Indian campaign of Al-Junayd - Revision history

Predator.Maratha: Predator.Maratha moved page Indian Campaign of Al-Junayd to Indian campaign of Al-Junayd

2026-09-07T15:38:42Z

Predator.Maratha moved page Indian Campaign of Al-Junayd to Indian campaign of Al-Junayd

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:08, 7 September 2026
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Predator.Maratha: /* Aftermath */

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Aftermath

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	==Aftermath==		==Aftermath==
	{{Main\|Indian Campaign of Al hakam}}		{{Main\|Indian Campaign of Al hakam}}
	~~\|year=1988 \|publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|ol=1830998M}}~~
	* {{cite book \|last=O'Brien \|first=Anthony Gordon \|title=The Ancient Chronology of Thar: The Bhattika, Laulika and Sindh Eras \|publisher=Oxford University Press India \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1582559308}}

	== References ==		== References ==

Predator.Maratha at 09:55, 6 September 2026

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	Al-Junayd sent his tax agents to the region, which implies that the new province would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], area of [[Punjab]], entire [[Gujarat]] and small parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Blankinship \|first=Khalid Yahya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC \|title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads \|date=1994-06-28 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 \|pages=133–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Balocu \|first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=malwa+junayd+fresh+victory \|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural \|date=1995 \|publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation \|pages=48 \|language=en}}</ref>		Al-Junayd sent his tax agents to the region, which implies that the new province would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], area of [[Punjab]], entire [[Gujarat]] and small parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Blankinship \|first=Khalid Yahya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC \|title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads \|date=1994-06-28 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 \|pages=133–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Balocu \|first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=malwa+junayd+fresh+victory \|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural \|date=1995 \|publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation \|pages=48 \|language=en}}</ref>
			==Background==
			{{See also\|Ali's Eastern Campaigns}}
			The first incursion by Arabs in India occurred around 636/7 AD, during the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], long before any Arab Army reached the frontier of India by land.<ref name="Wink, Andre pp201">{{harvnb\|Wink\|2002\|p=201}}</ref> [[Uthman ibn Abi al-As\|Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi]], the governor of [[Eastern Arabia\|Bahrain]] and [[History of Oman\|Oman]], had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the [[Sasanian Empire]], and further east to the borders of India.{{sfn\|Hoyland\|2015\|p=85}} The raided ports in India were [[Thane]], [[Bharuch]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Als1Iy223qkC&q=hakam+thana+arab \|title=Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference \|date=1947 \|publisher=Bihar and Orissa Research Society \|pages=551 \|language=en}}</ref> and [[Debal]] (in Sindh).<ref name="El Hareir">{{harvnb\|El Hareir\|M'Baye\|2011\|pp=594, 601–602}}</ref> These expeditions were not sanctioned by [[Umar\|Caliph Umar]] and Uthman escaped punishment only because there weren't any casualties.<ref name="Baladhuri p209">{{harvnb\|al-Balādhurī\|1924\|p=209}}: "'Uthmân ibn-abu-l-'Âși ath-Thaķafi ... sent his brother, al-Hakam, to al-Bahrain, and went himself to 'Umân, and sent an army across to Tânah. When the army returned, he wrote to 'Umar, informing him of this expedition and its result. 'Umar wrote to him in reply, ' ... By Allah, I swear that if they had been smitten, I would exact from thy tribe the equivalent.' Al-Hakam sent an expedition against Barwaș [Broach] also, and sent his brother, al-Mughîrah ibn-abu-l-'Âsi, to the gulf of ad-Daibul, where he met the enemy in battle and won a victory."</ref>

