ElijahCombs83 at 21:24, 21 December 2025

2025-12-21T21:24:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:54, 22 December 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Famine scale developed by the colonial British in the 1880s}}		{{Short description\|Famine scale developed by the colonial British in India in the 1880s}}
	The '''Indian Famine Codes''', developed by the ~~colonial~~ British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest [[famine scale]]s. The Famine Codes defined three levels of [[food insecurity]]: near-scarcity, scarcity, and [[famine]]. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of [[crop failure]], [[crop yield]]s of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. "Famine" further included a rise in [[food prices]] to above 140% of "normal", the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.<ref name="L. Brennan">{{Citation		The '''Indian Famine Codes''', developed by the [[British India]]n government in the 1880s, which were one of the earliest [[famine scale]]s.
	\| last =Brennan \| first =L \| year =1984 \| contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics \| contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC&q=The+Development+of+the+Indian+Famine+Codes&pg=PA91 \| editor-last =Currey \| editor-first =Bruce \| editor2-last =Hugo \| editor2-first =Graeme \| title =Famine as a geographical phenomenon \| edition =Illustrated \| series =GeoJournal library \| publisher =Springer \| volume =Volume 1 \| pages =91–110 \| isbn =90-277-1762-1}}</ref>

	~~In order to address the issues~~ of ~~famine in India they created an Indian~~ Famine ~~commission to create ways to prevent~~ and ~~avoid future~~ famine ~~in India~~.~~<ref name=~~"~~L. Brennan~~"~~/> So in 1880 the secretary~~ of ~~commission wrote a draft~~ of the ~~Indian~~ Famine ~~Code. This famine code became the basis~~ of ~~famine prevention until~~ the ~~1970s. More famine codes were created after the Indian Famine Codes (Bihar) but they addressed similar ideas that the Indian one did~~, ~~the Indian Famine code was the foundation~~ of ~~multiple famine codes/ scales. Famine codes and scales measure the intensity~~ and ~~magnitude of the famine~~.<ref name="~~Scales~~">{{Citation \| ~~date~~=~~March 2009~~ \| ~~title~~=~~Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger~~ \| ~~periodical~~=~~Field Exchange~~ \| ~~issue~~=~~35 \| page=10 \| publisher=ENN \| url=http~~:~~//fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx \| access-date=October 11~~, ~~2009~~ \| ~~archive~~-url=https://~~web.archive.org/web/20100907065555/http://fex~~.~~ennonline~~.~~net~~/~~35/retrospective.aspx \| archive-date~~=~~September 7, 2010 \| url-status~~=~~dead }} '''Summary~~ of ~~published research:''' {{cite journal\| last1~~ =~~Reza~~ \| ~~first1~~ =~~Avid~~ \| ~~last2~~ =~~Tomczyk~~ \| ~~first2~~ =~~Basia~~ \| ~~last3~~ =~~Aguayo~~ \| ~~first3~~ =~~Victor M~~ \| ~~last4~~ =~~Zagré~~ \| ~~first4~~ =~~Noel M~~ \| ~~last5 =Goumbi \| first5~~ =Kadadé \| last6 =Blanton \| first6 =Curtis \| last7 =Talley \| first7 =Leisel \| title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey. \| journal=BMJ \| year= 2008 \| volume= ~~337~~ \| pages= ~~a1622~~ \| ~~pmid~~=~~18832413 \| pmc=2658864 \| doi=10.1136/bmj.a1622~~ }}</ref> ~~This famine code was one of the first attempts to predict famine, and by predicting it, prevent it.~~		== Types of Food insecurity ==
			The Famine Codes established three levels of [[food insecurity]]: near-scarcity, scarcity, and [[famine]]. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of [[crop failure]], [[crop yield]]s reaching one-third or one-half of the normal levels, and significant population distress. "Famine" included additional criteria such as a surge in [[food prices]] exceeding 140% of the "normal" value, mass migration of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.<ref name="L. Brennan">{{Citation
			\| last =Brennan \| first =L \| year =1984 \| contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics \| contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC&q=The+Development+of+the+Indian+Famine+Codes&pg=PA91 \| editor-last =Currey \| editor-first =Bruce \| editor2-last =Hugo \| editor2-first =Graeme \| title =Famine as a geographical phenomenon \| edition =Illustrated \| series =GeoJournal library \| publisher =Springer \| volume =1 \| pages =91–110 \| isbn =90-277-1762-1}}</ref>

