNG|thumb|250px|The largest extent of the [[Gupta Empire]]]]
India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history. Ancient texts mention India under [[emperor Bharata]] and [[Akhand Bharat]], these regions roughly form the entities of modern-day [[greater India]]. The [[Mauryan Empire]] was the first to unite all of [[India]], and South Asia (including much of [[Afghanistan]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXG8AAAAQBAJ&q=mauryan+empire+afghanistan&pg=PA63|title=Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments geredigeerd door Inb, Inc|date=10 September 2013|isbn=9781438773728|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> In addition, much of India has also been unified under a central government by empires, such as the [[Gupta Empire]], [[Rashtrakuta Empire]], [[Pala Empire]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Maratha Empire]], [[British Indian Empire]], etc.

===Conception of Pan-South Asianism===
India's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India's ancient history,<ref>{{cite web |last=Acharya |first=Shiva |url=http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=005928 |title=Nation, Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya |publisher=Sundeepbooks.com |access-date=2011-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215112205/http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=005928 |archive-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> as the birthplace of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] and [[Vedic Civilization]], as well as four major world religions – [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]]. Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the [[Indian Subcontinent]].

===Ages of war and invasion===
[[Image:Mughal1700.png|thumb|250px|The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.]]
[[Image:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|250px|The extent of [[Maratha Empire]] (yellow), without its vassals.]]
India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination,<ref name="vedamsbooks">{{cite web|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no21816.htm |title=Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India : Their Fight Against Foreign Power/edited by H.S. Bhatia |publisher=Vedamsbooks.com |access-date=2011-11-17}}</ref> such as [[Shivaji]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], Rani [[Laxmibai]] of [[Jhansi]], [[Kittur Chennamma]], [[Maharana Pratap]] of [[Rajputana]], [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]. The kings of [[History of India|Ancient India]], such as [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and [[Ashoka]] of the [[Magadha]] Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable [[Toleration|religious tolerance]].

[[Akbar]] was a Mughal emperor, was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects – Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains.<ref name="vedamsbooks" /> He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu [[Rajput]] kings. Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars to debate in his court.

==Colonial-era nationalism==
{{Main|Indian independence movement|Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian National Congress - Freedom Era}}
{{See also|Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Sri Aurobindo|1905 Partition of Bengal}}
[[Image:1931 Flag of India.svg|thumb|220px|left|The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the [[Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] during the Second World War.]]
The consolidation of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]'s rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian [[middle class]] and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers.<ref name=Mitra63>{{Harvnb|Mitra|2006|p=63}}</ref> The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British authorities. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity<ref name=Crotty158>{{Harvnb|Croitt|Mjøset|2001|p=158}}</ref><ref name=Desaixxxiii>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=xxxiii}}</ref> and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century.<ref name=Desai30>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=30}}</ref> The creation in 1885 of the [[Indian National Congress]] in India by the political reformer [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]] intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform.<ref name=Yadav6>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=6}}</ref> The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices (or loyalists) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in [[Bengal]] and in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]. Notable but smaller movements also appeared in [[Maharashtra]], [[Presidency of Madras|Madras]] and other areas across the south.<ref name="Yadav6"/>

===''Swadeshi''===
{{Main|Swadeshi movement}}
The controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries.<ref name=Bose117>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|1998|p=117}}</ref>

===The Gandhian era===
[[Mohandas Gandhi]] pioneered the art of ''[[Satyagraha]]'', typified with a strict adherence to [[ahimsa]] (non-violence), and [[civil disobedience]]. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and [[untouchability]] united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses participated in India's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the [[Champaran Satyagraha|Champaran]] and [[Kheda Satyagraha|Kheda]] Satyagraha in 1918–19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that India could gain independence from British rule. National leaders like [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], [[Mohandas Gandhi]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Badshah Khan]] brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.

==More than just "Indian"==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2019}}
{{See also|Demographics of India}}
Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just ''Indian'' in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.