			The motivation for these expeditions may have been to seek plunder or to attack pirates to safeguard Arabian trade in the [[Arabian Sea]], not to start the conquest of India.<ref name="Sen1999p346">{{harvnb\|Sen\|1999\|p=346}}</ref> Arabs led by Suhail b. Abdi and Hakam al Taghilbi later defeated a [[Rai dynasty\|Sindhi army]] in the [[Battle of Rasil]] in 644 beside the Indian Ocean sea coast, then reached the [[Indus River]].<ref name="WinkIp129">{{harvnb\|Wink\|2002\|p=129}}</ref> Caliph [[Umar]] denied them permission to cross the river or operate in [[Makran]] and the Arabs returned home.<ref>{{harvnb\|Crawford\|2014\|p=192}}</ref>
			==Campaign==
			[[Image:Arabsumf.png\|thumb\|325px\|right\|Arab Campaigns in Indian Subcontinent.
			{{legend\|yellow\|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
			{{legend\|#FFD700\|[[Zunbils]]}}
			{{legend\|#FFDEAD\|[[Turk Shahis]]}}
			{{legend\|#9932CC\|[[Karkota dynasty\|Kingdom of Kashmir]]}}
			{{legend\|#DEB887\|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh\|Kingdom of Sindh]] ({{Circa\|632–711}} CE)<br>then, [[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
			{{legend\|#E0FFFF\|[[Maitraka dynasty\|Kingdom of Valabhi]] ({{Circa\|475–776}} CE)}}
			]]

			During the caliphates of [[Yazid II]] (r. 720–724) and [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik\|Hisham]] (r. 724–743), the expansion policy was resumed, [[Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri\|Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]] was appointed the governor of Sindh in 723 CE.

			After subduing Sindh, Junayd sent campaigns to various parts of India. The justification was that these parts had previously paid tribute to Ibn al-Qasim but then stopped. The first target was ''al-Kiraj'' (possibly [[Kangra Valley]]), whose conquest effectively put an end to the kingdom. A large campaign was carried out in Rajasthan which included ''Mermad'' (Maru-Mada, in [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jodhpur]]), ''al-Baylaman'' (Bhillamala or [[Bhinmal]]) and ''Jurz'' ([[Gurjaradesha\|Gurjaradesa]]—southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat). Another force was sent against ''Uzayn'' ([[Ujjain]]), which made incursions into its country (Avanti) and some parts of it were destroyed (the city of ''Baharimad'', unidentified). Ujjain itself was not conquered. A separate force was also sent against ''al-Malibah'' ([[Malwa]], to the east of Ujjain<ref>{{cite book \|last=Jain \|first=Kailash Chand \|title=Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas \|year=1972 \|isbn=9788120808249 \|page=10}}</ref>), The Umayyads tried to extend Muslim dominion over interior parts of India. They conquered most of the western India and conquered [[Bhinmal]], ''Juzr'', Marmad, Mandal, Dahnaz, Burwas and Malibah.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Jain \|first=Kailash Chand \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&q=malwa+through+the+ages \|title=Malwa Through The Ages \|date=1972-12-31 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. \|isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 \|pages=321 \|language=en}}</ref> This means that Umayyad boundaries would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], nearly all of [[Gujarat]], and a small part of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn\|Blankinship\|1994\|p=133}}

			Towards the North, the Umayyads attempted to expand into Punjab but were defeated by [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] of [[Karkota dynasty\|Kashmir]].<ref name="Hasan 1959 30">{{cite book \|last=Hasan \|first=Mohibbul \|year=1959 \|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Aakar Books \|page=30 \|quote="In the reign of Caliph Hisham (724–43) the Arabs of Sindh under their energetic and ambitious governor Junaid again threatened Kashmir. But Lalitaditya (724–60), who was the ruler of Kashmir at this time, defeated him and overran his kingdom. His victory was, however, not decisive for the Arab aggression did not cease. That is why the Kashmiri ruler, pressed by them from the south and by the Turkish tribes and the Tibetans from the north, had to invoke the help of the Chinese emperor and to place himself under his protection. But, although he did not receive any aid, he was able to stem the tide of Arab advance by his own efforts."}}</ref> Another force was dispatched south. It subdued ''Qassa'' ([[History of Kutch\|Kutch]]), ''al-Mandal'' (perhaps [[Okha, India\|Okha]]), ''Dahnaj'' (unidentified), ''Surast'' ([[Kathiawar\|Saurashtra]]) and ''Barus'' or ''Barwas'' ([[Bharuch]]).<ref name="Bhandarkar 1929 29–30">{{harvnb\|Bhandarkar\|1929\|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb\|Wink\|2002\|p=208}}; {{harvnb\|Blankinship\|1994\|pp=132–133}}</ref> According to historian [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti\|Dilip K. Chakrabarti]], [[Yashovarman]] of Kannauj likely defeated Arab forces attempting to invade Kannauj.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Chakrabarti \|first=Dilip K. \|chapter=The Re-emergence of the Gangetic Orbit and the Regional Power Centres: c. ad 300 to c. ad 800 \|date=2010-10-07 \|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties \|pages=77 \|editor-last=Chakrabarti \|editor-first=Dilip K. \|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069898.003.0004 \|access-date=2025-06-20 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069898.003.0004 \|isbn=978-0-19-806989-8\|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

