Indian independence movement - Revision history

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
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	{{short description\|Indian national movement seeking to end British rule (1857-1947)}}		{{short description\|Indian national movement seeking to end British rule (1857-1947)}}
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~February 2020~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
	{{use Indian English\|date=~~July 2016~~}}		{{use Indian English\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Colonial India}}		{{Colonial India}}
	{{Revolution sidebar}}		{{Revolution sidebar}}

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	In [[Opposition to the partition of India\|opposition]] to the Lahore Resolution, the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book \|last1=Qasmi \|first1=Ali Usman \|last2=Robb \|first2=Megan Eaton \|title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan \|date=2017 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781108621236 \|page=2 \|language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates;<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book \|last1=Haq \|first1=Mushir U. \|title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 \|date=1970 \|publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan \|page=114 \|oclc=136880 \|language=en \|quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite web \|last1=Ahmed \|first1=Ishtiaq \|title=The dissenters \|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ \|work=[[The Friday Times]] \|date=27 May 2016\|quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People’s Party in 1934, which later came to be known as ‘Ittehad’ or ‘Unity Party’. ...Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League’s demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a ‘majority of India’s Muslims’. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a ‘Reign of Terror’. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.}}</ref> the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting."<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web \|last1=Ali \|first1=Afsar \|title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims \|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims \|work=[[The Milli Gazette]] \|date=17 July 2017}}</ref>		In [[Opposition to the partition of India\|opposition]] to the Lahore Resolution, the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book \|last1=Qasmi \|first1=Ali Usman \|last2=Robb \|first2=Megan Eaton \|title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan \|date=2017 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781108621236 \|page=2 \|language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates;<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book \|last1=Haq \|first1=Mushir U. \|title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 \|date=1970 \|publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan \|page=114 \|oclc=136880 \|language=en \|quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite web \|last1=Ahmed \|first1=Ishtiaq \|title=The dissenters \|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ \|work=[[The Friday Times]] \|date=27 May 2016\|quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People’s Party in 1934, which later came to be known as ‘Ittehad’ or ‘Unity Party’. ...Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League’s demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a ‘majority of India’s Muslims’. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a ‘Reign of Terror’. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.}}</ref> the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting."<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web \|last1=Ali \|first1=Afsar \|title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims \|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims \|work=[[The Milli Gazette]] \|date=17 July 2017}}</ref>

	The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".<ref name="~~Ali2017~~"/><ref name="~~Ahmed2016~~"/> The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader [[Allah Bakhsh Soomro]] also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Ali2017"/>		The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".<ref name="Ahmed2016"/><ref name="Ali2017"/> The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader [[Allah Bakhsh Soomro]] also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Ali2017"/>

	==Revolutionary movement==		==Revolutionary movement==

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	{{Short description\|Movement to end British rule in India}}		{{Short description\|Movement to end British rule in India}}
	~~{{mcn\|date=February 2026}}~~
	{{for\|independence movements of indigenous American people\|Native American self-determination}}		{{for\|independence movements of indigenous American people\|Native American self-determination}}
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	The '''Indian independence movement''' was a series of political efforts from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1947, that took place in the [[Indian subcontinent]] with the aim of ending [[British Raj\|British colonial rule]].		The '''Indian independence movement''' was a series of political efforts from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1947, that took place in the [[Indian subcontinent]] with the aim of ending [[British Raj\|British colonial rule]].

	The first ~~[[Indian independence movement\|~~nationalistic movement]] took root when the [[Indian National Congress]] was formed in 1885. Prominent [[moderate leaders]] of the INC worked on such demands as the right to appear for [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations in British India, more economic rights for the Indians, among other rights.		The first nationalistic movement took root when the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) was formed in 1885. Prominent [[moderate leaders]] of the INC worked on such demands as the right to appear for [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations in British India, more economic rights for the Indians, among other rights.

	The first half of the 20th century saw a progressively radical approach towards self-rule. From the protests against the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)\|Partition of Bengal]] (1905) that exposed the limits of the reformist agenda of the moderate leaders to the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)\|Non cooperation movement]] (~~1919-1922~~) that saw demands for not cooperating with the colonial authorities through the Civil Disobedience Movement (~~1929-1931~~) that called for active disobedience to the colonial government to the [[Quit India Movement]] (1942) that categorically demanded the end of British colonial presence in India, the independence movement gathered momentum steadily and ultimately resulted in the transfer of power in 1947.<ref name=":6" />		The first half of the 20th century saw a progressively radical approach towards self-rule. From the protests against the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)\|Partition of Bengal]] (1905) that exposed the limits of the reformist agenda of the moderate leaders to the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)\|Non cooperation movement]] (1919–1922) that saw demands for not cooperating with the colonial authorities through the Civil Disobedience Movement (1929–1931) that called for active disobedience to the colonial government to the [[Quit India Movement]] (1942) that categorically demanded the end of British colonial presence in India, the independence movement gathered momentum steadily and ultimately resulted in the transfer of power in 1947.<ref name=":6" />

	The stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterised by the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Congress's adoption of Gandhi's policy of [[non-violence]] and [[Salt March\|civil disobedience]]. Some of the leading followers of Gandhi's ideology were [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Maulana Azad]], and others. Intellectuals such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Subramania Bharati]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] spread patriotic awareness. Female leaders like [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], [[Pritilata Waddedar]], and [[Kasturba Gandhi]] promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in the freedom struggle.		The stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterised by the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Congress's adoption of Gandhi's policy of [[non-violence]] and [[Salt March\|civil disobedience]]. Some of the leading followers of Gandhi's ideology were [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Maulana Azad]], and others. Intellectuals such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Subramania Bharati]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] spread patriotic awareness. Female leaders like [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], [[Pritilata Waddedar]], and [[Kasturba Gandhi]] promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in the freedom struggle.
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	The British newspaper, ''The Empire'', wrote:<ref name="Patel2008">{{Harvnb\|Patel\|2008\|p=56}}</ref>		The British newspaper, ''The Empire'', wrote:<ref name="Patel2008">{{Harvnb\|Patel\|2008\|p=56}}</ref>

	{{blockquote\|Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">		{{blockquote\|"''Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.''"}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
	File:Prafulla Chaki.jpg\|[[Prafulla Chaki]] was associated with the [[Jugantar]]. He carried out assassinations against [[British Raj\|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.		File:Prafulla Chaki.jpg\|[[Prafulla Chaki]] was associated with the [[Jugantar]]. He carried out assassinations against [[British Raj\|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
	File:Bhupendranath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda).png\|[[Bhupendranath Datta]] was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].		File:Bhupendranath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda).png\|[[Bhupendranath Datta]] was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].