===Hindu Rashtra===
{{Main|Hindu nationalism}}
[[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|thumb|200px|right|Hindu Flag of the Maratha Empire with two pennants.]]
An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of [[Islamic empires in India]]. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of [[caste]], linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, [[K.B. Hedgewar]] founded the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country, and the most potent, mainstream base of [[Hindu nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh {{!}} History, Ideology, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rashtriya-Swayamsevak-Sangh|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] coined the term ''[[Hindutva]]'' for his ideology that described India as a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'', a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim-majority state of [[Kashmir]], adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal frameworks for different religions in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=What is Uniform Civil Code?|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/why-uniform-civil-code-is-necessary-for-india-1477037384-1|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider to be special treatment offered to different religions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHAT IS UNIFORM CIVIL CODE|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-uniform-civil-code|access-date=2020-07-28}}</ref>

===The Qaum===
{{Main|Indian Muslim nationalism|Two-nation theory}}
In 1906–1907, the [[All India Muslim League]] was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the [[Indian National Congress]], which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] stand apart – the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.

While prominent Muslims like [[Allama Iqbal]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Maulana Azad]] and most of [[Deobandi]] clerics strongly backed the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism and separatism]]. The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the [[Two-nation theory|Islamic nationalist]] [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] enjoyed extensive popular political support. The [[Pakistan|state of Pakistan]] was ultimately formed following the [[Partition of India]].

==Views on the partition of India==
{{Main|Opposition to the partition of India}}
{{Further|Indian reunification|Hindu–Muslim unity}}
Indian nationalists led by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state.<ref name="Hardgrave, Robert. -India: The Dilemmas of Diversity">Hardgrave, Robert. [http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/Hardgrave.html "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity"], ''Journal of Democracy'', pp. 54–65</ref> The [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]], which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an [[Opposition to the partition of India|independent and united India]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> The British Raj, however, sidelined the 'All India' organization from the independence process and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims.<ref name="Shodganga">{{citation |last=Qaiser |first=Rizwan |chapter=Towards United and Federate India: 1940-47 |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad a study of his role in Indian Nationalist Movement 1919–47 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga |year=2005 |hdl=10603/31090 |at=Chapter 5, pp. 193, 198}}</ref> This was viewed with dismay by many Indian nationalists, who viewed Jinnah's ideology as damaging and unnecessarily divisive.<ref>Raj Pruthi, ''Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy'', Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 444</ref>

In an interview with [[Leonard Mosley]], Nehru said that he and his fellow Congressmen were "tired" after the independence movement, so weren't ready to further drag on the matter for years with Jinnah's Muslim League, and that, anyway, they "expected that partition would be temporary, that Pakistan would come back to us."<ref>Sankar Ghose, ''Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography'', Allied Publishers (1993), pp. 160-161</ref> Gandhi also thought that the Partition would be undone.<ref>Raj Pruthi, ''Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy'', Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 443</ref> The [[All India Congress Committee]], in a resolution adopted on 14 June 1947, openly stated that "geography and the mountains and the seas fashioned India as she is, and no human agency can change that shape or come in the way of its final destiny... at when present passions have subsided, India’s problems will be viewed in their proper perspective and the false doctrine of two nations will be discredited and discarded by all."<ref>Graham Chapman, ''The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to the Nuclear Age'', Ashgate Publishing (2012), p. 326</ref> [[V.P. Menon]], who had an important role in the transfer of power in 1947, quotes another major Congress politician, [[Abul Kalam Azad]], who said that "the division is only of the map of the country and not in the hearts of the people, and I am sure it is going to be a short-lived partition."<ref>V.P. Menon, ''The Transfer of Power in India'', Orient Blackswan (1998), p. 385</ref> [[Acharya Kripalani]], President of the Congress during the days of Partition, stated that making India "a strong, happy, democratic and socialist state" would ensure that "such an India can win back the seceding children to its lap... for the freedom we have achieved cannot be complete without the unity of India."<ref>G. C. Kendadamath, ''J.B. Kripalani, a study of his political ideas'', Ganga Kaveri Pub. House (1992), p. 59</ref> Yet another leader of the Congress, [[Sarojini Naidu]], said that she didn't consider India's flag to be India's because "India is divided" and that "this is merely a temporary geographical separation. There is no spirit of separation in the heart of India."<ref>''Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report'', Volume 4, Lok Sabha secretariat, 14 july 1947, p. 761</ref>