			The kingdoms weakened or destroyed included the [[Bhati\|Bhattis]] of [[Jaisalmer]], the [[Pratihara dynasty\|Gurjaras]] of Bhinmal, the [[Mori Kingdom\|Moris]] of [[Chittorgarh\|Chittor]], the [[Guhila dynasty\|Guhilas]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar\|Mewar]], the Kacchelas of Kutch, the [[Maitraka dynasty\|Maitrakas]] of Saurashtra and [[Gurjaras of Lata]]. Altogether, Al-Junayd have conquered all of Gujarat, a large part of Rajasthan, and some parts of Madhya Pradesh. [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship\|Blankinship]] states that this was a full-scale invasion carried out with the intent of founding a new province of the Caliphate.{{sfn\|Blankinship\|1994\|pp=133–134}}

			In 726 CE, the Umayyads replaced Al-Junayd by [[Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi]] as the governor of Sindh. During the next few years, all of the gains made by Junayd were lost. The Arab records do not explain why, except to state that the Umayyad troops, drawn from distant lands such as [[Syria (region)\|Syria]] and [[Greater Yemen\|Yemen]], abandoned their posts in India and refused to go back. Blankinship admits the possibility that the Indians must have revolted but thinks it more likely that the problems were internal to the Arab forces.{{sfn\|Blankinship\|1994\|pp=147–148}} Tamim is said to have fled Sindh and died ''en route''. The Umayyads appointed [[Al-Hakam ibn Awana\|al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi]] (Al-Hakam) in 731 who governed till 740.
			==Aftermath==
			{{Main\|Indian Campaign of Al hakam}}
			\|year=1988 \|publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|ol=1830998M}}
			* {{cite book \|last=O'Brien \|first=Anthony Gordon \|title=The Ancient Chronology of Thar: The Bhattika, Laulika and Sindh Eras \|publisher=Oxford University Press India \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1582559308}}

	== References ==		== References ==

Predator.Maratha: added Category:Battles involving the Rajputs using HotCat

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	[[Category:8th-century governors]]		[[Category:8th-century governors]]
	[[Category:Battles involving India]]		[[Category:Battles involving India]]
			[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]

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	[[Category:Governors of Sindh]]		[[Category:Governors of Sindh]]
	[[Category:8th-century governors]]		[[Category:8th-century governors]]
			[[Category:Battles involving India]]

Predator.Maratha: Predator.Maratha moved page Campaign of Al-Junayd to Indian Campaign of Al-Junayd

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Predator.Maratha moved page Campaign of Al-Junayd to Indian Campaign of Al-Junayd

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Predator.Maratha: Predator.Maratha moved page Draft:Campaign of Al-Junayd to Campaign of Al-Junayd

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Predator.Maratha moved page Draft:Campaign of Al-Junayd to Campaign of Al-Junayd