	~~When~~ the ~~British created these~~ 'Indian Famine ~~Codes' they~~ were the ~~first modern reaction~~ to the ~~famines~~ in ~~India~~. The ~~codes classified food scarcity on a scale of intensity~~ and ~~had~~ steps ~~that~~ governments ~~were required to take~~ to mitigate the ~~risk of famine~~.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia \|title=Historical responses to famine \|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine/277562/ \|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online \|access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>		== Indian Famine Commission ==
			To address the issue of famine in India, an Indian Famine Commission was established to develop strategies for prevention and mitigation.<ref name="L. Brennan" /> In 1880, the commission's secretary drafted the Indian Famine Code, which served as the cornerstone of famine prevention measures until the 1970s. Subsequent famine codes were developed, such as the Indian Famine Code (Bihar), which shared similar principles with the original code and served as a foundation for multiple famine codes and scales. These codes and scales aimed to assess the severity and magnitude of famine.<ref name="Scales">{{Citation \| date=March 2009 \| title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger \| periodical=Field Exchange \| issue=35 \| page=10 \| publisher=ENN \| url=http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx \| access-date=October 11, 2009 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907065555/http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx \| archive-date=September 7, 2010 }} '''Summary of published research:''' {{cite journal\| last1 =Reza \| first1 =Avid \| last2 =Tomczyk \| first2 =Basia \| last3 =Aguayo \| first3 =Victor M \| last4 =Zagré \| first4 =Noel M \| last5 =Goumbi \| first5 =Kadadé \| last6 =Blanton \| first6 =Curtis \| last7 =Talley \| first7 =Leisel \| title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey. \| journal=BMJ \| year= 2008 \| volume= 337 \| article-number= a1622 \| pmid=18832413 \| pmc=2658864 \| doi=10.1136/bmj.a1622 }}</ref> The Indian Famine Code was among the earliest attempts to forecast and subsequently prevent famine by implementing specific steps and interventions mandated for governments to mitigate the risks associated with food scarcity.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia \|title=Historical responses to famine \|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine/277562/ \|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online \|access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

	~~[[Category:Famines in British India]]~~
	~~[[Category:Famines in India]]~~
	[[Category:1880s in India]]		[[Category:1880s in India]]
	[[Category:1880s in British India]]		[[Category:1880s in British India]]

>DraftSaturn15: Importing Wikidata short description: "Famine scale developed by the colonial British in the 1880s" (Shortdesc helper)

2021-10-13T04:22:33Z

Importing Wikidata short description: "Famine scale developed by the colonial British in the 1880s" (Shortdesc helper)

New page

{{Short description|Famine scale developed by the colonial British in the 1880s}}
The '''Indian Famine Codes''', developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest [[famine scale]]s. The Famine Codes defined three levels of [[food insecurity]]: near-scarcity, scarcity, and [[famine]]. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of [[crop failure]], [[crop yield]]s of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. "Famine" further included a rise in [[food prices]] to above 140% of "normal", the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.<ref name="L. Brennan">{{Citation
| last =Brennan | first =L | year =1984 | contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics | contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC&q=The+Development+of+the+Indian+Famine+Codes&pg=PA91 | editor-last =Currey | editor-first =Bruce | editor2-last =Hugo | editor2-first =Graeme | title =Famine as a geographical phenomenon | edition =Illustrated | series =GeoJournal library | publisher =Springer | volume =Volume 1 | pages =91–110 | isbn =90-277-1762-1}}</ref>

In order to address the issues of famine in India they created an Indian Famine commission to create ways to prevent and avoid future famine in India.<ref name="L. Brennan"/> So in 1880 the secretary of commission wrote a draft of the Indian Famine Code. This famine code became the basis of famine prevention until the 1970s. More famine codes were created after the Indian Famine Codes (Bihar) but they addressed similar ideas that the Indian one did, the Indian Famine code was the foundation of multiple famine codes/ scales. Famine codes and scales measure the intensity and magnitude of the famine.<ref name="Scales">{{Citation | date=March 2009 | title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger | periodical=Field Exchange | issue=35 | page=10 | publisher=ENN | url=http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx | access-date=October 11, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907065555/http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx | archive-date=September 7, 2010 | url-status=dead }} '''Summary of published research:''' {{cite journal| last1 =Reza | first1 =Avid | last2 =Tomczyk | first2 =Basia | last3 =Aguayo | first3 =Victor M | last4 =Zagré | first4 =Noel M | last5 =Goumbi | first5 =Kadadé | last6 =Blanton | first6 =Curtis | last7 =Talley | first7 =Leisel | title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey. | journal=BMJ | year= 2008 | volume= 337 | pages= a1622 | pmid=18832413 | pmc=2658864 | doi=10.1136/bmj.a1622 }}</ref> This famine code was one of the first attempts to predict famine, and by predicting it, prevent it.

When the British created these 'Indian Famine Codes' they were the first modern reaction to the famines in India. The codes classified food scarcity on a scale of intensity and had steps that governments were required to take to mitigate the risk of famine.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Historical responses to famine |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine/277562/ |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Famines in India]]
[[Category:1880s in India]]
[[Category:1880s in British India]]

Indian Famine Codes - Revision history

ElijahCombs83 at 21:24, 21 December 2025

>DraftSaturn15: Importing Wikidata short description: "Famine scale developed by the colonial British in the 1880s" (Shortdesc helper)