Giving a more general assessment, [[Paul Brass]] says that "many speakers in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] expressed the belief that the [[Indian reunification|unity of India would be ultimately restored]]."<ref>Paul R. Brass, ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press (1994), p. 10</ref>

==Nationalism and politics==
[[Image:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] led India to victory in 1971 against [[Pakistan]], imposed the [[Indian Emergency]], led it to become a nuclear power state in 1974 and is blamed for the [[Khalistan]] insurgency and [[Operation Blue Star]] – a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics.]]

The political identity of the [[Indian National Congress]], India's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years, is reliant on the connection to [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] which has controlled the Congress since independence. The Congress Party's fortunes up till the 1970s were single-handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of India's independence, democracy and unity.

Muslims had remained loyal voters of the Congress Party for a long time, as Congress party protected Muslim community's interests like banning [[The Satanic Verses]] of [[Salman Rushdie]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/01/banning-salman-rushdies-satanic-verses-was-wrong-says-indian-minister Rajiv Gandhi's ban of Satanic Verses was wrong says Minister]</ref> and allowing the unconstitutional practice of [[Triple Talaq in India|Triple Talaq]] to continue.<ref>[https://m.timesofindia.com/india/shah-bano-vs-triple-talaq-congress-1986-vs-congress-2017/articleshow/62293614.cms Rajiv Gandhi continued the practice of triple talaq]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatvani.org/books/hindusoc/ch9.htm |title=Character of Nehruvian Secularism |publisher=Bharatvani.org |access-date=2011-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084851/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/hindusoc/ch9.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Recently, Muslims have started abandoning Congress party in favor of other parties like [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Adami Party]] (AAP) and [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Musilmeen]] (AIMIM). In contrast, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression. The BJP seeks to preserve and spread the culture of the [[Hinduism|Hindus]], the majority population. It ties nationalism with the defence of India's borders and interests against archrivals China and [[Pakistan]], with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority.

Religious nationalist parties include the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh-majority state in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organisation. In [[Maharashtra]], the [[Shiv Sena]] uses the legacy of the independent [[Maratha]] kingdom under famous figures like [[Shivaji]] to stir up support, and has adopted [[Hindutva]] as well. In [[Assam]], the [[Asom Gana Parishad]] is a more state-focused party, arising after the frustration of the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA) as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism. In [[Tamil Nadu]] came the first of such parties, the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK). Today the DK stands for a collection of parties,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/08/stories/2009010859560600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514054937/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/08/stories/2009010859560600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2009 |title=Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Vijaykanth slams Dravidian parties |date=8 January 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-11-17}}</ref> with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK). Caste-based politics invite the participation of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and the party of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], who build upon the support of poor low-caste and [[dalit (outcaste)|dalit]] [[Hindus]] in the northern, and most populated states of India like [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people of that state.

==See also==
* [[History of India]]
* [[Indian Century]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last1= Bose |first1= Sugata |last2= Jalal |first2= Ayesha |year= 1998 |title= Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |place= New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 0-415-16952-6}}
* {{citation |last1= Croitt | first1= Raymond D |last2= Mjøset | first2= Lars |year = 2001 |title= When Histories Collide |place= Oxford, UK|publisher= AltaMira |isbn= 0-7591-0158-2}}
* {{citation |last=Desai |first=A.R. |title=Social Background of Indian Nationalism (6Th-Edn) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZykLXjdG9S8C |date=2005 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-667-1}}
* {{citation |last=Mitra |first=Subrata K. |title=The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-27493-2}}
* {{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Bratindra Nath |author-link=B. N. Mukherjee |title=Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-26-1 |ref={{sfnref|Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last= Yadav |first= B.D |year= 1992 |title= M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary |place= New Delhi |publisher= Anmol Publications Pvt ltd |isbn= 81-7041-470-9}}

{{India topics}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Nationalism}}
[[Category:Indian nationalism| ]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

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Indian nationalism - Revision history

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->Meno25: /* Colonial-era nationalism */