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	\| combatant1 = [[Umayyad Caliphate]]		\| combatant1 = [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
	\| combatant2 = [[Brahmin dynasty]]<br>[[Gurjaradesa]]<br>[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura]]<br>[[Bhinmal\|Bhinmal Kingdom]]<br>[[Malwa\|Malwa Kingdom]]<br>[[Kangra-Lambagraon\|Kangra Kingdom]]<br>[[Gurjaras of Lata]]<br>[[Maitraka dynasty]]<br>[[Jaisalmer\|Jaisalmer Kingdom]]		\| combatant2 = [[Brahmin dynasty]]<br>[[Gurjaradesa]]<br>[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura]]<br>[[Bhinmal\|Bhinmal Kingdom]]<br>[[Malwa\|Malwa Kingdom]]<br>[[Kangra-Lambagraon\|Kangra Kingdom]]<br>[[Gurjaras of Lata]]<br>[[Maitraka dynasty]]<br>[[Jaisalmer\|Jaisalmer Kingdom]]
	\| commander1 = Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri<br>Habib ibn Marrah		\| commander1 = [[Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri]]<br>Habib ibn Marrah
	\| commander2 = Jaisiah{{Executed}}<br>Sassa{{Executed}}<br>Druhar<br>Siluka or Chanduka<br>Jayabhata IV<br>Siladitya IV<br>Tanu or Tunno		\| commander2 = Jaisiah{{Executed}}<br>Sassa{{Executed}}<br>Druhar<br>Siluka or Chanduka<br>Jayabhata IV<br>Siladitya IV<br>Tanu or Tunno
	\| casualties1 = Unknown		\| casualties1 = Unknown

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	\| strength1 =		\| strength1 =
	\| strength2 =		\| strength2 =
			\|place =
			[[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]], India
	}}		}}

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	\| conflict = Campaign of Al-Junayd		\| conflict = Campaign of Al-Junayd
	\| location = [[Sindh]] and [[India]]		\| location = [[Sindh]] and [[India]]
	\| ~~part_of~~ = [[Umayyad campaigns in India]]		\| partof = [[Umayyad campaigns in India]]
	\| combatants_header =		\| combatants_header =
	\| combatant1 = [[Umayyad Caliphate]]		\| combatant1 = [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
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	Al-Junayd sent his tax agents to the region, which implies that the new province would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], area of [[Punjab]], entire [[Gujarat]] and small parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Blankinship \|first=Khalid Yahya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC \|title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads \|date=1994-06-28 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 \|pages=133–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Balocu \|first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=malwa+junayd+fresh+victory \|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural \|date=1995 \|publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation \|pages=48 \|language=en}}</ref>		Al-Junayd sent his tax agents to the region, which implies that the new province would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], area of [[Punjab]], entire [[Gujarat]] and small parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Blankinship \|first=Khalid Yahya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC \|title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads \|date=1994-06-28 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 \|pages=133–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Balocu \|first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=malwa+junayd+fresh+victory \|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural \|date=1995 \|publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation \|pages=48 \|language=en}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 6 September 2026
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	Al-Junayd sent his tax agents to the region, which implies that the new province would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], area of [[Punjab]], entire [[Gujarat]] and small parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Blankinship \|first=Khalid Yahya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC \|title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads \|date=1994-06-28 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 \|pages=133–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Balocu \|first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=malwa+junayd+fresh+victory \|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural \|date=1995 \|publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation \|pages=48 \|language=en}}</ref>		Al-Junayd sent his tax agents to the region, which implies that the new province would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], area of [[Punjab]], entire [[Gujarat]] and small parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Blankinship \|first=Khalid Yahya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC \|title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads \|date=1994-06-28 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 \|pages=133–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Balocu \|first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=malwa+junayd+fresh+victory \|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural \|date=1995 \|publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation \|pages=48 \|language=en}}</ref>
			==Background==
			{{See also\|Ali's Eastern Campaigns}}
			The first incursion by Arabs in India occurred around 636/7 AD, during the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], long before any Arab Army reached the frontier of India by land.<ref name="Wink, Andre pp201">{{harvnb\|Wink\|2002\|p=201}}</ref> [[Uthman ibn Abi al-As\|Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi]], the governor of [[Eastern Arabia\|Bahrain]] and [[History of Oman\|Oman]], had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the [[Sasanian Empire]], and further east to the borders of India.{{sfn\|Hoyland\|2015\|p=85}} The raided ports in India were [[Thane]], [[Bharuch]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Als1Iy223qkC&q=hakam+thana+arab \|title=Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference \|date=1947 \|publisher=Bihar and Orissa Research Society \|pages=551 \|language=en}}</ref> and [[Debal]] (in Sindh).<ref name="El Hareir">{{harvnb\|El Hareir\|M'Baye\|2011\|pp=594, 601–602}}</ref> These expeditions were not sanctioned by [[Umar\|Caliph Umar]] and Uthman escaped punishment only because there weren't any casualties.<ref name="Baladhuri p209">{{harvnb\|al-Balādhurī\|1924\|p=209}}: "'Uthmân ibn-abu-l-'Âși ath-Thaķafi ... sent his brother, al-Hakam, to al-Bahrain, and went himself to 'Umân, and sent an army across to Tânah. When the army returned, he wrote to 'Umar, informing him of this expedition and its result. 'Umar wrote to him in reply, ' ... By Allah, I swear that if they had been smitten, I would exact from thy tribe the equivalent.' Al-Hakam sent an expedition against Barwaș [Broach] also, and sent his brother, al-Mughîrah ibn-abu-l-'Âsi, to the gulf of ad-Daibul, where he met the enemy in battle and won a victory."</ref>

			The motivation for these expeditions may have been to seek plunder or to attack pirates to safeguard Arabian trade in the [[Arabian Sea]], not to start the conquest of India.<ref name="Sen1999p346">{{harvnb\|Sen\|1999\|p=346}}</ref> Arabs led by Suhail b. Abdi and Hakam al Taghilbi later defeated a [[Rai dynasty\|Sindhi army]] in the [[Battle of Rasil]] in 644 beside the Indian Ocean sea coast, then reached the [[Indus River]].<ref name="WinkIp129">{{harvnb\|Wink\|2002\|p=129}}</ref> Caliph [[Umar]] denied them permission to cross the river or operate in [[Makran]] and the Arabs returned home.<ref>{{harvnb\|Crawford\|2014\|p=192}}</ref>
			==Campaign==
			[[Image:Arabsumf.png\|thumb\|325px\|right\|Arab Campaigns in Indian Subcontinent.
			{{legend\|yellow\|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
			{{legend\|#FFD700\|[[Zunbils]]}}
			{{legend\|#FFDEAD\|[[Turk Shahis]]}}
			{{legend\|#9932CC\|[[Karkota dynasty\|Kingdom of Kashmir]]}}
			{{legend\|#DEB887\|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh\|Kingdom of Sindh]] ({{Circa\|632–711}} CE)<br>then, [[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
			{{legend\|#E0FFFF\|[[Maitraka dynasty\|Kingdom of Valabhi]] ({{Circa\|475–776}} CE)}}
			]]

			During the caliphates of [[Yazid II]] (r. 720–724) and [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik\|Hisham]] (r. 724–743), the expansion policy was resumed, [[Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri\|Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]] was appointed the governor of Sindh in 723 CE.

			After subduing Sindh, Junayd sent campaigns to various parts of India. The justification was that these parts had previously paid tribute to Ibn al-Qasim but then stopped. The first target was ''al-Kiraj'' (possibly [[Kangra Valley]]), whose conquest effectively put an end to the kingdom. A large campaign was carried out in Rajasthan which included ''Mermad'' (Maru-Mada, in [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jodhpur]]), ''al-Baylaman'' (Bhillamala or [[Bhinmal]]) and ''Jurz'' ([[Gurjaradesha\|Gurjaradesa]]—southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat). Another force was sent against ''Uzayn'' ([[Ujjain]]), which made incursions into its country (Avanti) and some parts of it were destroyed (the city of ''Baharimad'', unidentified). Ujjain itself was not conquered. A separate force was also sent against ''al-Malibah'' ([[Malwa]], to the east of Ujjain<ref>{{cite book \|last=Jain \|first=Kailash Chand \|title=Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas \|year=1972 \|isbn=9788120808249 \|page=10}}</ref>), The Umayyads tried to extend Muslim dominion over interior parts of India. They conquered most of the western India and conquered [[Bhinmal]], ''Juzr'', Marmad, Mandal, Dahnaz, Burwas and Malibah.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Jain \|first=Kailash Chand \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&q=malwa+through+the+ages \|title=Malwa Through The Ages \|date=1972-12-31 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. \|isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 \|pages=321 \|language=en}}</ref> This means that Umayyad boundaries would have included western and southern [[Rajasthan]], nearly all of [[Gujarat]], and a small part of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn\|Blankinship\|1994\|p=133}}

			Towards the North, the Umayyads attempted to expand into Punjab but were defeated by [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] of [[Karkota dynasty\|Kashmir]].<ref name="Hasan 1959 30">{{cite book \|last=Hasan \|first=Mohibbul \|year=1959 \|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Aakar Books \|page=30 \|quote="In the reign of Caliph Hisham (724–43) the Arabs of Sindh under their energetic and ambitious governor Junaid again threatened Kashmir. But Lalitaditya (724–60), who was the ruler of Kashmir at this time, defeated him and overran his kingdom. His victory was, however, not decisive for the Arab aggression did not cease. That is why the Kashmiri ruler, pressed by them from the south and by the Turkish tribes and the Tibetans from the north, had to invoke the help of the Chinese emperor and to place himself under his protection. But, although he did not receive any aid, he was able to stem the tide of Arab advance by his own efforts."}}</ref> Another force was dispatched south. It subdued ''Qassa'' ([[History of Kutch\|Kutch]]), ''al-Mandal'' (perhaps [[Okha, India\|Okha]]), ''Dahnaj'' (unidentified), ''Surast'' ([[Kathiawar\|Saurashtra]]) and ''Barus'' or ''Barwas'' ([[Bharuch]]).<ref name="Bhandarkar 1929 29–30">{{harvnb\|Bhandarkar\|1929\|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb\|Wink\|2002\|p=208}}; {{harvnb\|Blankinship\|1994\|pp=132–133}}</ref> According to historian [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti\|Dilip K. Chakrabarti]], [[Yashovarman]] of Kannauj likely defeated Arab forces attempting to invade Kannauj.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Chakrabarti \|first=Dilip K. \|chapter=The Re-emergence of the Gangetic Orbit and the Regional Power Centres: c. ad 300 to c. ad 800 \|date=2010-10-07 \|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties \|pages=77 \|editor-last=Chakrabarti \|editor-first=Dilip K. \|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069898.003.0004 \|access-date=2025-06-20 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069898.003.0004 \|isbn=978-0-19-806989-8\|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

			The kingdoms weakened or destroyed included the [[Bhati\|Bhattis]] of [[Jaisalmer]], the [[Pratihara dynasty\|Gurjaras]] of Bhinmal, the [[Mori Kingdom\|Moris]] of [[Chittorgarh\|Chittor]], the [[Guhila dynasty\|Guhilas]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar\|Mewar]], the Kacchelas of Kutch, the [[Maitraka dynasty\|Maitrakas]] of Saurashtra and [[Gurjaras of Lata]]. Altogether, Al-Junayd have conquered all of Gujarat, a large part of Rajasthan, and some parts of Madhya Pradesh. [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship\|Blankinship]] states that this was a full-scale invasion carried out with the intent of founding a new province of the Caliphate.{{sfn\|Blankinship\|1994\|pp=133–134}}

			In 726 CE, the Umayyads replaced Al-Junayd by [[Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi]] as the governor of Sindh. During the next few years, all of the gains made by Junayd were lost. The Arab records do not explain why, except to state that the Umayyad troops, drawn from distant lands such as [[Syria (region)\|Syria]] and [[Greater Yemen\|Yemen]], abandoned their posts in India and refused to go back. Blankinship admits the possibility that the Indians must have revolted but thinks it more likely that the problems were internal to the Arab forces.{{sfn\|Blankinship\|1994\|pp=147–148}} Tamim is said to have fled Sindh and died ''en route''. The Umayyads appointed [[Al-Hakam ibn Awana\|al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi]] (Al-Hakam) in 731 who governed till 740.
			==Aftermath==
			{{Main\|Indian Campaign of Al hakam}}
			\|year=1988 \|publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|ol=1830998M}}
			* {{cite book \|last=O'Brien \|first=Anthony Gordon \|title=The Ancient Chronology of Thar: The Bhattika, Laulika and Sindh Eras \|publisher=Oxford University Press India \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1582559308}}

	== References ==		== References ==